EP0434945B1 - Incinérateur à lit fluidisé - Google Patents

Incinérateur à lit fluidisé Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0434945B1
EP0434945B1 EP90121485A EP90121485A EP0434945B1 EP 0434945 B1 EP0434945 B1 EP 0434945B1 EP 90121485 A EP90121485 A EP 90121485A EP 90121485 A EP90121485 A EP 90121485A EP 0434945 B1 EP0434945 B1 EP 0434945B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluid
hearth
delivery duct
combustion chamber
cold air
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90121485A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0434945A2 (fr
EP0434945A3 (en
Inventor
Piergiorgio Fontana
Sergio Zuccotti
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IRITECNA SOCIETA PER L'IMPIANTISTICA INDUSTRIALE E
Original Assignee
Italimpianti SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Italimpianti SpA filed Critical Italimpianti SpA
Publication of EP0434945A2 publication Critical patent/EP0434945A2/fr
Publication of EP0434945A3 publication Critical patent/EP0434945A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0434945B1 publication Critical patent/EP0434945B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/006—Layout of treatment plant
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0084—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements or dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed with recirculation of separated solids or with cooling of the bed particles outside the combustion bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/18—Details; Accessories
    • F23C10/20—Inlets for fluidisation air, e.g. grids; Bottoms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/18—Details; Accessories
    • F23C10/24—Devices for removal of material from the bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/30—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a fluidised bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J7/00—Arrangement of devices for supplying chemicals to fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2217/00—Intercepting solids
    • F23J2217/10—Intercepting solids by filters
    • F23J2217/101—Baghouse type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/70—Condensing contaminants with coolers

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a fluid-bed incinerator comprising a kiln with its combustion chamber containing a gas-pervious hearth, and which is provided with means for loading any refuse to be incinerated into the combustion chamber above the hearth, and with means for feeding an upward combustion air flow through the gas-pervious hearth, and also with means for feeding chemical reagents into the said combustion chamber, whereas the hearth of kiln is formed with a centrally located outlet opening which is connected to a delivery duct means being provided for feeding cold air into the combustion chamber in kiln, through the delivery duct and the outlet opening in the kiln hearth.
  • a fluid-bed incinerator of this type is known from the document US-A-4.854.249.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a fluid-bed incinerator according the pre-characterizing part of claim 1, which is of a simple, relatively not expensive construction, and at the same time guarantees such optimum conditions in the fluid hed, that a perfect course of the combustion process and an improved separation of the residual products of combustion will be obtained.
  • the invention attains the aforesaid object by the combination of the following features:
  • the cold air feeding and suction means are so provided that the fed cold air flow is parted into an upward cold air flow flowing into the combustion chamber in the kiln at a flow rate of 75% of the fed cold air flow, and into a cold air downward flow drawn into the suction means at a flow rate of 25% of the fed cold air flow.
  • cold air renders it possible to have the residual products of combustion cooled, generally from a temperature of about 850°C down to a temperature of about 200-70°C.
  • the fine particle size material forming the mass of the fluid bed is efficiently separated from the said residual products of combustion owing to the said material being upwardly entrained in the fluid bed.
  • the air that cools the residual products of combustion also allows a certain energy recovery therefrom. This air actually is in a degree of from 10 to 20% of the total air for the fluid-bed process, the combustion air for the incinerating process.
  • a further feature of the invention resides in that reagents having a fine particle size of about 100 micromillimeters, which in any case is such as to allow the reagents to be partly or entirely drawn along with the flue gases, are preferably fed pneumatically into the combustion chamber, in the inside of the fluid bed, and/or over the fluid bed itself.
  • the ashes of the burned refuse will have their softening temperature increased of about 200°C, particularly owing to the action of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides of alkaline-earth metals, whereby the forming of any agglomerate in the fluid bed, on the surfaces of the fluid-bed-cooling tube nest, on the combustion chamber refractory walls, and around an auxiliary burner which may be provided for a successive flue gas post-heating, is at the same time avoided.
  • a part of the flue gas-entrained "fresh" chemical reagents is also caused to get into the bag filter at a temperature of 110-150°C, whereby the acid gases neutralising reaction is completed.
  • the fluid-bed incinerator equipment comprises a kiln 1.
  • the hot gases used for pre-heating the mass of the fluid bed at the time the incinerator is being started are produced in a generator 2 fitted with a burner 3.
  • the hot gases and the combustion air are fed underneath the hearth 6 of the combustion chamber in kiln 1, into two annular chambers 7 and 8.
  • the hearth 6 is made in form of a conical hopper, and is gas-pervious.
  • the kiln 1 is fitted at its bottom area with a duct 9 for delivering the residual products of combustion, which by its top end is connected with a centrally located outlet opening 106 in hearth 6, and by its lower end opens into a vessel 10 for collection of the residual products of combustion. Any particulate matter being entrained by the flue gases to the exterior of the fluid bed, is fed to a cyclone 11 in which most of the entrained dusts are separated from the flue gases.
  • the collected dusts are then delivered into a dust-collecting container 12, or the same are again conveyed into the kiln 1 of the fluid-bed incinerator, while the flue gases containing any residual dusts with a very fine particle size, are introduced into a successive, secondary combustion chamber 13 fitted with a burner 14.
  • the flue gases are then fed to a fume cooler 16.
  • the outlet of the fume cooler 16 is connected to a successive bag filter 17, in which any dusts contained in the flue gases are separated therefrom and delivered into a dust-collecting container 18, while with the aid of an exhauster fan 20, the dust-freed flue gases are vented into the atmosphere through a stack 19.
  • any refuse to be incinerated is loaded into the combustion chamber preferably over the fluid-bed surface S, by suitable refuse-loading means designated by numeral 21.
  • Numeral 22 denotes the reagent feeding means. Reagents are fed into the fluid bed, and/or are fed at such a level thereover, and are of such a particle size that an optimum, reagent-dwelling time within the furnace is achieved, and that the reagents can be then drawn along with the flue gases. Thanks to such a procedure, a good reagent-neutralizing reaction with acid gases, such as HCL, SO2, HBR, HF, HCN, is ensured not only in the fluid bed, but also in the region over the fluid bed surface S.
  • acid gases such as HCL, SO2, HBR, HF, HCN
  • the used reagents may be of different types, and, for example, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, CaO, MgO, CaCO3, MgCO3, Na2CO3 are preferably used.
  • the ashes of the burned refuse will have their softening temperature increased up to about 200°, particularly owing to the action of carbonates, oxides, and hydroxides of alkaline-earth metals, whereby the forming of any agglomerate is avoided in the fluid bed, on the fluid-bed-cooling tube nest, on the refractory walls of the kiln, and in proximity of the auxiliary, flue gas post-heating burner 14.
  • the hearth 6 of the combustion chamber in kiln 1 of the fluid-bed incinerator is, according to the invention, made in form of a gas-pervious conical hopper.
  • the hearth 6 is formed with a centrally located outlet opening 106 which is connected with a downwardly directed tubular hub 23.
  • the tubular hub 23 is fitted into a delivery duct 9 consisting of a first delivery duct 24, and of a successive, second delivery duct 25, and is received into the counterbored upper end 124 of the first delivery duct 24, the downward free end of the first delivery duct 24 being in turn received into a widened portion 125 in the successive, second delivery duct 25.
  • annular chamber T1 is formed, with a cold air feeding duct 26 opening thereinto.
  • Cold air flows into the combustion chamber in kiln 1 through the tubular hub 23 and the associated opening 106, and causes the residual products of combustion to be cooled.
  • a certain energy recovery from the residual products of combustion is also obtained, in that the air that cools the residual products of combustion, forms in a degree of 10 to 20%, a part of the combustion air for the combustion process.
  • a better separation of the residual products of combustion from the fine particle size material forming the fluid bed is achieved, owing to this fine particle size material being upwardly entrained.
  • the cold air feeding duct 26 preferably opens into the annular chamber T1 at a slightly higher level than the opening at the downward free end of the tubular hub 23, and a suction duct 27 opens into the widened portion 125 in the delivery duct 25, that is, into the annular chamber T2 formed between the said widened portion and the lower end section of the first delivery duct 24.
  • the mouth of suction duct 27 also lies preferably at a higher level than the opening at the downward free end of the first delivery duct 24.
  • the cold air flow fed into the annular chamber T1 is parted into two partial flows, that is, an upward partial cold air flow flowing into the combustion chamber in kiln 1 through the opening 106 in the hearth 6 of said kiln 1, and a downward cold air partial flow which is associated with the residual products of combustion, and is drawn into the suction duct 27.
  • the upward cold air partial flow preferably is about 75% of the fed, total cold air flow, while the downward cold air partial flow is formed by the remaining 25% of the fed cold air flow.
  • the cold air suction duct 27 feeds cold air to the bag filter, in which the cold air is dust-freed, and together with the purified flue gases is then vented into the atmosphere.
  • the hearth 6 of the combustion chamber in kiln 1 is gas-pervious, thanks to the provision of a plurality of spaced apart through bores 206 made in the whole extent thereof.
  • a lamina 28 for holding back this sand-like matter is provided at a distance below each bore 206.
  • the laminae 28 may be made in any suitable manner and, for example, they may consist of substantially Z-shaped platelets which by one of their horizontal arms are secured to the underside of hearth 6.
  • the diameter of these through bores preferably is of about 7 mm, and the hearth must be given an inclination of at least 15°, in order to ensure an efficient downflow of the residual products of combustion through the outlet opening 106.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Gasification And Melting Of Waste (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
  • Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Incinérateur à lit fluidisé comprenant un four (1) dont la chambre de combustion contient une soie (6) perméable aux gaz, et qui est muni de moyens (21) destinés à charger dans la chambre de combustion au-dessus de la soie (6) tout rebut devant être incinéré, et de moyens (4,5) destinés à envoyer un courant ascendant d'air de combustion à travers la soie (6) perméable aux gaz, ainsi que de moyens (22) destinés à amener des réactifs chimiques dans la chambre de combustion, tandis que la soie (6) du four (1) est formée d'une ouverture de sortie (106) en position centrale communiquant avec un conduit d'évacuation (9), des moyens (26) étant prévus pour envoyer de l'air froid dans la chambre de combustion du four (1) par l'intermédiaire du conduit d'évacuation (9) et de l'ouverture de sortie (106) prévue dans la soie (6) du four, caractérisé en ce que :
    a) le conduit d'évacuation (9) est constitué d'un premier conduit d'évacuation (24) et d'un deuxième conduit d'évacuation (25) placé en aval, et un moyeu tubulaire (23) communique avec l'ouverture de sortie (106) prévue dans la soie (6) et se loge dans l'extrémité à épaulement (124) tournée vers le haut du premier conduit d'évacuation (24), l'extrémité libre tournée vers le bas du premier conduit d'évacuation (24) s'étendant dans une partie élargie (125) du deuxième conduit d'évacuation (25) placé en aval, et un conduit d'alimentation en air froid (26) est prévu, lequel débouche sur l'extrémité à épaulement (124) du premier conduit d'évacuation (24), de préférence au-dessus de l'ouverture de l'extrémité inférieure du moyeu cylindrique (23),
    b) un conduit d'aspiration de l'air froid (27) est prévu, lequel communique avec la partie élargie (125) du deuxième conduit d'évacuation placé en aval (25), de préférence au-dessus de l'ouverture de l'extrémité libre du premier conduit d'évacuation (24), les conduits d'évacuation (24,25) étant ainsi mis sous vide.
  2. Incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la sole (6) de la chambre de combustion dans le four (1) présente la forme d'une trémie conique et est munie de plusieurs trous traversants (206) à distance les uns des autres et permettant aux gaz chauds de s'écouler à travers eux, et qui sont présents sur toute son étendue, des lamelles (28) étant prévues sous chaque trou (206) et à distance de chaque trou (206) pour retenir toute matière analogue à du sable.
  3. Incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la trémie conique constituant la sole (6) présente une inclinaison d'au moins 15°, ses trous traversants ayant de préférence un diamètre d'environ 7 mm, les lamelles (28) sont constituées de plaquettes sensiblement en forme de Z dont les bras supérieurs sont fixés à la face inférieure de la trémie.
  4. Incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'alimentation en air de combustion se présentent sous la forme de deux conduits (4,5) débouchant respectivement dans l'une parmi deux chambres annulaires concentriques (7,8) prévues sous la sole (6).
  5. Incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'alimentation en réactifs (22) sont montés de telle manière que les réactifs sont introduits directement dans le lit fluidisé, et/ou au-dessus de la surface (S) du lit fluidisé.
  6. Incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens d'alimentation en réactifs (22) sont du type pneumatique.
  7. Installation d'incinération à lit fluidisé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, et comprenant un four (1) dont la sortie supérieure est reliée à un cyclone placé en aval (11), puis à une chambre de combustion secondaire (13), à un refroidisseur de fumées (16) lui faisant suite, et par l'intermédiaire d'un filtre à manche (17) et d'un ventilateur aspirant (20) à une cheminée (19) de mise à l'air du gaz brûlé et de l'air, caractérisé en ce que le conduit d'aspiration de l'air froid (27) est relié au filtre à manche (17) et les réactifs chimiques sont amenés à la chambre de combustion secondaire (13) et au filtre à manche (13) au moyen des gaz de combustion.
  8. Procédé pour faire fonctionner l'incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'air froid introduit est divisé en un courant ascendant pénétrant dans la chambre de combustion du four (1), de préférence en une proportion de 75% du courant d'air froid total introduit, et en un courant d'air froid descendant aspiré en aval par le filtre à manche, de préférence en une proportion de 25 % du courant d'air froid total introduit.
  9. Procédé pour faire fonctionner l'incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon les revendications 6 et 7, caractérisé en ce que les réactifs introduits ont une faible taille de particules, de préférence une taille de particules inférieure à 100 micromillimètres, de sorte à permettre en même temps aux réactifs d'être entraînés en partie ou en totalité avec les gaz de combustion.
  10. Procédé pour faire fonctionner l'incinérateur à lit fluidisé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les réactifs chimiques peuvent être par exemple Ca(OH)₂, Mg(OH)₂, CaO, MgO, CaCO₃, MgCO₃, Na₂CO₃ ou toute combinaison de ceux-ci.
EP90121485A 1989-12-28 1990-11-09 Incinérateur à lit fluidisé Expired - Lifetime EP0434945B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT1262189 1989-12-28
IT01262189A IT1236182B (it) 1989-12-28 1989-12-28 Forno d'incenerimento a letto fluido.

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0434945A2 EP0434945A2 (fr) 1991-07-03
EP0434945A3 EP0434945A3 (en) 1992-05-27
EP0434945B1 true EP0434945B1 (fr) 1994-12-28

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90121485A Expired - Lifetime EP0434945B1 (fr) 1989-12-28 1990-11-09 Incinérateur à lit fluidisé

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0434945B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE116420T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69015601T2 (fr)
IT (1) IT1236182B (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4444809C1 (de) * 1994-12-15 1995-11-02 Buck Chem Tech Werke Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung von pyrotechnischem Material
JPH10253011A (ja) 1997-03-13 1998-09-25 Hitachi Zosen Corp 燃焼装置
BE1015530A3 (nl) * 2003-05-20 2005-05-03 Fifth Element Nv Verbeterde inrichting voor het realiseren van een wervelbed.

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE793489A (fr) * 1972-03-06 1973-04-16 Awt Systems Inc Appareil ameliore a lit fluidise
GB1577717A (en) * 1976-03-12 1980-10-29 Mitchell D A Thermal reactors incorporating fluidised beds
US4308806A (en) * 1978-04-05 1982-01-05 Babcock-Hitachi Kabushiki Kaisha Incinerator for burning waste and a method of utilizing same
JPS5866712A (ja) * 1981-10-16 1983-04-21 Nippon Zeon Co Ltd 流動焼却炉付帯設備の腐食防止法
FR2583305B1 (fr) * 1985-06-18 1989-10-27 Fives Cail Babcock Procede de desulfuration des gaz provenant du foyer d'une chaudiere et installation pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede.
US4854249A (en) * 1987-08-03 1989-08-08 Institute Of Gas Technology Two stage combustion

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69015601D1 (de) 1995-02-09
ATE116420T1 (de) 1995-01-15
DE69015601T2 (de) 1995-05-11
IT1236182B (it) 1993-01-19
EP0434945A2 (fr) 1991-07-03
IT8912621A1 (it) 1991-06-28
IT8912621A0 (it) 1989-12-28
EP0434945A3 (en) 1992-05-27

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