Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/7614—Cover layers; Backing layers; Base or auxiliary layers characterised by means for lubricating, for rendering anti-abrasive or for preventing adhesion
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/95—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers rendered opaque or writable, e.g. with inert particulate additives
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
  • Y10S430/151—Matting or other surface reflectivity altering material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
  • Y10S430/162—Protective or antiabrasion layer

Definitions

• the invention relates to a photographic recording material which has good retouchability in combination with good mechanical properties, e.g. B. shows less scratchability of the contact partner and that contains in the protective layer the combination of certain quartz particles with polymers that have reactive groups.
• hydrophilic colloids for example gelatin
• silver halide recording materials lead to an increase in the stickiness of the recording materials at high atmospheric humidities and higher temperatures, so that such recording materials, for example after being packaged in a stack, easily bond with one another glue. This tendency to stick between different parts of the recording material or between the recording material and other materials which come into contact with it leads to numerous difficulties.
• DE-A 2 758 767 discloses a photographic light-sensitive material which has an outer light-insensitive gelatin layer which contains colloidal silica particles with a size of 7 to 120 nm and a polymer latex, the particles of which are 30 to 80 nm in size. This gelatin layer is said to give the photographic material increased fracture and dimensional stability.
• a disadvantage of such photographic material is that the additives reduce the transparency of the layers and, especially at higher humidities (e.g. more than 85% RH) and temperatures around 35 to 40 ° C, sensitometric disadvantageous contact spots when rolling up the materials cannot be avoided to let.
• higher humidities e.g. more than 85% RH
• temperatures around 35 to 40 ° C sensitometric disadvantageous contact spots when rolling up the materials cannot be avoided to let.
• DE-OS 1 547 667 discloses a photographic material which has improved retouching properties and increased resistance to abrasion and fingerprints, and which is both a soft matting agent with relatively large particles (organic polymers such as ethyl cellulose and polymeric esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid) as well as hard matting agents with small particles (silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide).
• the object of the invention was to provide a material which, in addition to good retouchability, has good mechanical properties, in particular wet scratch resistance, parallel breaking strength and dry scratchability, without the sensitometric properties such as sensitivity, fog, sharpness, graininess being undesirably impaired.
• This object is achieved in that both a finely divided SiO 2 dispersion with a certain average particle size and narrow particle size distribution and a polymer with reactive groups are introduced into the top protective layer and / or the back layer.
• the invention therefore relates to a photographic recording material having a support, at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, a protective layer on the side of the at least one silver halide emulsion layer facing away from the support and optionally a backing layer, the protective layer and / or the backing layer in combination (a) being a polymeric compound (I) with at least 0.2 mol% of repeating units of the formula wherein
• R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl or halogen, L is a chemical bond or a common link and X is a reactive group mean, and (b) a finely divided crystalline SiO2 dispersion with an average particle diameter (number average) of 0.7 to 1.2 ⁇ m, a proportion of particles> 4 ⁇ m of ⁇ 0.2% by volume and a proportion of particles ⁇ 0, Contains 5 ⁇ m of ⁇ 5% by volume.
• the combination of SiO2 dispersion and polymer (I) with reactive groups in the top protective layer is preferably used, the materials preferably being color negative films, color reversal films and black and white films in the form of sheet films, roll films or small picture films.
• the SiO2 dispersion is used in particular in an amount of 50 to 500 mg / m2, preferably 150 to 250 mg / m2, the polymer (I) with the reactive groups in an amount of 50 to 250 mg / m2.
• the protective or backing layer also contains a binder.
• the binder: polymer I: SiO 2 weight ratio preferably corresponds to 1: 0.2 to 5.0: 0.3 to 2.0, in particular approximately 1: 1.1: 0.5.
• the thickness of the protective or back layer is preferably 0.2 to 5 microns.
• Preferred binders are gelatin and gelatin derivatives.
• a reactive group is understood to mean a group which can react with substances containing -NH2-, -COOH- or -OH groups in an addition or condensation reaction in such a way that a chemical linkage with the corresponding substance can take place.
• these are groups which can react with gelatin in the manner indicated.
• Preferred reactive groups X are R4 alkyl, aryl, aralkyl.
• the repeating units of the polymer I have the following structure wherein R1, R2, R3 and X have the meaning given above and wherein L1 is a -CONH-, -COO- or a phenylene group, L2 is an alkylene group with 1 to 20 C atoms or arylene group with 6 to 20 C atoms, L3 is a -COO-, -OCO-, -CONH-, -NH-CO-O-, -NHCO-, -SO2NH-, -NHSO2-, -SO2 group or -O-, m 0, 1 or 2 and n is 0, 1 or 2.
• R1 is hydrogen or methyl and R2 and R3 are hydrogen.
• Particularly preferred examples of the repeating units are given below: 0 to 99.8 mol% of the constituents of the polymer I are monomers without a reactive group which are derived from optionally substituted acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, vinyl aromatics and acrylonitriles.
• the polymers I have a glass transition temperature of at least 50 ° C. The glass transition temperature can be specifically adjusted by choosing suitable monomers.
• the average molecular weights Mn of the polymers are> 10,000, preferably> 100,000 ⁇ 2,000,000, with molecular weights of up to 1012 being obtained for crosslinked polymers which are used as latices.
• Preferably 0.5 to 25 mol% of the polymer I are monomers with reactive groups.
• Examples of monomers without a reactive group are in Polymer Handbook Section III "The Glass Transition Temperatures of Polymers ". Some examples are ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl chloro acrylate, methyl chloro acrylate, 4-tert-butyl styrene, 2,5-dimethyl styrene, styrene, vinyl toluene, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile.
• Suitable polymers the monomer content being given in mol%, are:
• the polymers are preferably used as polymer latices. In this case, they have an average particle diameter of 0.02 ⁇ to 0.8 ⁇ , preferably 0.04 ⁇ to 0.3 ⁇ .
• the layers of the photographic recording material according to the invention are hardened with an instant hardener.
• Immediate hardeners are understood to mean compounds which crosslink suitable binders in such a way that the hardening is completed to such an extent immediately after casting, at the latest after 24 hours, preferably at the latest after 8 hours, that no further change in the sensitometry caused by the crosslinking reaction and the swelling of the layer structure occurs .
• Swelling is understood to mean the difference between the wet film thickness and the dry film thickness during the aqueous processing of the film (Photogr. Sci., Eng. 8 (1964), 275; Photogr. Sci. Eng. (1972), 449).
• the instant hardeners are used in particular in an amount of 2 to 10% by weight, based on the total binder content, preferably 4 to 7% by weight.
• hardening agents that react very quickly with gelatin are e.g. to carbamoylpyridinium salts, which are able to react with free carboxyl groups of the gelatin, so that the latter react with free amino groups of the gelatin to form peptide bonds and crosslink the gelatin.
• Suitable examples of instant hardeners are, for example, compounds of the general formulas wherein R1 denotes alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R2 has the same meaning as R1 or means alkylene, arylene, aralkylene or alkaralkylene, the second bond having a group of the formula is linked, or R1 and R2 together represent the atoms required to complete an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring, for example a piperidine, piperazine or morpholine ring, which ring can be substituted, for example, by C1-C3alkyl or halogen, R3 for hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, -NR4-COR5, - (CH2) m -NR8R9, - (CH2) n -CONR13R14 or or a bridge link or a direct bond to a polymer chain, wherein R4, R6, R7, R9, R14, R15, R17, R18, and R19 are hydrogen
• the binder to be cured used in the layers which are subjected to the curing process according to the invention is a proteinaceous binder which contains free amino groups and free carboxyl groups.
• Gelatin is a preferred example. Gelatin is mainly used in photographic recording materials Binder for the light-sensitive substances, the coloring compounds and optionally other additives used. Such recording materials often have a large number of different layers. Hardening by means of carboxyl group-activating hardening agents is usually carried out in such a way that the hardening agent is applied in excess as the last layer on the layers to be hardened, further substances such as UV absorbers, antistatic agents, matting agents and polymeric organic particles being added to the hardening coating solution can.
• inorganic and organic matting agents can be used as matting agents (spacers).
• the outermost protective layer or the back layer contains alkali-soluble spacers.
• Alkali-soluble spacers are preferably understood to mean those spacers that dissolve in the usual alkaline processing baths. In particular, they dissolve at pH values above pH 9.0.
• the spacers preferably have an average size of 0.5 to 6 ⁇ m, in particular of 1 to 3 ⁇ m.
• particles of a graft polymer composed of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylic acid on the graft base are particularly preferred ⁇ -olefin or styrene-maleic acid halide or maleic acid copolymers having a particle size of 0.5 to 8 ⁇ m and a particle size distribution of ⁇ 1 ⁇ m, which are known from DE-A-3 331 542.
• alkali-soluble spacers are cellulose derivatives which are substituted by alkyl-hydroxyalkyl and with partial esterification of dicarboxylic acids. Further alkali-soluble spacers are described in US 2 992 101, US 4 094 848, US 4 142 894, GB 1 055 713.
• the spacers are preferably used in an amount of 30 to 500 mg / m2, preferably 50 to 200 mg / m2 per layer.
• These compounds are preferably copolymers. They can be prepared by an emulsion polymerization process or by polymerizing a monomer in an organic solvent and then dispersing the solution in latex form in an aqueous solution of gelatin.
• the polymers with reactive groups can also be prepared by the core / shell technology emulsion polymerization process (see e.g. U.S. Patent No. 4,714,671). In this case, the composition of the particle shell and the particle core can be different.
• the radical polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer is caused by the addition of free radicals initiated, which are formed by thermal decomposition of a chemical initiator, by the action of a reducing agent on an oxidizing compound (redox initiator) or by physical action, such as irradiation with ultraviolet rays or other high-energy radiation, high frequencies.
• chemical initiators include persulfates (e.g. ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate), hydrogen peroxide, peroxides (e.g. benzoyl peroxide or tert-butyl peroctoate) and azonitrile compounds (e.g.
• a solution of 4 g of alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonate and 500 g of water is heated to 70 ° C. under nitrogen. Then a mixture of 150 g of methyl methacrylate and 40 g of chloroethyl methacrylate, a solution of 1 g of potassium peroxodisulfate in 50 g of water and a solution of 0.5 g of sodium metabisulfite in 50 ml of water are metered in at the same time. The mixture is stirred for 2 hours and then the pH is adjusted to 7 and part of the water is distilled off, so that a solids content of 20% by weight is achieved.
• the SiO2 dispersion according to the invention is produced in particular by wet grinding and further processed as an aqueous dispersion as quickly as possible because there is a risk of particle agglomeration when drying or prolonged storage.
• the SiO2 crystals are loaded on their surface with a water-soluble polymer in an advantageous embodiment of the invention.
• Suitable water-soluble polymers are: polyacrylic acids, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrolidone, polyacrylamides, copolymers of these compounds, such as copolymers and graft polymers, polymer sulfonic acid.
• Polymeric, water-soluble natural substances such as gelatin, gelatin derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose sulfate are also suitable.
• the water-soluble polymers are used in particular in an amount of 0.1 to 50 wt .-% on crystalline SiO2.
• the freshly prepared aqueous quartz particle dispersion with 30-50% by weight quartz particles is mixed with 0.1-1% by weight of the anticoagulant additive, stirred for 5 minutes and left at room temperature for 2-8 weeks (sedimentation).
• stirrability is checked with a laboratory stirrer at a rotation speed of 300 ⁇ / min after 10 min.
• the dispersion must then be completely redispersed.
• a polysiloxane dispersion for example a dimethylpolysiloxane dispersion, in particular in an amount of 5 to 60 mg / m 2, is added to the casting solution for the protective and / or backing layer according to the invention.
• the mechanical properties can thereby be further improved.
• Photographic, in particular color photographic, recording materials according to the present invention are preferably multilayer materials which have a plurality of silver halide emulsion layers or emulsion layer units with different spectral sensitivity.
• Emulsion layer units are understood to mean laminates of 2 or more silver halide emulsion layers of the same spectral sensitivity, the material usually containing at least one blue-sensitive, at least one green-sensitive and at least one red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer.
• Layers of the same spectral sensitivity do not necessarily have to be arranged adjacent to one another, but can also be separated from one another by other layers, in particular also by layers of different spectral sensitivity.
• the binder in these layers is usually a protein-like binder with free carboxyl groups and free amino groups, preferred Gelatin.
• the layered binder can contain up to 50% by weight of non-proteinaceous binders such as polyvinyl alcohol, N-vinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid and their derivatives, in particular copolymers or cellulose derivatives.
• the light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers or emulsion layer units are assigned at least one coloring compound, usually a color coupler, which can react with color developer oxidation products to form a non-diffusing dye.
• the color couplers are expediently non-diffusing and accommodated in the light-sensitive layer itself or in close proximity to it.
• the color couplers assigned to the two or more partial layers of an emulsion layer unit do not necessarily have to be identical. They are only intended to give the same color in color development, usually a color that is complementary to the color of the light to which the photosensitive silver halide emulsion layers are sensitive.
• the red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers are consequently assigned at least one non-diffusing color coupler for producing the blue-green partial color image, generally a coupler of the phenol or ⁇ -naphthol type.
• a coupler of the phenol or ⁇ -naphthol type particularly cyan couplers as described in US-A 2,474,293, US-A 2,367,531, US-A 2,895,826, US-A 3,772,002, EP-A-0 028 099, EP-A -0 112 514.
• the green-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers contain at least one non-diffusing color coupler for producing the purple partial color image, color couplers of the 5-pyrazolone or indazolone type usually being used. Cyanoacetyl compounds, oxazolones and pyrazoloazoles are also suitable as purple couplers. Particularly noteworthy are, for example, purple couplers, as described in US Pat. No. 2,600,788, US Pat. No. 4,383,027, German Patent 1,547,803, German Patent 1,810,464, German Patent 24,08,665, German Patent 32 26 163.
• the blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers contain at least one non-diffusing color coupler for producing the yellow partial color image, usually a color coupler with an open-chain ketomethylene grouping.
• a color coupler with an open-chain ketomethylene grouping are particularly noteworthy.
• yellow couplers as described in US Pat. No. 3,408,194, US Pat. No. 3,933,501, DE-A 23 29 587, DE-A 24 56 976.
• Color couplers of these types are known in large numbers and are described in a large number of patents. Examples include the publications “Color Coupler” by W. Pelz, “Messages from the Research Laboratories of AGFA, Leverkusen / Kunststoff", Volume III (1961) p. 111, and by K. Venkataraman in “The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes” , Vol. 4., 341 to 387, Academic Press (1971).
• the color couplers can be 4-equivalent couplers, but also 2-equivalent couplers.
• the latter are derived from the 4-equivalent couplers in that they contain a substituent in the coupling site, which is split off during the coupling.
• the 2-equivalent couplers include both those that are practically colorless and those that have an intense intrinsic color that disappears when the color is coupled or is replaced by the color of the image dye produced (mask coupler).
• the known white couplers are also to be counted among the 2-equivalent couplers, but they essentially result in colorless products on reaction with color developer oxidation products.
• the 2-equivalent couplers also include those couplers that contain a cleavable residue in the coupling point, which is released upon reaction with color developer oxidation products and thereby either directly or after one or more further groups have been cleaved from the primarily cleaved residue (e.g. DE-A 27 03 145, DE-A 28 55 697, DE-A 31 05 026, DE-A 33 19 428), a certain desired photographic effectiveness unfolds, e.g. B. as a development inhibitor or accelerator.
• Examples of such 2-equivalent couplers are the known DIR couplers as well as DAR and FAR couplers.
• Suitable DIR couplers are described, for example, in GB-A 953 454, DE-A 1 800 420, DE-A 20 15 867, DE-A 24 14 006, DE-A 28 42 063, DE-A 34 27 235.
• Suitable DAR or FAR couplers are described, for example, in DE-A 32 09 110, EP-A 0 089 834, EP-A 0 117 511, EP-A 0 118 087.
• DIR, DAR or FAR couplers mainly want the effectiveness of the residue released during the coupling and the color-forming properties of these couplers are less important, DIR, DAR or FAR couplers are also suitable which: in the coupling result in essentially colorless products, as described, for example, in DE-A 1 547 640.
• the cleavable residue can also be a ballast residue, so that upon reaction with color developer oxidation products coupling products, e.g. dyes, can be obtained which are diffusible or at least have a weak or restricted mobility, as described, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,420,556 .
• color developer oxidation products coupling products e.g. dyes
• High molecular weight color couplers are described for example in DE-C 1 297 417, DE-A 24 07 569, DE-A 31 48 125, DE-A 32 17 200, DE-A 33 20 079, DE-A 33 24 932, DE- A 33 31 743, DE-A 33 40 376, EP-A 27 284, US-A 4 080 211.
• the high molecular weight color couplers are generally produced by polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomeric color couplers. However, they can also be obtained by polyaddition or polycondensation.
• the layers can contain further additives, for example hardening agents, antioxidants, dye-stabilizing agents and agents for influencing the mechanical and electrostatic properties.
• the layers may also contain compounds absorbing UV light.
• Suitable supports for the production of color photographic materials are e.g. Films and foils of semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers such as cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polycarbonate and paper laminated with a baryta layer or ⁇ -olefin polymer layer (e.g. polyethylene).
• These supports can be colored with dyes and pigments, for example titanium dioxide. They can also be colored black for the purpose of shielding light.
• the surface of the support is generally subjected to a treatment in order to improve the adhesion of the photographic emulsion layer, for example a corona discharge with subsequent application of a substrate layer.
• the silver halide present as a light-sensitive component in the photographic material can contain chloride, bromide or iodide or mixtures thereof as the halide.
• the halide content of at least one layer can consist of 0 to 15 mol% of iodide, 0 to 100 mol% of chloride and 0 to 100 mol% of bromide.
• silver bromide iodide emulsions are usually used; in the case of color negative and color reversal paper, silver chloride bromide emulsions are usually used with under different chloride content used up to pure silver chloride emulsions.
• the crystals can be predominantly compact, which are, for example, regularly cubic or octahedral or can have transitional forms.
• platelet-shaped crystals can preferably also be present, the average ratio of diameter to thickness of which is preferably at least 5: 1, the diameter of a grain being defined as the diameter of a circle with a circle content corresponding to the projected area of the grain.
• the layers can also have tabular silver halide crystals in which the ratio of diameter to thickness is substantially greater than 5: 1, for example 12: 1 to 30: 1.
• the silver halide grains can also have a multi-layered grain structure, in the simplest case with an inner and an outer grain area (core / shell), the halide composition and / or other modifications, such as doping of the individual grain areas, being different.
• the average grain size of the emulsions is preferably between 0.2 ⁇ m and 2.0 ⁇ m, the grain size distribution can be both homo- and heterodisperse. Homodisperse grain size distribution means that 95% of the grains do not deviate from the mean grain size by more than ⁇ 30%.
• the emulsions can also contain organic silver salts, for example silver benzotriazolate or silver behenate.
• Two or more kinds of silver halide emulsions, which are prepared separately, can be used as a mixture.
• the photographic emulsions can be prepared using various methods (e.g. P. Glafkides, Chimie et Physique Photographique, Paul Montel, Paris (1967), GF Duffin, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry, The Focal Press, London (1966), VL Zelikman et al, Making and Coating Photographic Emulsion, The Focal Press, London (1966) from soluble silver salts and soluble halides.
• various methods e.g. P. Glafkides, Chimie et Physique Photographique, Paul Montel, Paris (1967), GF Duffin, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry, The Focal Press, London (1966), VL Zelikman et al, Making and Coating Photographic Emulsion, The Focal Press, London (1966) from soluble silver salts and soluble halides.
• the emulsions can be matured, stabilized and spectrally sensitized in the usual way.
• the photographic recording materials are placed upside down on a horizontal sample holder in a tub filled with water at 10 ° DH and 38 ° C.
• the sample to be measured is completely covered with water.
• the force (in N) with which the above-mentioned steel ball presses on the outermost protective layer of the sample is set so that it continuously increases from 0 to 10 N over a measuring distance of 20 cm in length.
• the force is given at which, after sample drying, the first layer damage on the measuring section can be recognized by the human eye.
• the average of 9 measuring sections is given.
• the parallel breaking strength was characterized by the parameters breaking diameter (mm) and breaking strength (N) siert.
• mm breaking diameter
• N breaking strength
• a 35 mm wide strip of the material which was perforated along a transverse line, was formed into a loop and this was pressed together between two parallel jaws that approach each other continuously.
• Breaking diameter is the inner diameter of the loop
• breaking force is the force with which the two jaws act on the loop at the moment the loop breaks along the perforation line. Average of 15 measurements each. Method described in Research Disclosure 25 302, 5/85.
• coefficient of friction tensile force / normal force x 100
• V2A / S V2A steel
• R / S back of the same material
• the rewinding torque (Ncm) for forward and backward transport is determined on ready-made 35mm films as follows.
• the ready-made films were matched to the test climate (35 ° C, 90% relative humidity) in the cartridge without a container for 7 d, then placed in an Orthomat cassette from Leitz and transported by one small picture length every second. Immediately after the advance transport was completed, the film was rewound within 7 seconds. The respective contributions for the friction of the cassette mechanics were subtracted from the above values.
• the maximum torque that occurs and the mean value from 36 transport operations are specified as the measurement variable for the advance transport.
• the torque from the beginning of the transport and the maximum torque occurring at the end of the transport are specified.
• Dry scrapability is measured using a Heidon device in accordance with JIS standard 6178. Stylus sapphires radius 0.050 mm. 90 ° angle. The sapphire tip was passed over the dry layer and loaded with increasing weight. The samples were conditioned for 24 h at 23 ° C, 50% RH. The scratch resistance is indicated by the force (mN) at which the tip leaves a microscopically visible injury on the layer. Average of 20 scratch marks each. Grain size: RMS granularity described in SPSE Handbook of Photografic science and Engineering, 1973, p. 935, measuring aperture 48 ⁇ m. Sharpness: MTF described in SPSE Handbook of Photografic science and Engineering, 1973, p. 946.
• materials 1 to 4 according to the invention have good retouchability, high wet scratch resistance as well as good other mechanical properties and low susceptibility to scratching, without impairing graininess and sharpness.
• the wet scratch resistance becomes significantly less favorable without the use of a polymer according to the invention (material 8).

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
• Heat Sensitive Colour Forming Recording (AREA)

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• 1989
  • 1989-05-03 DE DE3914567A patent/DE3914567A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 1990
  • 1990-04-19 US US07/511,250 patent/US5085981A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1990-04-20 EP EP19900107529 patent/EP0395956A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1990-04-26 JP JP2108963A patent/JPH02304435A/ja active Pending

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