Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/745—Blood coagulation or fibrinolysis factors
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel recombinant vectors replicable in a suitable host which contain cloned DNA sequences coding for human tissue factor.
• the invention also relates to the DNA coding for human tissue factor and to the sub- stantially pure human tissue factor and functional portions thereof encoded therefrom.
• the invention also provides for transformant hosts containing expression vectors capable of expressing human tissue factor and a novel soluble form of human tissue factor.
• Coagulation is essentially a cascade in which each clotting factor, which is normally present in the blood and other tissues as an inactive enzyme precursor, i.e., zymogen, is in sequence activated into a proteolytic enzyme that selectively attacks the next zymogen in the clotting sequence, thereby converting it into an active enzyme.
• Amplification occurs at each step so that a small initial stimulus ultimately results in a significant amount of fibrin clot; which is the fina-1 product of the clotting process.
• the clotting cascade begins as two separate path ⁇ ways that ultimately converge.
• extrinsic pathway is "intrinsic" to the blood and the other one is termed “extrinsic” because it is triggered by clotting factors not normally present in blood. It is believed that the intrinsic pathway plays a major role in hemo- stasis following injury. The extrinsic pathway can become activated in a variety of pathologic situations, e.g., diffuse endothelial damage, advanced cancer, endotoxemia, and pregnancy complications. There is now considerable evidence that coagulation is started in the body when factor VII, a vitamin K-dependent plasma clotting factor protein and tissue factor, a cell-bound protein not normally associated with blood cells, interact. (See e.g. Nemerson, Blood 71:1-8, 1988 for a review).
• Tissue factor is a procoagulant protein present on the surface of virtually all cells not normally in direct contact with blood.
• tissue factor is inducible in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes upon stimulation with various pharmacologic mediators, e.g. tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and endotoxin.
• the extrinsic coagulation pathway is triggered by tissue factor which complexes with and activates factor VII, a vitamin-K dependent serine protease zymogen.
• the activation of factor VII by tissue factor which is a blood clotting enzyme cofactor, occurs in the presence of calcium and results from a conformational change in factor VII.
• Tissue factor and factor VII are extremely impor- tant components of the clotting cascade.
• the severe bleeding frequently seen in individuals who are markedly deficient in factor VII demonstrates the physiologic significance of the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting.
• individuals deficient in proteins involved in the early steps of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation i.e., high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII, are asymptomatic.
• Tissue factor which is a cell membrane-bound glycoprotein associated with phospholipids, is not normally present in the circulation.
• factor VII which is a plasma coagulation factor
• tissue factor can complex with tissue factor, thereby forming a catalytically-active species which activates both factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component), a component of the intrinsic pathway, to form factor and factor X (Stuart factor), which is involved in both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation, to yield factor X .
• Tissue factor is thus an important component of the human clotting pathways.
• Human tissue factor has important use as a diagnostic reagent to monitor and study clotting disorders and potential use in anticoagulation. Chemical and biological characterization of human tissue factor is thus clearly important to an under ⁇ standing of coagulation in humans.
• tissue factor has not been thoroughly investigated, since its role in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation has only recently been recognized. See, e.g. Nemerson et al.. Prog. Hemostasis & Thrombosis 6:237-261, 1982 and Nemerson, Blood 71:1-8, 1988.
• efforts to elucidate the mechanism of tissue factor activity in vitro have been hampered by difficulty in obtaining adequate amounts of pure protein for study.
• Tissue factor has been purified to homogeneity from bovine brain in order to facilitate a detailed kinetic analysis of the reactions catalyzed by factor VII and tissue factor.
• human tissue factor small amounts have been purified from human brains obtained from autopsy material and from term placentas. Broze et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:10917-10920, 1985; Guha et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:299-302, 1986.
• the purified human tissue factor appeared to be a single polypeptide chain which had a molecular weight of 46,000 when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) under both reducing and non-reducing conditions.
• SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate
• the human protein like bovine brain tissue factor, is resistant to cleavage by both trypsin and chymotrypsin. Immunologic studies have shown, however, that although bovine and human tissue factors function similarly, there is little cross-reactivity between the proteins from the two species.
• Cloning the DNA sequences coding for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein would allow a determination of both the genetic and protein sequence for this biologically important protein. It is known that the gene coding for human tissue factor is located on chromosome 1. In addition to providing information about the DNA sequence coding for tissue factor and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded therefrom, important information about the structure of the chromosomal gene can be obtained once the DNA coding for tissue factor is obtained. In addition, expression of the cloned human tissue factor gene in a suitable host would provide a ready source of tissue factor for clinical and diagnostic use as well as for experimental study. The DNA sequences encoding the proteins involved in tissue factor- initiated clotting (i.e., the extrinsic coagulation pathway), with the exception of tissue factor itself, have already been cloned and sequenced.
• tissue factor- initiated clotting i.e., the extrinsic coagulation pathway
• the present invention provides a complete, single cloned cDNA, the sequence of which codes for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein, the tissue factor apoprotein or a -functional portion thereof encoded by the cloned cDNA and recombinant vectors containing the cloned cDNA which code for and can be induced to express the entire human tissue factor apoprotein, truncated soluble human tissue factor protein and functional portions thereof in suitable hosts.
• repli- cable recombinant vectors which contain a cloned DNA, the sequence of which codes for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein and a functional portions thereof and also provide for the production of expression vectors which in suitable host cells express functional human tlss ' ue factor apoprotein and soluble tissue factor.
• the recombinant vectors were derived by screening recombinant cloning vectors containing a human placental cDNA library for identifiable cDNA sequences coding for human tissue factor and isolating recombinant vectors containing cDNA coding for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein.
• Suitable recombinant cloning vectors in which a cloned placental cDNA library can be made include those which replicate in prokaryotic hosts, such as bacteria, or those which replicate in eukaryotic hosts such as yeast, insect cells and animal or human cells.
• Suitable prokaryotic vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, cosmids and bacteriophage.
• Suitable eukaryotic vectors include inter alia vac-ginia virus, bovine papilloma virus, simian virus 4Q (S ⁇ Q ) and baculovirus. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that a wide variety of cloning vectors and hosts can be used in the practice of the invention.
• the invention further provides a 2147 base pair (bp) cDNA which codes for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein, the sequence of such cDNA, and the human tissue factor protein and functional portions thereof encoded by the cDNA.
• the cDNA was identified and isolated from a cloned human placental cDNA library.
• the mature tissue factor apoprotein a single polypeptide chain of 263 amino acids, is coded for by an open reading frame (ORF) of the cDNA fragment encompassing nucleotides 112 to 997.
• ORF open reading frame
• the actual translation product of the mRNA corresponding to the open reading frame is a preprotein of 295 amino acids having a leader sequence or signal peptide of 32 amino which is cleaved postranslationally to form the mature human tissue factor apoprotein.
• a 1.25 kb fragment of the 2147 bp cDNA has been isolated which includes nucleotides 90 through 1340 as provided in Formula I.
• This fragment which contains the entire open reading frame and 5'- and 3'- flanking sequences was used to localize the tissue factor gene to a 9.5 kb DNA fragment from restriction enzyme digested total human genomic DNA (placental) and to produce recombinant expression vectors which in suitable hosts express the human tissue factor apoprotein and functional portions thereof, including soluble human tissue factor.
• the invention further provides recombinant expression vectors which in a suitable transformant host provide for expression of the functional human tissue factor.
• Suitable expression vectors include those which replicate and express a desired protein in prokaryotic hosts, such as bacteria, or those which replicate in eukaryotic hosts such as yeast, insect cells and animal or human cells.
• Suitable prokaryotic vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, cosmids and bacteriophage.
• Suitable eukaryotic vectors include inter alia vaccinia virus, bovine papilloma virus, simian virus.- (SV..) and baculovirus. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that a wide variety of cloning vectors and hosts can be used in the practice of the invention.
• such vectors have also allowed for production of a truncated soluble form of the tissue factor protein which is missing the carboxy-terminal hydrophobic membrane spanning-portion of the protein.
• the vectors provide for expression of a soluble active tissue factor comprising the extracellular domain or the approxi ⁇ mately N-terminal 219/220 amino acids of the mature human tissue factor apoprotein.
• truncated soluble human tissue factor proteins and functional portions thereof, i.e., peptides derived from the extracellular domain of human tissue factor are especially useful as diagnostic reagents and anticoagulant agents.
• Fig. 1 is a representation of the amino acid sequence of the mature human tissue factor apoprotein and hydropathy plot thereof.
• Fig. 2 provides the nucleotide sequence of human tissue factor-specific oligonucleotide probes used to screen a cloned placental cDNA library.
• Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the 2147 bp cDNA which codes for human tissue factor apoprotein. and the strategy used to obtain the nucleotide sequence thereof.
• Fig. 4 shows the construction of recombinant plasmid pKS-2B and recombinant phage ml3/LB2TF.
• Fig. 5 is a Southern blot showing hybridization of a portion of the 2147 bp cDNA coding for tissue factor to human placental genomic DNA.
• Fig. 6A shows the construction of recombinant plasmid pLB4TF.
• Fig. 6B shows the construction of M13/TL131P.
• Fig. 6C provides t-he sequence of oligonucleotides TFAD and G8PST used for site specific mutagenesis.
• Fig. 7 shows the construction of the human tissue factor expression plasmid pTL8FQ.
• Fig. 8 is a Western blot of human tissue factor produced by E. coli 71-18/pTL8FQ transformants.
• Fig. 9 depicts the pMAM/TF shuttle vector for expressing human tissue factor in mammalian cells.
• Fig. 10 is a schematic representation of the construction of plasmid pLB5TF.
• Fig. 11 is a schematic representation of the construction of the soluble tissue factor expression vector pLB6TF.
• Fig. 12A is a Western blot of soluble human tissue factor produced by E. coli 71-18/pLB6TF transformants.
• Fig. 12B is a Western blot of soluble human tissue factor purified by immunoaffinity chromatography on a monoclonal anti-human tissue factor immunoadsorbent column.
• the present invention provides for replicable recombinant vectors containing a cloned cDNA insert, the sequence of which codes for and, in a suitable host, express the entire human tissue factor apoprotein or functional portions thereof.
• the recombinant vectors have been obtained by screening for DNA sequences coding for human tissue factor in a cloned human placental cDNA library which had been inserted into a cloning vector replicable in a suitable host.
• Preferred vectors for cloning the human cDNA library include plasmids, bacteriophage and other vectors replicable in bacteria, and vectors replicable in eukaryotic hosts such as yeast, insect cells and animal or human cells.
• Prokaryotic vectors include inter alia plasmids, cosmids and bacterio ⁇ phage.
• Eukaryotic vectors include inter alia vaccinia virus, bovine papilloma virus, SV. n , yeast vectors and baculovirus.
• a preferred cloning vector is bacteriophage ⁇ gtll, an expression vector described by Young and Davis, Science 222:778-782, 1983.
• a preferred host organism is E. coli strain K1088, a known host for ⁇ gtll. The 2147 bp DNA fragment encoding the entire human tissue factor apoprotein was isolated from a human placental cDNA library cloned into ⁇ gtll.
• Human tissue factor coding sequences were identified in the cloned placental cDNA library by screening recombinant bacteriophages whose DNA hybridized to specific oliognucleotide hybridization probes.
• the DNA sequences of the hybridization probes correspond to and code for amino acid sequences of short peptide fragments from (i) the amino terminal, (ii) the carboxy terminal and (iii) an internal portion of the tissue factor polypeptide chain.
• the present invention provides a recombinant bacteriophage ⁇ l0,3 which was derived from the placental cDNA library cloned in phage ⁇ gtll and contains the cloned 2147 bp cDNA insert which codes for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein obtained from the placental cDNA library. Also encompassed by the invention is a second bacteriophage, ⁇ 3,4 which was also derived from ⁇ gtll and contains tissue factor coding sequences.
• Phage ⁇ 3,4 contains a cloned 1616 bp cDNA insert from the human placental bp cDNA library, the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to the 3' portion of the 2147 bp DNA insert of phage ⁇ l0,3 and codes for the carboxy-terminal portion of the tissue factor apoprotein.
• the invention also provides for the cloned 2147 bp cDNA coding for the entire human tissue factor apoprotein, the sequence of which is provided in Formula I.
• the sequence of the DNA is characterized by a single open reading frame extending from an ATG initiation codon at nueleotides 112-114 to a TAA termination codon at nueleotides 997-999 which encodes a single polypeptide chain of 295 amino acids, which is the tissue factor preprotein containing a leader sequence of 32 amino acids.
• the mature tissue factor apoprotein is a single polypeptide of 263 amino acids whose amino terminal sequence is Ser-Gly-Thr-Thr-Asn.
• the preprotein whose sequence is also provided in Formula I (beginning at residue -32) is postranslationally converted to the mature tissue factor apoprotein whose sequence begins at the amino acid residue marked +1 as shown in Formula I.
• the molecular weight of the mature tissue factor apoprotein (without carbohydrate) was calculated to be approximately 29,600.
• the invention also provides for a recombinant plasmid, pKS-2B, which was derived from the E. coli cloning vector pUC19 by inserting an approximately 4.15 kb DNA fragment obtained from ⁇ l0,3 which comprises the 2147 cDNA insert coding for tissue factor plus about 1000 bp of ⁇ DNA flanking each end of the tissue factor cDNA insert into the lacZ' gene of pUC19.
• pKS-2B has been used to transform E. coli strain 71-18 which is a known host for pUC19.
• E. coli 71-18/pKS-2B transformants are a preferred source of the 2147 bp cDNA fragment coding for human tissue factor.
• a 1.25 kb DNA fragment encompassing nueleotides 90- 1340 shown in Formula I which comprises the open reading frame and some 5 1 - and 3'- flanking sequences has been obtained by restriction enzyme digest of plasmid pKS-2B.
• the 1.25 kb fragment hybridized to a 9.5 kb DNA fragment of digested human placental genomic DNA. This 9.5 kb genomic DNA fragment is believed to contain at least 3 introns within the sequence coding for tis-sue factor.
• tissue factor gene has been mapped to human chromosome 1, the gene has not heretofore been localized, to a specific genomic DNA fragment.
• the 1.25kb fragment has also been used to construct expression vectors for production of the entire human tissue factor apoprotein and soluble human tissue factor in suitable host cells.
• a protein domain can be defined as an independently folded functional region of a protein.
• Each of the domains of the human tissue factor apoprotein provided by the present invention has unique structural and functional features: (1) a signal peptide or leader sequence region of 32 amino acids which is post translationally removed upon conversion of the prepro ⁇ tein to mature active tissue factor; (2) an extracellular, generally hydrophilic, N-glycosylated domain which comprises the approximately amino terminal 219 amino acids; (3) an approximately 23 amino acid stretch of mainly hydrophobic amino acids comprising approximately amino acids 220 to 242 which is believed to be that portion of the protein which spans the cellular membrane; and (4) the carboxy terminal approximately 21 amino acids comprising approximately amino acid residues 243 to 263 which is believed to be the cytoplasmic domain on the inside of the cell.
• Fig. 1 represents what is believed to be the domain structure of the substantially pure mature human tissue factor apoprotein of the invention (from which the 32 amino acid signal peptide is removed) , the amino acid sequence of which is provided in Formula I.
• the several salient features of the proposed domain structure (1-4) of tissue factor can be seen with reference to Fig. 1.
• human tissue factor contains a total of five half-cystine residues (circled in Fig. 1), four of which occur within the extracellular domain and are probably disulfide linked.
• the presence of disulfide bridges had been inferred previously by an observation by Bach et al., J. Biol. Chem. 256:8324-8331, 1981, for bovine tissue factor that reduction with 2- mercaptoethanol in the presence of SDS resulted in loss of tissue factor procoagulant activity, whereas treatment with SDS alone did not.
• Cys at position 245 of human tissue factor is not involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation since it would be expected to be segregated on the cytoplasmic domain. Further confirmation that Cys 245 of human tissue factor is not involved in intramolec ⁇ ular disulfide bond formation was provided by the observation that CNBr cleavage at the single methionine residue, Met 210, liberated a carboxy- terminal peptide from purified tissue factor without disulfide bond reduction. Cys 245 may form intermolecular disulfide linkages, perhaps modulating tissue factor self-association, as described by Bach et al.. Biochemistry 25:4007-4020, 1986, or by inter ⁇ action with other substances such as proteins or fatty acids during purification.
• Fig. 1 Also shown in Fig. 1 is a hydropathy plot deter- mined by the method of Kyte and Doolittle, J. Molec. Biol. 157:105-132, 1982, which graphically depicts the hydrophobic character of the membrane domain of tissue factor. Each value was calculated as the average hydropathic index of a sequence of 21 amino acids and plotted to the middle residue of each sequence. The consecutive stretch of 23 non-polar amino acids at the carboxy terminal region of the protein is characteristic of the domains of integral membrane proteins which span the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of cells. In addition, four positively charged amino acids (marked as +- in Fig.
• the defined sequence of the substantially pure human tissue factor as provided in Formula I and its apparent domain structu-re has allowed the production of soluble human tissue factor which comprises the extracellular domain of the protein or portions thereof which is exportable from transformed hosts containing expression vectors which express soluble tissue factor.
• the sequence also allows for the production of functional portions of human tissue factor, i.e., peptides derived from human tissue factor, which can be used as diagnostic reagents and to inhibit the binding of Factor VII to tissue factor. Because intact tissue factor is a membrane- bound hydrophobic protein, in general it is not readily secretable from transformed hosts containing vectors for expression of the entire human tissue factor.
• the membrane spanning and cytoplasmic domains of human tissue factor can be produced by suitable techniques, e.g. solid phase peptide synthesis.
• the intact human tissue factor apoprotein is reconstitutable by covalently attaching the soluble human tissue factor produced by recombinant DNA techniques or other methods with the membrane/cytoplasmic domain(s) produced by peptide synthetic techniques through protein synthetic methods such as fragment condensation or protein semi-synthesis techniques.
• the soluble tissue factor of this invention is lacking the hydrophobic membrane-spanning and cytoplasmic domains.
• soluble tissue factor which has not been previously produced, has some minimal procoagulant activity as measured by the activation of Factor VII and the subsequent cleavage of Factors IX and X in standard two stage clotting assays.
• the soluble tissue factor which efficiently binds to Factor VII, also has use as an inhibitor of the procoagulant activity of native human tissue factor. Soluble tissue factor, thus, has great potential importance as- a diagnostic reagent as well as a potential anticoagulant agent for clinical use.
• the cloned 2147 bp cDNA coding for human tissue factor and plasmid pKS-2B have allowed the construction of recombinant expression vectors which in transformed hosts produce human tissue factor apoprotein and soluble human tissue factor for clinical and diagnostic use, as well as experimental studies.
• Such expression vectors include those which replicate and express tissue factor in prokaryotic hosts, such as bacteria, or those which replicate in eukaryotic hosts such as yeast, insect cells and animal or human cells.
• Suitable prokaryotic vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids, cosmids and bacteriophage.
• Suitable eukaryotic vectors include inter alia vaccinia virus, bovine papilloma virus, simian virus.- (SV. Q ), yeast vectors, and baculovirus. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that a wide variety of cloning vectors and hosts can be used in the practice of the invention.
• soluble tissue factor encompassing amino acids approximately 1-219/220, i.e. the extra ⁇ cellular domain of the mature apoprotein, has been prepared by DNA cloning techniques.
• the DNA coding for soluble active tissue factor was prepared by inserting a stop codon in the tissue factor gene immediately downstream from the nueleotides coding for amino acids 219/220 of the tissue factor protein sequence provided in Formula I. This resulted in deletion of the hydrophobic membrane spanning region (domain 3) as well as the cytoplasmic tail (domain 4), of human tissue factor. (See Fig. 1).
• soluble human tissue factor comprising the extracellular domain, with or without the signal peptide
• Such soluble tissue factor proteins have use as anticoagulants and as diagnostics for clotting disorders.
• functional portions of the soluble proteins corresponding to peptides derived from the soluble protein can also be used as anticoagulants and as diagnostic reagents.
• Intact human tissue factor apoprotein having procoagulant activity, may be reconstituted from the soluble tissue factor by addition thereto of amino acids thereto which comprise the hydrophobic and cytoplasmic domains of tissue factor.
• the hydrophobic and cytoplasmic domains may be added to the soluble tissue factor protein by known protein chemistry techniques, such as fragment condensation and protein semi-synthesis.
• the invention also provides for those portions of the human tissue factor and the DNA sequences encoding each portion of the protein which have the structural and functional characteristics of the domains (l)-(4).
• the invention further provides for the substantially pure soluble tissue factor which has not been previously produced.
• E. coli strain 71-18 carrying plasmid pKS-2B has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection and is assigned Accession No. 67426.
• This antibody which was obtained from Dr. Steven D. Carson of the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and Dr. Ronald Bach of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, was used to prepare an immunoadsorbent column for immunoaffinity isolation of human tissue factor.
• Tissue factor was extracted from human brain or placental tissue acetone powders with the detergent octylphenoxy polyethoxy (10) ethanol (Triton ® X-100) and then adsorbed onto the immunoaffinity column. Following washing with Triton® X-100-containing buffers at pH 7.5, the protein was eluted from the column at pH 2.5. It was then concentrated and further purified on an Ultragel AcA 34 column in Triton ® X-100, which separated tissue factor from co- eluting minor contaminants to yield a substantially homogeneous protein preparation. The purity of each preparation was assessed by SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, Nature 227:680-685, 1970).
• the purification was monitored by measuring the tissue factor procoagulant activity in the preparation by a standard two-stage coagulation assay following reconstitution of the detergent- solubilized protein into phospholipid vesicles as described by Bach et al., J. Biol. Chem. 256:8324- 8331, 1981.
• each tissue factor preparation was determined by amino acid analysis: 10 ⁇ g of human tissue factor apoprotein in 0.1M NaCl, 0.05M Tris (pH 7.5), and 0.1% Triton ® X-100 were precipitated by the addition of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) . After 15 minutes on ice the protein was pelleted by centrifugation at 5,000xg for 30 minutes. Residual detergent and TCA were removed by acetone extraction (3x). The pellet was dried in vacuo, and hydrolyzed in 6N HCl containing 0.2% phenol for 16 hours at 115°C. Analysis of the hydrolysate was performed on a Beckman 121M amino acid analyzer.
• the protein was dissolved in 0.8ml 6M guanidine HCl, 50mM NaHC0 3 , pH 8.0.
• the amino- terminus of the protein was blocked by succinylation with three successive additions of lmg solid succinic anhydride (Pierce Chemical Co.). After each addition the sample was adjusted to pH 8.0 with IN NaOH and stirred for 30 minutes. Triton ® X-100 was then added to a final concentration of 0.1% and the mixture was dialyzed overnight at 25°C. Following addition of 450 ⁇ l H_0, the digest was dried (2x) in a vacuum centrifuge. The protein pellet was dissolved in TFA, loaded onto a GF/C glass filter disc and sequenced as described above.
• Tryptic peptides of TCA-precipitated placental tissue factor 120 ⁇ g were also prepared. After isolation by HPLC, the peptides were sequenced in order to obtain additional sequence information.
• the TCA-precipitated protein pellet was solubilized in 50 ⁇ l 8M urea and the solution was diluted with 150 ⁇ l 50mM NH ECO-. Trypsin, treated with N-tosyl-L- phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK, Cooper Biologicals) , was then added at a ratio of l:25(w/w), trypsin:tissue factor. Digestion was carried-out for 24 hours at 37°C and the sample was injected into a Vydac® C-18 HPLC column (0.45x25cm) equilibrated in
• Phage ⁇ lO r 3 which contains the 2147 bp cDNA insert coding for human tissue factor was isolated by screening a human placental cDNA library cloned into the expression vector phage ⁇ gtll for human tissue factor coding sequences.
• the library which contained about 1.2 x 10 independent placental cDNA-containing recombinants, was purchased from CloneTech (Palo Alto, CA) .
• ⁇ gtll is a well-known cloning vector (Young and Davis, Science 222:180-182, 1983) which contains the E. coli lacZ gene coding for 8-galactosidase. Foreign DNA can be cloned into -the EcoRI restriction site of the lacZ gene.
• oligonucleotide hybridization probes were synthesized. These probes which are shown in Fig. 2 hybridized to DNA corresponding to and coding for amino acid sequences of short peptides from various regions (amino terminal, carboxy terminal and internal) of the tissue factor polypeptide chain which were determined as provided in Example 1.
• the oligonucleotide probes were synthesized by the phosphoramidite method, using an Applied Biosystems 380A DNA synthesizer.
• the probes were purified by HPLC on a Nucleogen DEAE 60-7 column (Macherey-Nagel) and radiolabelled at their 5' ends using 32P ATP (Amersham) and T4 polynucleotide kinase (Pharmacia) to a specific activity of approxi- mately 1 x 10 cpm/ ⁇ g.
• probes correspond to DNA coding for three regions of the tissue factor protein.
• Probe #1 corresponded to the sequence coding for amino acids 24-29 (amino terminal portion of the protein) ;
• Probe #3 corresponded to the sequence coding for amino acids 210-215 (carboxy terminal portion of the protein) ;
• probe #2 corresponded to the sequence coding for amino acids 145-149 (internal portion of the polypeptide chain) .
• Probes #1 and 3 were both mixtures of 32 oligonucleotides, each 17 bases in length, which were complementary to all the possible coding sequences for each peptide.
• Probe #2 was a single 45 base deoxyoligonucleotide (45mer) corresponding to an optimal DNA sequence coding for an internal trypic peptide of human tissue factor.
• Fig. 2 also depicts that portion of the sequence of the cDNA coding for human tissue factor provided in Formula I in the region of the cDNA fragment which hybridized to Probe #2.
• the asterisks (*) indicate base pair mismatches between Probe #2 and the actual tissue factor cDNA coding sequence as determined in Example 3.
• the overall homology between Probe #2 and the cDNA coding for tissue factor was 75%.
• Residue 158, originally identified as Arg was subsequently identified as Trp.
• E. coli K1088 the host for ⁇ gtll, carries the plasmid pMC9 which confers ampicillin resistance and carries the lad gene (for efficient repression of the lacZ gene). See, Young and Davis, Science 222:778-782, 1983. Screening was performed essentially according to the protocol of Maniatis et al.. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory
• Probe #2 Approximately 2.5 x 10 recombinant ⁇ gtll phage which contained placental cDNA inserts were screened with Probe #2. Thirty-six potentially positive plaques were isolated from the library, purified and further screened by hybridization to Probes #1 and #3. In all cases Probe #2 gave significantly stronger hybridization signals than either Probe #1 or #3. Only two of the 36 original recombinant ⁇ phage isolates were reactive with a second probe. The recombinant phage designed ⁇ l0,3 was positive with both Probes #1 and #3, while the recombinant phage designated ⁇ 3,4 only hybridized to Probe #3.
• the number of recombinant phage clones containing a cDNA coding for human tissue factor was, therefore, estimated to be between 2 and 34 per 2.5 x 10 recombinants.
• the relative abundance of tissue factor coding sequences in placental cDNA was thus estimated at one human tissue factor cDNA per 7 x 10 4 to 1 x 106 cDNAs.
• the recombinant phage ⁇ l0,3 and ⁇ 3,4 have been successfully propagated in their host organism E. coli
• Fig. 3 shows a restriction map of the entire cloned 2147 bp cDNA coding for human tissue factor inserted in ⁇ l0,3 and also indicates the corresponding truncated 1616 bp DNA insert in ⁇ 3,4. Both of the cDNAs contained two internal EcoRI sites and the smaller cDNA of ⁇ 3,4 was found to overlap entirely with the larger DNA insert of ⁇ l0,3.
• the open and solid boxes indicate the coding region for the signal peptide and mature protein, respectively.
• the second and third lines of Fig. 3 show the relative size and location of the tissue factor cDNA insert in ⁇ 3,4 and ⁇ l0,3, respectively.
• the wavy lines indicate the length and direction of the DNA sequence determined from the M13 subclones.
• the open circles indicate where the synthetic primers were used to originate sequencing reactions.
• primers correspond to the sequence of the 2147 bp cDNA at nueleotides 283-267, 326-339, 539-527, 821-838, 1075-1039, 1310-1293, 1-875-1857 and 1857-1875. " The nucleotide sequence was determined for both strands of DNA for 100% of the cDNA coding for the mature tissue factor apoprotein and approximately 82% of the overall cDNA sequences.
• the nucleotide sequence of the entire 2147 bp cDNA from ⁇ l0,3 coding for human tissue factor is pro- vided in Formula I.
• the 2147 bp cDNA contains a single long open reading frame of about 885 bp which extends from an ATG initiation codon at nueleotides 112-114 to a TAA termination codon at nueleotides 997-999.
• the open reading frame codes for a preprotein of 295 amino acids which is the precursor for the 263 amino acid mature human tissue factor apoprotein.
• the entire preprotein sequence which was deduced from the DNA sequence is also provided in Formula I.
• the preprotein contains a 32 amino acid leader sequence or signal peptide.
• the 5 1 untranslated region of the mRNA corresponding to the 2147 bp cDNA is very GC rich (72% G + C) as are a number of other eukaryotic signal peptide regions (see, e.g., Ohno et al.. Nature 325:161-166, 1987).
• the 3' untranslated sequence of 1147 nueleotides following the coding portion was slightly AT rich (63% A+T).
• the sequence AATAAA at nueleotides 2121-2126 apparently is the mRNA polyadenylation sequence since it is followed by a sequence of six A residues at nueleotides 2142-2147.
• the accuracy of the DNA sequence coding for tissue factor provided in Formula I was evaluated by comparing the amino acid sequence of the protein predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame of the cDNA coding for tissue factor to the amino acid sequence of intact tissue factor, and tryptic digests thereof-, purified from human brain and placenta and sequenced by protein sequencing techniques as provided in Example 1.
• the portions of the amino acid sequence of tissue factor apoprotein predicted from the sequence of the open reading frame of the cDNA coding for tissue which were confirmed by amino acid sequence analysis as described above are underlined in Formula I.
• a total of 71.5% of the coding region for the mature protein was confirmed by amino acid sequence analysis and all peptide sequences were matched to predicted peptides.
• residue 208 which was predicted to be glutamic acid from the DNA sequence of the cDNA inserts of both ⁇ l0,3 and ⁇ 3,4 and glycine based on gas phase sequencing of the peptide encompassing residues 202-215
• all of the remaining 262 amino acid residues determined by protein or peptide sequencing agreed with the protein sequence provided in Formula I which was predicted from the sequence of the cDNA coding for tissue factor.
• the complete amino acid sequence of human tissue factor was not known previously.
• the 2147 bp cDNA fragment coding for human tissue factor provides for the synthesis of substantially pure human tissue factor having an amino acid sequence as provided in Formula I.
• the amino-terminal sequence of human tissue factor was determined as described in Example 1 for the apoprotein purified from both brain and placenta. The two preparations gave identical sequences to each other and to the amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA sequence of the 2147 bp cDNA fragment. Amino acid residues 1-22 of brain tissue factor and residues 1-38 of the placental protein were identical to the predicted sequence of tissue factor provided in
• tissue factor apoprotein The entire amino acid sequence for mature tissue factor shown in Formula I provides for a molecular weight, M , of the substantially pure tissue factor apoprotein of about 29,600, which is smaller than the M of 44-46,000 previously estimated for human tissue factor by SDS-PAGE by Broze et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:10917-10920, 1985; Guha et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83:299-302, 1986. To examine this discrepancy, tissue factor purified from brain and/or placenta was enzymatieally and chemically deglyeosylated and the M of the resulting apoprotein was determined.
• Placental tissue factor (5 ⁇ g) was chemically deglyeosylated by the method of Edge et al., Anal. Biochem. 118:131-137, 1981, using trifluoromethane- sulfonic acid (TFMS) .
• the protein was precipitated with 5 volumes of acetone and pelleted at 5000xg for 30 minutes, after which it was dried in vacuo; 20 ⁇ l of anisole and 40 ⁇ l TFMS were then added.
• the tube was flushed with - for 30 seconds, sealed and incubated for 3 hours on ice.
• the sample was then extracted twice with 3ml ether:hexane (9:1), with 5 ⁇ l pyridine added to facilitate protein precipitation.
• the resulting pellet was extracted once with acetone.
• Asparagine-linked carbohydrate was enzymatieally cleaved from tissue factor by digestion with endoglycosidase F as described by Steub et al.. Biochemistry 24:3587-3592, 1985.
• ⁇ Human placental tissue factor (5 ⁇ g) was precipitated with acetone as described above.
• the protein pellet was then dissolved in 40 ⁇ l of a buffer containing 0.5% ⁇ - octyl-D-glucopyranoside, 20mM EDTA, and 50mM sodium acetate at pH 6.1, and endoglycosidase F (0.1 unit, Boehringer Mannheim, grade II) was added.
• the TFMS deglyeosylated protein gave an apparent M of 34,500 in the Swank and Munkres system while the value of the enzymatieally deglyeosylated material was 33,500.
• carbohydrate contributes about 7,500- 8,500 daltons to the apparent M of tissue factor. It is believed that all the carbohydrate is N-linked (to Asn) since chemical and enzymatic digestions gave essentially the same result.
• Example 5 Construction of Plasmid pKS-2B Phage ⁇ l0,3 DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes Kpnl and Sstl which yielded a DNA fragment comprising the entire 2147 bp cDNA insert coding for tissue factor plus approximately 1000 bp of ⁇ phage DNA from each side of the insert. The approximately 4.15 kb Kpnl/Sstl fragment so obtained was then cloned into the lacZ gene of plasmid pUC19 (Norrander et al., Gene 26:101, 1983; Yanisch-Perron et al.. Gene 33:103, 1985) which had been digested with Kpnl and Sstl.
• E.- coli 71-18/pKS-2B transformants have provided an excellent source of the tissue factor gene for further study and for subsequent construction of expression vectors for production of mature human tissue factor apoprotein (Example 7) and soluble human tissue factor (Example 8) and for localization and characterization of the genomic human tissue factor gene (Example 6).
• Tissue factor coding sequences were localized to an approximately 9.5 kb fragment of genomic DNA by Southern blotting hybridization techniques. This procedure which involves transfer of DNA restriction fragments from an agarose gel after electrophoresis to an appropriate membrane, followed by hybridization with a specific probe, has been used in numerous studies to analyze genome organization and function.
• a 1.25 kb Sau3A/HindIII DNA fragment comprising nueleotides 90 to 1340 of the 2147 bp tissue factor cDNA was obtained from plasmid pKS-2B.
• ORF open reading frame
• Total human placental genomic DNA was digested with a panel of restriction enzymes. Three (3) ⁇ g of each digest were electrophoresed on a 10% agarose gel and then treated with 0.25 M HCl for 15 min. This brief acid treatment following electrophoresis partially depurinated the DNA, breaking it down into smaller pieces that were more readily transferable to the membrane. The acid treatment step was especially important for quantitative transfer of DNA fragments which were more than 5kb in length.
• the gel was briefly rinsed in distilled water and overlayed with a nylon transfer membrane (Zeta Probe ® , Bio Rad) . Transfer of the restriction fragments to the membrane was performed by incubation overnight in the presence of a solution of 0.4N NaOH. The transferred DNA became covalently bound to the membrane.
• the 1.25 kb Sau3A/HindIII fragment from pKS-2B was used to probe the digested genomic DNA for tissue factor coding sequences. Prior to hybridization the fragment was radiolabelled to a very high specific o activity of about 5x10 cpm/ ⁇ g using the random priming methods described by Feinberg and Vogelstein, Anal. Biochem. 132:6, 1983; Anal. Biochem. 137:266, 1984.
• Hybridization was carried out using a hybridization cocktail containing the radiolabelled 1.25 kb tissue factor DNA probe in 47% formamide; 10% dextran sulfate; 3xSSPE; 1% SDS and 0.5% Blotto. Immediately prior to hybridization, the probe was fragmented and denatured by dissolving the radio- labelled 1.25 kb fragment in 0.2M NaOH. Excess carrier DNA was added and the mixture was agitated and centrifuged briefly. The mixture was heated for about 5 minutes at 100°C prior to addition to the hybridization cocktail.
• the membrane containing the digested human genomic DNA was incubated with the probe/hybridization cocktail overnig 3 ht at 47°C (T -11°C). The blot was then washed at room temperature for 15 min. with 2xSSC/0.1% SDS followed by washing for 15 min. with 0.5xSSC/0.1% SDS. The blot was further washed at 50°C (T -5°C) for 15 min. with 0.1 SSC/0.1% SDS. Following washing, the blot was exposed overnight at -70°C to an X-ray film (XAR X-Omat, Kodak) with one intensifying screen.
• X-ray film XAR X-Omat, Kodak
• Fig. 5 is a Southern blot which shows the results of hybridization of the 1.25 kb DNA fragment containing the tissue factor coding sequences to various restriction digests of the placental genomic DNA.
• Lanes 1 and 8 are control digests: phage ⁇ DNA digested with HacIII Ox/Hindlll.
• Lane 2 is Ball digested human DNA;
• Lane 3 is an EcoRI digest,
• lane 4 is a Hindlll digest;
• Lane 5 is a Pstl digest;
• Lane 6 is a Sau 3A digest; and
• Lane 7 is a Sspl digest.
• the right side of Fig. 4 shows the electrophorectic mobility of DNA of defined lengths (kb).
• the 1.25 kb tissue factor probe hybridized to two Hindlll fragments of 7.0 and 2.546 kb, respectively; to four Pstl fragments of 4.2, 3.0, 1.5 and 0.7 kb, respectively; and to four Sspl fragments of 4.5, 3.8, 0.98 and 0.35, respectively. From this information the size of the chromosomal gene encompassing the DNA coding for tissue factor was determined to be about 9.5 kb. It is also believed that the gene contains at least 3 introns.
• tissue factor e.g. E. coli, CHO cells and insect cells. Expression in these host systems can be accomplished using known techniques to construct expression vectors for expressing tissue factor in the selected host, e.g. M13/p ⁇ C vectors for E. coli, mammalian shuttle vectors for CHO cells and baculovirus for insect cells. Expression of tissue factor can also be accom ⁇ plished in yeast cells using yeast expression vectors, e.g. CYC1, YCpCYCl, YRpCYCl and dYeCEN3.
• yeast expression vectors e.g. CYC1, YCpCYCl, YRpCYCl and dYeCEN3.
• Plasmid pTL8FQ which in a suitable host, e.g. E. coli 71-18, expresses the human tissue factor apoprotein, was constructed as follows:
• TFAD oligonucleotide sequence shown in Fig. 6C six bases were then inserted between nueleotides 201 and 202 of the tissue factor coding region in single-stranded DNA from M13/LB2TF by site specific mutagenesis to create a Pstl cleavage site in the gene.
• This latter construct designated M13/LB3TF (Fig. 6A)
• M13/LB3TF Fig. 6A
• a Pstl site was inserted by site specific mutagenesis into single stranded DNA from bacteriophage tgl31 (a derivative of phage M13 which contains multiple cloning sites) just downstream from the M13 gene VIII leader sequence to form M13/TL131P (Fig. 6B) .
• a 100 bp SnaBI/Pstl fragment from M13/TL131P was then inserted into the Pstl/Smal site of plasmid pLB4TF to produce plasmid pTL8TF, which contained- the DNA coding for the M13 gene VIII leader sequence together with the structural gene for human tissue factor (Fig. 7).
• Plasmid pTL8TF was then digested with Sstl and Hindlll to produce a 1252 bp restriction fragment containing the gene VIII leader and tissue factor structural DNA sequences. This fragment was then isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis and cloned into plasmid pTL131Q which had been linearized with Sstl and Hindlll (Fig. 7).
• Plasmid pTL131Q had been constructed by inserting tgl31 DNA into the unique PvuII site of plasmid ptac- 12, which had been obtained from Dr. John Brosius.
• Plasmid ptac-12 is a pBR322 derivative and contains the hybrid "tac" (trp/lac) promoter, as disclosed an Amann et al.. Gene 25:167-178, 1983.
• the DNA of phage tgl31 was cleaved with Bglll and EcoRI converted to blunt-ends using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I from E. coli.
• Plasmid pTL131Q now contained the tac promoter, which is inducible with isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG). Insertion of the 1252 bp fragment from pTL8TF into pTL131Q resulted in the recombinant expression vector pTL8FQ (Fig. 7), .which in a suitable host:, e.g. E. coli 71-18, expresses the human tissue factor apoprotein.
• Plasmid pTL8FQ was then used to transform E. coli
• Example 1 Because the human tissue factor gene is under the control of the tac promoter in the plasmid, IPTG was used to induce maximum expression of human tissue factor in E. coli 71-18/pTL8FQ transformants. After induction, the cells were sonicated and assayed for tissue factor activity using the two stage clotting assay as in Example 1. Transformant extracts demonstrated a specific activity of tissue factor of about 6x10 units/mg protein which corresponds to about lng tissue factor per ml culture. Purified human tissue factor protein as prepared in Example 1 was used as a standard for comparison.
• pMAM mouse mammary tumor virus
• pMAM also contains a SV 4Q polyadenylation site which allows for synthesis of proteins in mammalian cells.
• Fig. 9 depicts the pMAM/TF vector which is usable to express human tissue factor in mammalian cells.
• the vector was constructed by cloning the pKS-2B Sau3A/HindIII fragment described in Example 6 into pMAM as follows: pKS-2B DNA was first digested with Hindlll, followed by the addition of Xhol linkers to the Hindlll cleavage site. Next, the DNA was digested with Sstl, followed by addition of Xbal linkers to the. Sstl cleavage site. The resulting fragment was cloned into pMAM DNA which had been linearized by cleavage with Nhel and Xhol to produce pMAM/TF (Fig. 9).
• E. coli XL-1 blue cells are transformed with pMAM/TF.
• Ampicillin- resistant XL-1/pMAM/TF transformants are screened for the presence of the human tissue factor gene.
• XL-1 blue transformants which contain the tissue factor coding sequences are selected, the plasmid amplified and obtained for transforming suitable CHO host cells (which lack the gene coding for guanine phosphoribosyl transferase).
• CHO/pMAM/TF transformants are selected in a medium in which only the cells which have acquired the functional guanine phosphoribosyl transferase can grow, e.g. HAT medium. Transformants growing in the selection medium are then tested for the presence of the human tissue factor DNA sequences and for production of human tissue factor protein.
• the Sau3a/HindIII 1.25 kb DNA fragment containing the entire tissue factor open reading frame (ORF) described in Example 6 was ligated to BamHI/Hindlll digested pUC19.
• the resulting plasmid was then linearized by digestion first with Hindlll, followed by a partial digestion with Sspl, which produced a cut within the tissue factor ORF at a site approximately corresponding to amino acids 219-220 of the apoprotein sequence (reading from the N-terminal).
• a 3,447 bp fragment was obtained which contains a DNA sequence coding for the extracellular domain (approximately amino acids 1-219/220) of the mature apoprotein. Recessed ends in the fragment were filled in using the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I. Xbal linkers (obtained from New England Biolabs, Cat. #1062), which contained nonsense codons in three reading frames, were ligated to the fragment. The fragment was then digested with Xbal and religated to produce plasmid pLB5TF (Fig. 10).
• Plasmid pLB5TF thus codes for a truncated soluble human tissue factor which comprises the extracellular domain.
• plasmid pLB5TF was inserted into and replicated by E. coli 71-18 cells. Plasmid pLB5TF, however, is not an expression vector and E. coli 71-18/pLB5TF transformants do not produce soluble tissue factor.
• An expression vector pLB6TF which in a trans ⁇ formant host expressed soluble human tissue factor comprising the extracellular domain was produced as follows (see Fig. 11):
• Plasmid pTL8FQ described in Example 7 was digested with Eco0109 and Accl and electrophoresed.
• a 500 bp fragment which comprises the DNA sequence coding for the leader sequence of the bacteriophage M13 gene VIII product, the N-terminal amino acids 1-34 of the mature human tissue factor apoprotein (plus an additional ala-asp at the N-terminus) the tac promoter region and a portion of vector DNA was isolated from the agarose gel following electrophoresis and ligated to a DNA fragment from pLB5TF which had been digested with Eco0109 and Accl.
• pLB6TF contained the tac promoter and a DNA sequence coding for the gene VIII leader attached to the DNA sequences coding for the extracellular domain of mature human tissue factor.
• pLB ⁇ TF is an expression vector which, in a suitable host, such as E. coli 71-18, produced soluble active human tissue factor comprising the extracellular domain of the mature human tissue factor apoprotein.
• E. coli 71-18/pLB6TF transformants were induced with IPTG in order to maximize expression of the soluble human tissue factor.
• the transformant cells were harvested in late log phase and converted to spheroplasts and a supernatant fraction containing periplas ic proteins using standard techniques. Tissue factor activity in the spheroplasts and in the supernatant fraction containing periplasmic proteins (periplasmic fraction) from E. coli 71-18/pLB6TF transformants was assayed using the two stage clotting assay described by Bach et al., J. Biol. Chem. 256:8324-8331, 1981, as discussed in Example 1.
• tissue factor procoagulant activity was detectable in both the spheroplast and periplasmic fractions.
• the activity in spheroplasts was about 100 times higher than the activity in the periplasmic fraction.
• 100 ml of mixed brain lipid (10 mg/ml) or 100 ml of 0.25% deoxycholate was added to 900 ml of the periplasmic fraction and the mixture was dialyzed overnight against 250 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCL pH 7.5, lOOmM NaCl. Aliquots (20 ml) were analyzed for tissue factor activity by the two stage clotting assay. Relipidation of the periplasmic fraction resulted in an increase in tissue factor activity to approximately the level found in the spheroplast fraction.
• the soluble tissue factor could be purified from the periplasmic fraction by immunoaffinity chromatography on an immunoadsorbent column prepared with the monoclonal anti-human tissue factor antibody as described in Example 1. Soluble tissue factor was eluted from the column with 0.1M glycine-HCl, pH2.1. The soluble human tissue factor present in the spheroplasts and in the periplasmic fraction, as well as antibody-purified soluble tissue factor, was also analyzed by Western blot analysis using the monoclonal antibody to human tissue factor. As shown in Fig.
• the periplasmic fraction contained a single protein with a molecular weight of about 30,000 which bound the antibody, while two proteins of molecular weights of about 32,500 and 30,000 daltons, respectively, were found in the spheroplasts.
• the samples were applied to the gel as follows: Lane 1, MW standards; Lane 2, spheroplast fraction; Lane 3, periplasmic fraction; Lanes 4-6, breakthrough fraction from immunoadsorbent column; Lane 8, soluble human tissue factor eluted from immunoadsorbent column with glycine-HCl.
• the larger protein is believed to be a preprotein containing the M13 gene VIII leader sequence which is subsequently removed from the soluble human tissue factor upon export of the protein into the periplasmic space.
• Fig. 12B is a second Western blot of the purified product from E. coli 71-18/pLB6TF transformants. Lane
• soluble tissue factor 1 contained molecular weight standards; Lanes 2 and 3, purified soluble tissue factor.
• the procoagulant activity of the product was determined to be about 4 1.9X10 units/mg protein.
• the soluble tissue factor is thus a much less active procoagulant than the intact apoprotein.
• the soluble protein does bind to Factor VII and can inhibit the binding of the intact apoprotein to Factor VII.

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