EP0425717A1 - Générateur de vapeur à passage unique - Google Patents

Générateur de vapeur à passage unique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0425717A1
EP0425717A1 EP89120140A EP89120140A EP0425717A1 EP 0425717 A1 EP0425717 A1 EP 0425717A1 EP 89120140 A EP89120140 A EP 89120140A EP 89120140 A EP89120140 A EP 89120140A EP 0425717 A1 EP0425717 A1 EP 0425717A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
section
heating surface
pipe section
steam generator
evaporator heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89120140A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0425717B1 (fr
Inventor
Joachim Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Franke
Volker Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Kefer
Eberhard Dipl.-Ing. Wittchow
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to DE58909259T priority Critical patent/DE58909259D1/de
Priority to EP89120140A priority patent/EP0425717B1/fr
Priority to CA002028796A priority patent/CA2028796A1/fr
Priority to JP2295175A priority patent/JP2865851B2/ja
Publication of EP0425717A1 publication Critical patent/EP0425717A1/fr
Priority to US07/782,869 priority patent/US5159897A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0425717B1 publication Critical patent/EP0425717B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
    • F22B1/1807—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines using the exhaust gases of combustion engines
    • F22B1/1815—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines using the exhaust gases of combustion engines using the exhaust gases of gas-turbines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a once-through steam generator according to the preamble of patent claim 1 or 2.
  • Such a continuous steam generator is known from "EVT register 45 / 86 ⁇ , pages 59 to 63.
  • the outlet channel of a gas turbine emitting hot gas is connected in this known continuous steam generator at the upper end of the gas train, so that the hot gas emitted by the gas turbine flows through the gas train from top to bottom.
  • the inlet header of the evaporator heating surface arranged in the gas flue is located at its lower end and the outlet header at its upper end. In this evaporator heating surface not only evaporation takes place, but also preheating of the water and overheating of the generated steam.
  • the tubes of the evaporator heating surface are traversed in the same direction with respect to the flow direction of the hot gas, starting from the inlet header to the outlet header in cross / counterflow to the vertically downward hot gas stream in the gas train.
  • the outlet header of the evaporator heating surface which is located at a higher level than the inlet header, is connected to a water-steam separating device (separator bottle).
  • the inlet header of the superheater heating surface arranged in the gas flue at the upper end is also connected to this water-steam separating device in terms of flow.
  • the tubes of this superheater heating surface also consistently go from the inlet header to the outlet header of the superheaters arranged at a locally higher level than this inlet header heating surface also in cross / countercurrent to the gas from above flows downward flowing hot gas.
  • a device emitting hot gas e.g. a gas turbine, set up to about normal zero, it may be cheaper to connect the outlet duct for hot gas of this device not at the upper end of the vertical gas duct of the continuous steam generator, but at the lower end, so that hot gas flows through the vertical gas duct from bottom to top.
  • the invention is based, to design the continuous steam generator optimally for this case, the task.
  • a continuous steam generator according to the invention has the features of the characterizing part of patent claim 1 or 2.
  • the evaporator heating surface of such a continuous steam generator in which not only evaporation, but also preheating of the water and overheating of the generated steam can take place, is partly flowed in cross-countercurrent to the hot gas flowing from bottom to top in gas train, so that the temperature difference between hot gas and Water / steam in the evaporator heating surface and thus also the size of the evaporator heating surface can be kept relatively low.
  • the evaporator heating surface is also flowed through by water / steam in cross / direct current to the hot gas in the direction of gravity, so that flow disturbances are largely avoided, which in particular causes evaporating water that has to flow in a pipe in the direction of gravity.
  • the continuous steam generator according to FIG 1 has a vertical throttle cable 2 with a rectangular cross-section with a gas-tight wall made of sheet steel. At the lower end of this gas train 2, an outlet duct 3 for hot gas from a gas turbine is connected, so that this hot gas flows through the vertical gas train 2 in the direction of arrow 32 from the bottom up.
  • An evaporator heating surface 4 is arranged within the vertical throttle cable 2, which has an inlet header 5 and an outlet header 6 outside the throttle cable 2.
  • the inlet header 5 is at a locally higher level than the outlet header 6, that is to say it is arranged above the outlet header 6.
  • the tubes of the evaporator heating surface 4 form three tube sections I, II and III.
  • the pipe section II is above the pipe section III and the pipe section I above the pipe section II.
  • the pipe section I has a section upper end 7 which is connected to the inlet manifold 5 in terms of flow.
  • this pipe section I has a lower section end 8 which merges on the outside of the throttle cable 2 into a lower section end 9 which the pipe section II has.
  • a section upper end 10 of the pipe section II merges on the outside of the throttle cable 2 into a section upper end II which the pipe section III has.
  • the lower section end 12 of the pipe section III is connected in terms of flow to the outlet header 6.
  • the pipe section I is flowed through in cross / counterflow to the hot gas, the direction of which is indicated by the arrow 32.
  • the water is preheated in this pipe section I, and evaporation can also begin.
  • This pipe section I is admitted by water in the direction of gravity flows, but also the difference between the temperature of the hot gas and the water / steam in the pipe section I is relatively large, so that the heating surface in the pipe section I can be relatively small. Furthermore, only relatively little steam is formed in the pipe section I, so that flow disturbances practically do not occur.
  • the pipe section II is flowed through by evaporating water in the direction of arrow 32 of the hot gas, that is to say in cross / direct current, and thus counter to gravity, so that flow disturbances in this pipe section II are avoided.
  • the pipe section III is finally flowed through again in the direction of the arrow 32 of the hot gas in cross / countercurrent, so that the difference between the temperature of the hot gas and the water / steam in the pipe section III is again relatively large, so that the heating surface size in the pipe section III again can be relatively small.
  • pipe section III not only evaporation but also overheating of the steam flowing through can take place.
  • the pipes of the evaporator heating surface 4 can have different inner diameters and thus lead to different mass flow densities, on the one hand to ensure the entrainment of steam bubbles in the case of cross / counterflow to the hot gas and on the other hand only a relatively low one in the case of cross / direct flow to the hot gas To generate friction pressure loss.
  • an evaporator heating surface 4 is arranged similar to that in FIG. 1, but the tubes of which form only two tube sections IV and V.
  • the pipe section IV located above the pipe section V has a section upper end 13 and a section lower end 14, the pipe section V a section upper end 15 and a section lower end 16.
  • the section upper end 13 of the pipe section IV merges on the outside of the throttle cable 2 into the upper section end 15 of the tubular section V, the lower section end 16 of which is connected in terms of flow to the outlet header 6 on the outside of the gas cable 2.
  • the lower section end 14 of the pipe section IV is connected in terms of flow to the inlet header 5 of the evaporator heating surface 4, which is also located outside the gas flue 2 and is arranged there at a locally higher level than the outlet header 6.
  • the inlet header 5 is connected by a water pipe 17 to an outlet header 18 of an economizer heating surface 19, which is arranged in the gas flue 2 at its upper end above the evaporator heating surface 4 and has an inlet header 20 also on the outside of the gas flue 2.
  • a pressure booster pump 21 which pumps water in the direction of the inlet header 5 of the evaporator heating surface 4 and which is followed by a valve 22 located in front of the inlet header 5 as a control valve.
  • a steam line 23 leads from the outlet header 6, which leads to an inlet header 24 of a superheater heating surface 25 arranged in the gas flue 2 at its lower end below the evaporator heating surface 4.
  • This superheater heating surface 25 has an outlet manifold 26 on the outside of the gas flue at a locally lower level than the outlet manifold 6.
  • a water-steam separating device (not shown) can also be installed in the steam line 23, which facilitates the start-up of the continuous steam generator.
  • the outlet header 18 of the economizer heating surface 19 advantageously forms a water-steam separating device, from which a steam line 27 also branches off and leads to the steam line 23 leaving the outlet header 6.
  • a separate connecting pipe 29 advantageously extends from each pipe of the evaporator heating surface 4 at a point 28 between the upper section 15 and the lower section 16.
  • This connecting pipe 29 is guided to a pressure compensation vessel 30, which is located outside the vertical throttle cable 2.
  • helically arranged ribs 104 are provided on the inside of the tubes of the evaporator heating surface 4 in the upper tube section IV, as a result of which an improved heat transfer from these tubes to the evaporating element in them Water is achieved.
  • the evaporation of feed water flowing from the inlet header 20 of the once-through steam generator according to FIG. 2 into the economiser heating surface 19 can already start in the tubes of the economiser heating surface 19.
  • the evaporation in the tubes of the economiser heating surface 19 can take place at low pressure and therefore also at a low evaporation temperature, since the economiser heating surface 19 is connected upstream of the booster pump 21. Therefore, the difference between the temperature of the hot gas in the gas flue 2 and the evaporation temperature in the tubes of the economizer heating surface 19 is relatively large, so that the economizer heating surface 19 can be made relatively small.
  • pressure loss within the tubes of the evaporator heating surface 4 can be compensated or overcompensated.
  • the supply to the evaporator heating surface 4 can always be controlled so that the steam is already overheated in the evaporator heating surface 4. Furthermore, the evaporation end in the tubes of the evaporator heating surface 4 can be varied with the control valve 22, as a result of which a desired steam temperature can always be set in the outlet header 26 of the superheater heating surface 25 depending on the load on the continuous steam generator.
  • a flow control valve for influencing the feed water supply can be connected upstream of the inlet collector 20 of the economiser heating surface 19 of the continuous steam generator according to FIG.
  • a control device assigned to this control valve can, as a control variable, have the fuel flow into the gas turbine with the outlet duct 3, the power generated by this gas turbine on an electric generator and / or the temperature of the air which is sucked in by a compressor belonging to the gas turbine.
  • the ratio between the heat flow emitted by the hot gas to the water or to the steam in the once-through steam generator and the feed water flow supplied can always be kept at a predetermined value.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Control Of Steam Boilers And Waste-Gas Boilers (AREA)
EP89120140A 1989-10-30 1989-10-30 Générateur de vapeur à passage unique Expired - Lifetime EP0425717B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE58909259T DE58909259D1 (de) 1989-10-30 1989-10-30 Durchlaufdampferzeuger.
EP89120140A EP0425717B1 (fr) 1989-10-30 1989-10-30 Générateur de vapeur à passage unique
CA002028796A CA2028796A1 (fr) 1989-10-30 1990-10-29 Generateur de vapeur a debit continu
JP2295175A JP2865851B2 (ja) 1989-10-30 1990-10-30 貫流蒸気発生器
US07/782,869 US5159897A (en) 1989-10-30 1991-10-15 Continuous-flow steam generator

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP89120140A EP0425717B1 (fr) 1989-10-30 1989-10-30 Générateur de vapeur à passage unique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0425717A1 true EP0425717A1 (fr) 1991-05-08
EP0425717B1 EP0425717B1 (fr) 1995-05-24

Family

ID=8202076

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89120140A Expired - Lifetime EP0425717B1 (fr) 1989-10-30 1989-10-30 Générateur de vapeur à passage unique

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5159897A (fr)
EP (1) EP0425717B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2865851B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2028796A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE58909259D1 (fr)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4126631A1 (de) * 1991-08-12 1993-02-18 Siemens Ag Gasbeheizter abhitzedampferzeuger
DE19700350A1 (de) * 1997-01-08 1998-07-16 Steinmueller Gmbh L & C Durchlaufdampferzeuger mit einem Gaszug zum Anschließen an eine Heißgas abgebende Vorrichtung
WO1999051915A1 (fr) * 1998-04-03 1999-10-14 Abb Alstom Power Inc. Generateur de vapeur a recuperation de chaleur
WO1999051916A1 (fr) * 1998-04-03 1999-10-14 Abb Alstom Power Inc. Generateur de vapeur avec recuperation de chaleur
WO2003048638A1 (fr) * 2001-12-05 2003-06-12 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Evaporateur et processus d'evaporation destine a generer de la vapeur saturee
WO2009106563A3 (fr) * 2008-02-26 2010-11-11 Alstom Technology Ltd Procédé de régulation d'un générateur de vapeur et circuit de régulation pour générateur de vapeur
DE102009024587A1 (de) * 2009-06-10 2010-12-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Durchlaufverdampfer
WO2011091883A3 (fr) * 2010-02-01 2012-05-31 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Suppression d'instabilités statiques dans des générateurs de vapeur à circulation forcée par circuit combiné d'écoulements dans le même sens et en sens inverse
DE102011004271A1 (de) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Durchlaufdampferzeuger für die indirekte Verdampfung insbesondere in einem Solarturm-Kraftwerk
DE102011004276A1 (de) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Durchlaufverdampfer
DE102011004279A1 (de) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Dampferzeuger für solarthermisches Kraftwerk
WO2011094663A3 (fr) * 2010-02-01 2012-08-23 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Procédé et appareil de réchauffage d'eau d'alimentation dans un générateur de vapeur à récupération de chaleur
WO2012110329A3 (fr) * 2011-02-17 2014-04-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Générateur de vapeur pour centrale solaire thermique
WO2012028493A3 (fr) * 2010-09-03 2014-04-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Évaporateur continu solaire thermique
EP3204691A4 (fr) * 2014-10-09 2018-07-18 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Serpentin d'évaporateur supercritique à tube vertical à passage unique destiné à un générateur de vapeur à récupération de chaleur horizontal

Families Citing this family (23)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4142376A1 (de) * 1991-12-20 1993-06-24 Siemens Ag Fossil befeuerter durchlaufdampferzeuger
DE4303613C2 (de) * 1993-02-09 1998-12-17 Steinmueller Gmbh L & C Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Dampf in einem Zwangsdurchlaufdampferzeuger
ES2122842B1 (es) * 1995-01-19 1999-06-16 Stork Ketels Bv Instalacion para la generacion de vapor.
DE29510720U1 (de) * 1995-07-01 1995-09-07 BDAG Balcke-Dürr AG, 40882 Ratingen Wärmetauscher
DE19544226B4 (de) * 1995-11-28 2007-03-29 Alstom Kombianlage mit Mehrdruckkessel
DE19651936C2 (de) * 1996-12-14 2000-08-31 Nem Bv Durchlaufdampferzeuger mit einem Gaszug zum Anschließen an eine Heißgas abgebende Vorrichtung
RU2193726C2 (ru) * 1997-06-30 2002-11-27 Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт Парогенератор, работающий на отходящем тепле
DE10127830B4 (de) * 2001-06-08 2007-01-11 Siemens Ag Dampferzeuger
EP1512906A1 (fr) * 2003-09-03 2005-03-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Générateur de vapeur de construction horizontale à passage unique et méthode pour faire fonctionner ledit générateur de vapeur à passage unique
EP1512905A1 (fr) * 2003-09-03 2005-03-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Générateur de vapeur à passage unique et méthode pour faire fonctionner ledit générateur de vapeur à passage unique
EP1512907A1 (fr) * 2003-09-03 2005-03-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé pour le demarrage d'un générateur de vapeur à passage unique et le générateur de vapeur à passage unique pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé
DE102005023082B4 (de) * 2005-05-13 2014-05-28 Alstom Technology Ltd. Durchlaufdampferzeuger
CN101310146B (zh) * 2005-07-19 2010-08-18 塞拉米克燃料电池有限公司 蒸汽发生器
AU2006272450B2 (en) * 2005-07-19 2010-09-02 Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co., Ltd. Steam generator
US9581328B2 (en) * 2007-03-22 2017-02-28 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. High efficiency feedwater heater
IT1395108B1 (it) * 2009-07-28 2012-09-05 Itea Spa Caldaia
GB2497541B (en) * 2011-12-13 2014-05-14 Rolls Royce Plc Method and apparatus for the treatment of part of a component using a fluidised bed of powder, the apparatus including a powder screen
US20140123914A1 (en) * 2012-11-08 2014-05-08 Vogt Power International Inc. Once-through steam generator
EP2944873B1 (fr) 2013-01-10 2017-12-20 Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. Dispositif de cycle de rankine, et système de cogénération
JP2014152948A (ja) * 2013-02-05 2014-08-25 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 伝熱管および排熱回収ボイラ
DE102014226837A1 (de) * 2014-09-22 2015-11-12 Enolcon Gmbh Variabel einsetzbares Wärmetauschersystem und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Wärmetauschersystems
EP3048366A1 (fr) * 2015-01-23 2016-07-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Générateur de vapeur à récupération de chaleur
CN107448923A (zh) * 2017-08-11 2017-12-08 重庆博帝节能设备有限公司 一种节能蒸汽火胆

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FR2394751A1 (fr) * 1977-06-16 1979-01-12 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Rechauffeur a melange pour l'eau d'alimentation avec systeme regulateur
EP0359735B1 (fr) * 1988-09-14 1993-07-21 AUSTRIAN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT SGP/WAAGNER-BIRO GmbH Chaudière de récupération

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CH635184A5 (de) * 1978-12-22 1983-03-15 Sulzer Ag Dampferzeugeranlage.
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US4489679A (en) * 1983-12-12 1984-12-25 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Control system for economic operation of a steam generator
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1122082B (de) * 1957-12-13 1962-01-18 Ver Kesselwerke Ag Zwangdurchlaufdampferzeuger
US3177659A (en) * 1962-08-02 1965-04-13 Westinghouse Electric Corp Heat exchange apparatus
FR2394751A1 (fr) * 1977-06-16 1979-01-12 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Rechauffeur a melange pour l'eau d'alimentation avec systeme regulateur
EP0359735B1 (fr) * 1988-09-14 1993-07-21 AUSTRIAN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT SGP/WAAGNER-BIRO GmbH Chaudière de récupération

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4126631C2 (de) * 1991-08-12 1995-09-14 Siemens Ag Gasbeheizter Abhitzedampferzeuger
DE4126631A1 (de) * 1991-08-12 1993-02-18 Siemens Ag Gasbeheizter abhitzedampferzeuger
DE19700350A1 (de) * 1997-01-08 1998-07-16 Steinmueller Gmbh L & C Durchlaufdampferzeuger mit einem Gaszug zum Anschließen an eine Heißgas abgebende Vorrichtung
WO1999051915A1 (fr) * 1998-04-03 1999-10-14 Abb Alstom Power Inc. Generateur de vapeur a recuperation de chaleur
WO1999051916A1 (fr) * 1998-04-03 1999-10-14 Abb Alstom Power Inc. Generateur de vapeur avec recuperation de chaleur
WO2003048638A1 (fr) * 2001-12-05 2003-06-12 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Evaporateur et processus d'evaporation destine a generer de la vapeur saturee
US10167743B2 (en) 2008-02-26 2019-01-01 General Electric Technology Gmbh Method for controlling a steam generator and control circuit for a steam generator
WO2009106563A3 (fr) * 2008-02-26 2010-11-11 Alstom Technology Ltd Procédé de régulation d'un générateur de vapeur et circuit de régulation pour générateur de vapeur
DE102009024587A1 (de) * 2009-06-10 2010-12-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Durchlaufverdampfer
WO2011091883A3 (fr) * 2010-02-01 2012-05-31 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Suppression d'instabilités statiques dans des générateurs de vapeur à circulation forcée par circuit combiné d'écoulements dans le même sens et en sens inverse
WO2011094663A3 (fr) * 2010-02-01 2012-08-23 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Procédé et appareil de réchauffage d'eau d'alimentation dans un générateur de vapeur à récupération de chaleur
WO2012028493A3 (fr) * 2010-09-03 2014-04-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Évaporateur continu solaire thermique
DE102011004276A1 (de) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Durchlaufverdampfer
DE102011004279A1 (de) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Dampferzeuger für solarthermisches Kraftwerk
WO2012110329A3 (fr) * 2011-02-17 2014-04-10 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Générateur de vapeur pour centrale solaire thermique
DE102011004271A1 (de) * 2011-02-17 2012-08-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Durchlaufdampferzeuger für die indirekte Verdampfung insbesondere in einem Solarturm-Kraftwerk
EP3204691A4 (fr) * 2014-10-09 2018-07-18 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Serpentin d'évaporateur supercritique à tube vertical à passage unique destiné à un générateur de vapeur à récupération de chaleur horizontal
US10634339B2 (en) 2014-10-09 2020-04-28 Nooter/Eriksen, Inc. Once-through vertical tubed supercritical evaporator coil for an HRSG

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE58909259D1 (de) 1995-06-29
JPH03170701A (ja) 1991-07-24
JP2865851B2 (ja) 1999-03-08
US5159897A (en) 1992-11-03
EP0425717B1 (fr) 1995-05-24
CA2028796A1 (fr) 1991-05-01

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