EP0346835B1 - Procédé de nettoyer des tapis et l'application d'une composition - Google Patents

Procédé de nettoyer des tapis et l'application d'une composition Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0346835B1
EP0346835B1 EP89110696A EP89110696A EP0346835B1 EP 0346835 B1 EP0346835 B1 EP 0346835B1 EP 89110696 A EP89110696 A EP 89110696A EP 89110696 A EP89110696 A EP 89110696A EP 0346835 B1 EP0346835 B1 EP 0346835B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alcohol
composition
weight
range
fibers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89110696A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0346835A3 (en
EP0346835A2 (fr
Inventor
Charles Randolph Minns
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF Corp
Original Assignee
BASF Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BASF Corp filed Critical BASF Corp
Publication of EP0346835A2 publication Critical patent/EP0346835A2/fr
Publication of EP0346835A3 publication Critical patent/EP0346835A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0346835B1 publication Critical patent/EP0346835B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
    • C11D7/50—Solvents
    • C11D7/5004—Organic solvents
    • C11D7/5022—Organic solvents containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/0031—Carpet, upholstery, fur or leather cleansers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
    • C11D3/3947—Liquid compositions

Definitions

  • This invention relates to aqueous cleaning compositions and, more particularly, relates to an aqueous cleaning composition having the ability to remove stains, soils, or combinations thereof from textile fibers.
  • Carpets containing synthetic polymer fibers are a popular floor covering for both residential and commercial applications. Such carpets are relatively inexpensive and have a combination of desirable qualities, such as durability, comfort, safety, warmth, and quietness.
  • polyamide fibers such as nylon 6 and nylon 66
  • polyester fibers Two popular synthetic polymer fibers utilized in carpets are polyamide fibers, such as nylon 6 and nylon 66, and polyester fibers.
  • the fibers contained in the carpets are severely and permanently stained or soiled when contacted, such as by inadvertent spilling, with certain artificial and natural colorants present in household items, such as tea, coffee beverages made from coffee beans, and soft drink beverages. Many of these colorants are acid dyes colorants, which cause the most severe stains. As a result thereof, carpets are sometimes replaced because of unsightly soiling or staining, even though the carpet has not been worn out.
  • stain and staining as used herein with reference to synthetic fibers means discoloration of the fibers caused by a chemical reaction with a chemical substance. Acid dyes are representative of a staining material for nylon fibers.
  • soil refers to both organic and inorganic matter which comes in contact with fibers and adhere thereto. Dirt particles, grease, oils, foods, and cosmetics are representative of materials referred to as soils that work their way onto and into various textile fibers.
  • fiber as used herein includes fibers of extreme or indefinite length (i.e. filaments) and fibers of short length (i.e. staple).
  • fiber as used herein means a continuous strand of fibers.
  • the fibers be treated with an additive which coats the fiber and makes the fiber resistant to staining.
  • additives are condensation products made from aromatic sulfonic acids, and formaldehyde.
  • Colored food beverages such as colored soft drink beverages, tea beverages, and coffee beverages made from coffee beans, present a serious staining problem to textile fibers. Coffee stains are particularly unsightly because of their dark brown color.
  • fluorochemicals have been applied to carpet fibers in order to reduce their water and oil wettability.
  • the fluorochemical reduces the tendency of soils to adhere to the fibers, thereby making the removal of soils from the carpet fibers easier than if the fluorochemicals were omitted, but offers little protection to the carpet fibers from spills containing acid dye colorants unless the colorants are immediately removed from the fibers.
  • traffic on the carpet wears off the fluorochemicals.
  • a number of cleaning solutions have been proposed in the past for removing stains and soils from fibers.
  • volatile solvent dry-cleaning fluids have been proposed, but such fluids are less than satisfactory in removing water-soluble stains or soils.
  • aqueous compositions containing synthetic detergents have been proposed for removing stains and soils from fibers, but such compositions have not been found to be particularly effective.
  • aqueous cleaning compositions require large amounts of water. This causes the fibers in the carpet and, many times, the pad under the carpet, to become saturated with water, which can result in degradation of the pad and/or carpet.
  • a method of treating cloths with an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol is known from GB-A-2.072.643.
  • a method of treating carpets with an aqueous mixture of hydrogen peroxide and isopropanol is known from US-A-3.607.760.
  • the present invention provides a cleaning composition suitable for removing stains and soils from synthetic polymer fibers which overcomes, or at least mitigates, many of the above-described problems.
  • One object of the present invention is a method for removing stains, soils, or combinations thereof from a synthetic polymer fiber carpet by contacting the stained or soiled portion with an effective amount of an aqueous cleaning composition having a pH in the range of from about 9 to about 12.0 and comprising an effective amount of water-soluble alcohol containing 1 to about 5 carbon atoms; an oxidizing agent present in an amount in the range of from about 3 to about 15 percent by weight of said aqueous cleaning composition and comprising a peroxyhydrate; a pH adjustment substance; and the balance water.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of an aqueous cleaning composition having a pH in the range of from about 9 to about 12 and comprising an effective amount of water-soluble alcohol containing 1 to about 5 carbon atoms; an oxidizing agent present in an amount in the range of from about 3 to about 15 percent by weight of said aqueous cleaning composition and comprising a peroxyhydrate; a pH adjustment substance; and the balance water for spot cleaning stained or soiled portions of a synthetic polymer fiber carpet.
  • the composition is very effective in removing stains from coffee beverages, even when the beverages have remained on the fiber for extended periods of time, e.g., 30 minutes or more. Finally, the use of the composition does not result in appreciably degrading the fibers.
  • Alcohols which are suitable for use in the invention include water-soluble alcohols containing up to 5 carbon atoms, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n -propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n -butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec -butyl alcohol, tert -butyl alcohol, tert -pentyl alcohol.
  • the preferred alcohol is isopropyl alcohol.
  • Oxidizing agents that find particular application in the invention include peroxyhydrates.
  • peroxyhydrate means hydrogen peroxide or any compound which, in an aqueous composition, yields hydrogen peroxide.
  • examples of such compounds include alkali metal peroxides, such as sodium peroxide and potassium peroxide, sodium perborate monohydrate and tetrahydrate, sodium persulfate, sodium percarbonate, sodium peroxydihydrate, various phosphate peroxyhydrates such as sodium or potassium peroxydiphosphate, potassium carbonate, peroxydihydrate, and organic peroxyhydrates such as urea peroxide.
  • the preferred oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
  • the amount of oxidizing agent and alcohol utilized in the aqueous cleaning composition will vary over a wide range.
  • the amount of oxidizing agent employed is generally an amount in the range of from about 3 to about 15 percent by weight of aqueous composition and, preferably, an amount of from about 3 to 12.5 percent by weight of aqueous composition.
  • the amount of alcohol will generally be an amount in the range of from about 10 to about 30 percent by weight of aqueous composition and, preferably, an amount of from about 10 to about 20 weight percent based on the weight of the aqueous composition.
  • the aqueous composition functions to remove soils or stains, particularly coffee stains, is not fully understood and need not be. It is believed that the aqueous composition oxidizes colored high molecular compounds to colorless lower molecular weight compounds. In any case, the observable effect is that the utilization of the aqueous solution containing the peroxyhydrate and alcohol very effectively removes, or at least substantially reduces, soils and stains, particularly coffee stains, in the fibers. In addition, the alcohol appears to assist in the stain and soil removal and promotes drying of the cleaned fiber. The cleaning effect occurs without any appreciable detrimental effect to the fibers.
  • the pH of the aqueous composition be in the range of from about 9 to about 12.0 and, more preferably, in the range of from about 9.0 to about 10.5.
  • the pH can be adjusted using acidic or alkaline compounds well known in the art.
  • the preferred compounds, for raising the pH of the composition are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and, most preferably, ammonium hydroxide.
  • the preferred aqueous composition has a pH of from about 9.0 to about 10.0 and comprises hydrogen peroxide present in an amount in the range from about 3 to about 12.5 percent by weight of aqueous composition and isopropyl alcohol present in an amount in the range from about 15 to about 20 percent by weight of aqueous composition.
  • the most preferred composition comprises about 9 percent by weight hydrogen peroxide, 10 percent by weight isopropyl alcohol, and a pH of about 9.5.
  • pH adjustment of this composition is carried out using ammonium hydroxide.
  • any synthetic fiber may be cleaned utilizing the cleaning composition of the present invention.
  • fibers include those made from synthetic thermoplastic polymers which are capable of being formed into fibers such as by melt extrusion including polyolefins, for example, homopolymers of olefins such as low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like.
  • polyolefins for example, homopolymers of olefins such as low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like.
  • Copolymers of olefins with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers and ethylenebutene copolymers and the like find particular application in the present invention.
  • Fibers made from polyamides also find particular application in the present invention.
  • polyamides include homopolyamides and copolyamides which are obtained by the polymerization of lactam or aminocaprionic acid or a copolymerization product from mixtures of diamines together with dicarboxylic acids or mixtures of lactams.
  • Typical polyamides include nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 6/10, nylon 6/12, nylon 11, nylon 12, copolymers thereof, or mixtures thereof.
  • Polyamides can be also copolymers of nylon 6 or nylon 6,6 and a nylon salt obtained by reacting a dicarboxylic acid component such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, adipic acid or sebacic acid with a diamine such as hexamethylenediamine or 1,4-bisaminomethylcyclohexane.
  • Fibers made from polyester also find particular application in the present invention.
  • the preferred polyesters are the linear terephthalate polyesters, i.e., polyesters of a glycol containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and a dicarboxylic acid component comprising at least about 75% terephthalic acid.
  • the remainder, if any, of the dicarboxylic acid component may be any suitable dicarboxylic acid such as sebacic acid, adipic acid, isophthalic acid, sulfonyl-1,4-4-dibenzoic acid, or 2,8-dibenzofurandicarboxylic acid.
  • linear terephthalate polyesters which may be employed include poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene terephthalate/5-chloroisophthalate), poly(ethylene terephthalate/5-[sodium sulfo]-isophthalate), and poly(cyclohexane-1,4-dimethylene terephthalate/hexahydroterephthalate).
  • Fibers comprising polyacrylonitrile homopolymers and copolymers can also be utilized in the present invention.
  • polyacrylonitrile as used herein means a synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight acrylonitrile monomer units Up to 15 percent of the polymer can be comprised of a vinyl monomer which is copolymerizable with acrylonitrile such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and vinyl derivatives containing sulfo or carboxyl groups.
  • the aqueous composition can be prepared by mixing together the alcohol, oxidizing agent, and water in any order. Prior to utilizing the composition, its pH will usually have to be adjusted.
  • the method of cleaning using the cleaning composition comprises applying the aqueous composition to the fibers to be cleaned and removing the residue of the composition together with stain, soil, or combinations thereof.
  • the residue may be removed by rinsing, scrubbing, vacuuming, sweeping, brushing, and the like.
  • the amount of aqueous composition applied will depend on the severity of the staining or soiling encountered. For severe staining or soiling, more than one application of the cleaning composition may be desired.
  • the cleaning composition should remain on the fibers for a period of time that insures proper cleaning of the stains, soils, or combinations thereof. After removing the composition from the fibers, the fibers are preferably washed with water to thoroughly remove the cleaner.
  • a desirable feature of utilizing the composition for cleaning soiled and/or stained fibers is that efficacious cleaning occurs thereon without leaving a residue.
  • the use of the cleaning composition does not impair the color, even dyed colors, of the fibers.
  • each coffee stain was sprayed with an aqueous cleaning composition comprising 10 percent by weight isopropyl alcohol, 30 percent by weight of an aqueous hydrogen peroxide composition containing 30 percent by weight hydrogen peroxide (9 percent by weight hydrogen peroxide), 10% by weight of an ammonium hydroxide for pH adjustment, and 50 percent by weight of water.
  • the percentages of the alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium hydroxide were based on the total weight of the cleaning composition.
  • the stains were no longer visible after less than one hour.
  • the aqueous coffee stain removing composition (CAGS) was extracted from the samples, rinsed with an aqueous solution containing 50% by weight white vinegar and 50% by weight water, and allowed to dry. Upon visual observation, all traces of the coffee stain were removed from each sample.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Procédé d'élimination des taches, salissures ou des combinaisons de celles-ci, à partir de tapis ou moquette en fibres de polymère synthétique, caractérisé par: la mise en contact de ladite partie tachée ou souillée avec une quantité efficace d'une composition de nettoyage aqueuse ayant un pH compris entre environ 9 à environ 12,0 et comprenant:
    (a) une quantité efficace d'alcool soluble dans l'eau contenant de 1 à environ 5 atomes de carbone;
    (b) un oxydant présent à raison d'environ 3 à environ 15 pour cent en poids de ladite composition de nettoyage aqueuse et comprenant un peroxyhydrate;
    (c) une substance d'ajustement de pH; et
    (d) le reste en eau.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ledit alcool soluble dans l'eau est choisi parmi le groupe constitué par l'alcool méthylique, l'alcool éthylique, l'alcool n-propylique, l'alcool isopropylique, l'alcool n-butylique, l'alcool isobutylique, l'alcool sec-butylique, l'alcool tert-butylique, l'alcool tert-pentylique, et les mélanges de ceux-ci.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel ledit peroxyhydrate est choisi parmi le groupe constitué par le peroxyde d'hydrogène, le peroxyde de sodium, le peroxyde de potassium, le perborate de sodium monohydrate, le perborate de sodium tétrahydrate, le persulfate de sodium, le percarbonate de sodium, le peroxydihydrate de sodium, le peroxydiphosphate de sodium, le peroxydiphosphate de potassium, le peroxydihydrate de carbonate de potassium, le peroxyde d'urée, et les mélanges de ceux-ci.
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel lesdites fibres de polymère synthétique sont choisies parmi le groupe constitué par les fibres de polyamide, de polyester et de polyoléfine.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel ledit pH de ladite composition est compris entre environ 9,0 et environ 10,5.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel ledit alcool est présent dans ladite composition à raison d'environ 10 à environ 20 pour cent en poids de ladite composition et ledit peroxyhydrate est présent à raison d'environ 3 à environ 12,5 pour cent en poids de ladite composition.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans lequel ledit peroxyhydrate est le peroxyde d'hydrogène et ledit alcool est l'alcool isopropylique.
  8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel ledit alcool est présent en une quantité d'environ 10 pour cent par rapport au poids de ladite composition, et ledit peroxyhydrate est présent en une quantité d'environ 9 pour cent par rapport au poids de ladite composition, et ledit pH de ladite composition est ajusté grâce à l'hydroxyde d'ammonium.
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel lesdites taches sont des taches de boisson à base de café.
  10. Utilisation d'une composition de nettoyage aqueuse ayant un pH compris entre environ 9 et environ 12 et comprenant:
    (a) une quantité efficace d'alcool soluble dans l'eau contenant de 1 à environ 5 atomes de carbone;
    (b) un oxydant présent en une quantité comprise entre environ 3 et environ 15 pour cent en poids de ladite composition de nettoyage aqueuse et comprenant un peroxyhydrate;
    (c) une substance d'ajustement de pH; et
    (d) le reste en eau.
    pour nettoyer localement des parties tachées ou souillées d'un tapis ou moquette en fibres de polymère synthétique.
EP89110696A 1988-06-14 1989-06-13 Procédé de nettoyer des tapis et l'application d'une composition Expired - Lifetime EP0346835B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US20653188A 1988-06-14 1988-06-14
US206531 1988-06-14

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0346835A2 EP0346835A2 (fr) 1989-12-20
EP0346835A3 EP0346835A3 (en) 1990-10-17
EP0346835B1 true EP0346835B1 (fr) 1994-12-07

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89110696A Expired - Lifetime EP0346835B1 (fr) 1988-06-14 1989-06-13 Procédé de nettoyer des tapis et l'application d'une composition

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0346835B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2653699B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE115179T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU611808B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1327503C (fr)
DE (1) DE68919755T2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5905065A (en) * 1995-06-27 1999-05-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Carpet cleaning compositions and method for cleaning carpets
US5928384A (en) * 1994-11-10 1999-07-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Method of cleaning carpets

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5522580A (en) * 1988-06-14 1996-06-04 Basf Corporation Removing stains from fixed items
US5259848A (en) * 1990-06-11 1993-11-09 Interface, Inc. Method for removing stains from carpet and textiles
FR2683541B1 (fr) * 1991-11-08 1994-09-09 Casco Nobel France Nettoyant specifique pour surfaces peintes munies de graffiti et ses applications.
FR2683540B1 (fr) * 1991-11-08 1994-09-09 Casco Nobel France Peinture anti-graffiti, sa preparation et procede pour enlever les graffiti formes sur une surface recouverte d'une telle peinture.
CA2085059C (fr) * 1992-05-21 2000-02-08 Charles R. Minns Shampooing d'assainissement pour tapis
DK0629694T3 (da) * 1993-06-09 2000-08-28 Procter & Gamble Fremgangsmåde til tæpperensning
AU688356B2 (en) * 1993-08-03 1998-03-12 Procter & Gamble Company, The A process of cleaning carpets using active oxygen compounds in an acidic aqueous medium
DE4430391A1 (de) * 1994-08-26 1996-02-29 Eilenburger Elektrolyse & Umwelttechnik Gmbh Verfahren zum oxidativen Abbau von Schadstoffen in Prozeßlösungen, Abwässern und Trinkwasser sowie Oxidations-, Entgiftungs- und Desodorierungsmittel
EP0791095A4 (fr) * 1994-11-10 1997-10-15 Procter & Gamble Procede de nettoyage de moquette
US6008175A (en) * 1996-03-04 1999-12-28 The Proctor & Gamble Company Method of cleaning carpets comprising an amineoxide or acyl sarcosinate and a source of active oxygen
GB9611062D0 (en) * 1996-05-28 1996-07-31 Warwick Int Group Alkaline peroxide liquid detergent composition
US5872090A (en) * 1996-10-25 1999-02-16 The Procter & Gamble Company Stain removal with bleach
EP0839900A1 (fr) * 1996-10-31 1998-05-06 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions pour le nettoyage de tapis et méthode de nettoyage
US5954230A (en) * 1997-12-08 1999-09-21 3M Innovative Properties Company Device and method for mixing and dispensing multipart solutions
JP4656688B2 (ja) * 2000-04-12 2011-03-23 積水化学工業株式会社 ダニ類の誘引駆除方法
US6300299B1 (en) 2001-02-06 2001-10-09 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for cleaning turmeric stains
US8778386B2 (en) 2005-12-13 2014-07-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Anti-microbial substrates with peroxide treatment

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FR1590651A (fr) * 1968-07-22 1970-04-20
US3607760A (en) * 1969-06-09 1971-09-21 Edna M Mcintyre Cleaning composition for pet stains
JPS4842936A (fr) * 1971-10-08 1973-06-21
GB2072643B (en) * 1980-04-01 1983-06-08 Interox Chemicals Ltd Aqueous h2 o2 bleach compositions
CA1156404A (fr) * 1980-04-01 1983-11-08 Eileen Smith Agents de blanchiment aqueux
FR2552124B1 (fr) * 1983-09-20 1986-09-12 Ugine Kuhlmann Nouvelles formulations fluides pour bains alcalins de blanchiment textile stables au stockage et leur procede d'obtention
GB8712430D0 (en) * 1987-05-27 1987-07-01 Procter & Gamble Liquid detergent
GB8713756D0 (en) * 1987-06-12 1987-07-15 Procter & Gamble Liquid detergent

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5928384A (en) * 1994-11-10 1999-07-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Method of cleaning carpets
US5905065A (en) * 1995-06-27 1999-05-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Carpet cleaning compositions and method for cleaning carpets

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HK1004756A1 (en) 1998-12-04
DE68919755T2 (de) 1995-04-27
CA1327503C (fr) 1994-03-08
DE68919755D1 (de) 1995-01-19
AU3630789A (en) 1989-12-21
JPH0234698A (ja) 1990-02-05
EP0346835A3 (en) 1990-10-17
JP2653699B2 (ja) 1997-09-17
ATE115179T1 (de) 1994-12-15
EP0346835A2 (fr) 1989-12-20
AU611808B2 (en) 1991-06-20

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