EP0455534B1 - Wendeschütz mit Verriegelungseinrichtung - Google Patents

Wendeschütz mit Verriegelungseinrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0455534B1
EP0455534B1 EP91401029A EP91401029A EP0455534B1 EP 0455534 B1 EP0455534 B1 EP 0455534B1 EP 91401029 A EP91401029 A EP 91401029A EP 91401029 A EP91401029 A EP 91401029A EP 0455534 B1 EP0455534 B1 EP 0455534B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
locking
switches
partition
mobile
case
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91401029A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0455534A1 (de
Inventor
Patrick Morinaud
Jacques Olifant
Raymond Plumeret
André Vergez
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schneider Electric SE
Original Assignee
Schneider Electric SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schneider Electric SE filed Critical Schneider Electric SE
Publication of EP0455534A1 publication Critical patent/EP0455534A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0455534B1 publication Critical patent/EP0455534B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
    • H01H50/18—Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature
    • H01H50/32—Latching movable parts mechanically
    • H01H50/323—Latching movable parts mechanically for interlocking two or more relays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H50/00—Details of electromagnetic relays
    • H01H50/16—Magnetic circuit arrangements
    • H01H50/18—Movable parts of magnetic circuits, e.g. armature
    • H01H50/32—Latching movable parts mechanically
    • H01H50/323—Latching movable parts mechanically for interlocking two or more relays
    • H01H2050/325—Combined electrical and mechanical interlocking, e.g. usually for auxiliary contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H51/00—Electromagnetic relays
    • H01H51/005—Inversing contactors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrical reversing contactor device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • this locking is carried out using auxiliary switches, the contacts of which are placed in series with the coils, these switches being either associated externally with the common housing, or else respectively associated with each of two neighboring contactors when, in the absence of a combined device, two separate contactor devices must be associated with which is a mechanical locking device.
  • FR-A-2,525,025 describes an auxiliary locking module in which a locking piece is guided between the two side walls of a housing.
  • the invention therefore proposes to provide a contactor-reversing device whose general constitution responds to that mentioned above, and in which will be carried out a complete integration of electrical and mechanical locking means in order to simplify the task of the fitters and that cables or maintenance personnel, while improving the overall reliability of this device, and not depriving the user of a pair of switches on auxiliary contact boxes which he might feel the need by associating them with each of the contactors.
  • an electrical contactor-reversing device comprising two systems of electromagnets and two systems of power switches housed in a common housing and comprising a device for mechanical locking of the moving parts of armament of these systems, as well as two locking switches. reciprocal with opening arranged in the supply circuits of the coils of these electromagnets, to prevent the excitation of one of the two electromagnets while the other is in the excited state, one of the terminals of these switches being internally connected by a particular conductor to an input of the coil which it controls.
  • this device is characterized in that the mechanical locking device is designed so as to prevent simultaneous movement of the moving parts of the armature of the electromagnets and comprises a movable locking piece in a notch formed in an interior partition of the housing which extends between the electromagnets in the transverse median plane of the housing, this locking piece being guided laterally by said partition and acting on the locking switches, which are arranged on either side of the partition, so as to be electrically isolated from each other.
  • a contactor-reversing device comprises a molded case 2 having on either side of a central housing 3 crossed by a median plane RR ′ of the case, two cavities 4, 5 able to receive each a system of power switches with own electromagnetic control 6, respectively 7.
  • Each system comprises an electromagnet such as 8 having a fixed yoke 9, an excitation coil 11, and a movable armature 12 which is coupled to a contact carrier 13 intended to receive movable contacts of power switches 14.
  • Return springs, not shown, give these frames rest positions remote from the respective cylinder heads.
  • the terminals of the power switches 15, 16, 17; 18, 19, 21 and 22, 23, 24; 25, 26, 27 are arranged in two regions 28, 29 of the front face 31 of the device between which the central housing 3 opens in an intermediate region 20.
  • Each particular contact carrier such as 13a, 13b, see FIG. 1, has a central groove 32a, respectively 32b directed towards the housing 3, the latter being substantially limited by two parallel walls 33, 34 and a complementary wall 35 extending by a central partition 36 placed in the median plane RR ′ parallel to the walls 33, 34.
  • This partition 36 has a notch 37 open towards the front face 31 of the device and visible in FIG. 4, having two opposite parallel edges 38, 39 and a bottom 41 whose center is occupied by a projection 42 being in a medium plane PP ′ common to the moving parts of the two electromagnets and perpendicular to the plane RR ′.
  • This projection 42 is limited by concave and symmetrical curved surfaces 43, 44 which extend on either side of the latter in the plane of the partition 36.
  • the notch is occupied by a movable locking piece 30 having in the plane RR ′ where the partition 36 is located a cam surface 40 in the shape of a heart which is limited by two curved surfaces convex 45, 46 intersecting to form an acute vertex 47; moreover, this movable part comprises two lateral protruding circular cheeks 48, 49 which are placed parallel on either side of the plane of the cam and which come to adjust on opposite faces 51, 52 of the partition 36 leading to the 'notch, see Figures 1, 2 and 5, in order to be able to execute oscillatory movements in its plane.
  • this moving part can take are guided, on the one hand, by virtue of the presence on it of these cheeks and, on the other hand, by virtue of the contact with lateral guide surfaces 53, 54 of the cam against the edges 38 , 39 of the opening; these movements are for example communicated to the movable locking part 30 by virtue of the presence of two transverse studs 55a, 55b which are projecting in opposite directions and symmetrically with respect to a line ⁇ common to the planes of symmetry RR ′ and PP ′, In order to penetrate respectively into the grooves 32a, respectively 32b, to couple with the corresponding contact carriers 13a, respectively 13b.
  • These pins have parallel axes which each pass substantially through the center of curvature of the convex surfaces 45, respectively 46 from which they are the most distant.
  • this movable locking piece carries two bosses 56a, 56b which are arranged symmetrically with respect to this line ⁇ and which, for certain angular positions, come to apply or not, see FIG. 4, mobile contact pads 57a, 57b against fixed contacts 58a, 58b by means of elastic deformations which they communicate with two flexible blades 59a, 59b at the ends of which these pads are arranged, see FIGS. 6 and 7.
  • These bosses are arranged in planes parallel to the lateral cheeks and externally to those -this. These blades circulate substantially parallel to the plane RR ′, and between them.
  • Each of the switches 60a, 60b each formed by a fixed contact and by a movable contact 57a, 58a, respectively 57b, 58b, is in the closed state when the movable locking piece is in a rest position which is illustrated in Figure 4, and which results from the existence of simultaneous rest states of the two electromagnet systems.
  • This movable locking part, as well as the two electrical locking switches associated therewith, are placed in the central housing 3 where the partition 36 establishes galvanic isolation and transverse guidance; this housing therefore has, see Figure 2, at least in its region close to the front face, two cells 61a, 61b each receiving a switch as well as input and output terminals 62a, 62b, respectively 63a, 63b.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 As can be seen physically in FIGS. 2 and 3, and diagrammatically in FIGS.
  • terminals 8 and 9 these terminals belong in pairs 62a, 63a; 62b, 63b to electrical locking circuits, circulating parallel to the electrical circuits traversed by the currents of the power switches going for example from the input terminals 15, 16, 17 to the output terminals 18, 19, 21, and are located on either side of the average plane PP ′.
  • Terminals 71, 72 and, respectively, 73, 74 accessible from the outside represent the connection terminals of the excitation coils associated with the two electromagnets 6, respectively 7.
  • terminals of these locking switches, excitation coils, and these power switches are for example electrically connected by circuits visible in FIGS. 8 and 9.
  • the locking part switches in direction D taking into account the retention action operated by the groove of the armature which is not energized (see FIG. 6) , or direction G (see Figure 7), by prohibiting any subsequent movement of the armature belonging to that of these electromagnets which is not excited; this prohibition, which naturally extends to the electrical consequences resulting for example from a shock, is operated thanks to the existence of mechanical interactions established, on the one hand, between the surfaces 43 and 45, respectively 44, 46 and, on the other hand, between surfaces 53 and 38 or respectively 54 and 39, see Figures 6 and 7.
  • the mounting of the electro-mechanical locking system 30; 60a, 60b in its housing 3 is extremely easy due to the proximity of its opening to the front face 31; notches or passages such as 81, 82, see FIG. 11, formed in crosspieces such as 85, 86 and coming from molding with the common housing 21 in half-housings 87, 88 created by the partition 36 make it possible to operate a easy installation in the factory and efficient attachment of serrated extensions such as 83, 84 belonging to the parts of the terminals 62, 63, see FIG. 12. These cross-members also contribute to the stiffening of the partition 36.
  • a front cover 74 visible in FIGS. 1 and 3, makes it possible to close the opening 75 of the housing at the place where it opens on the front face 31 of the device, and establishes galvanic isolation both thanks to its lateral friction on opposite walls of the device, such as 75, only thanks to the presence of a central rib 74 ′ extending the partition 36.
  • the cavity receiving the locking piece and the switches opens onto a front face 31 of the device.
  • This arrangement provides mounting convenience when the housing 2 or its base, if it has one, have two housings 91, 92 which open in the same direction to each receive an electromagnet system. Each of these housings is closed during the fixing of the cover 93, respectively 94, receiving the power switches 14, their terminals 15 ... 27 and, where appropriate, the corresponding electromagnet armature 13a, respectively 13b .
  • this arrangement makes it possible to easily install flexible connecting conductors or other conductive parts 180, 181, respectively 182, 183 going from the coil 11 to the associated switch 60a, respectively 60b, see FIGS. 10 and 13, and makes it possible to carry out a final control of the electro-mechanical locking device in a convenient manner before the fitting of the cover 74.
  • the coil thus usually exhibits two connection terminals such as 175 , 176; 177, 178.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates by way of example an oscillating locking piece 93 at rest, the simplicity of which is similar to the previous one.
  • This part 93 has a sector-shaped clearance 94 opposite the opening 95 of which there are two pins 96, 97 belonging respectively to each of the two armature extensions 98, 99.
  • a movement in direction H of one of these pawns communicates by encountering an edge of the clearance such as 101, an angular movement of direction J to the piece 93 thus bringing its periphery 102 opposite the other pawn, so that the movement in the same direction of the frame associated with the latter is prevented and vice versa using the edge 101a and the periphery 102a.
  • a return spring can be used to give the part 93 a rest position shown.
  • a groove 103 placed in an adjusted manner between two lateral cheeks 104, 105 of the piece 93 to provide, on the one hand, a transverse support and, on the other hand, a bearing effect by the cooperation of a central core 106 with the rounded bottom 107 of a notch 108 placed in a central wall 109 dividing in two a central cavity 110.
  • cheeks are here also equipped with radial bosses such as 111, 112 to cause, as previously, displacements of elastic blades each carrying a movable contact of an opening switch.
  • a drawer 161 sliding on a central partition 162 on which it is astride and visible in FIG. 19, whose opposite ends 163, 164 are cut in a bevel so as to transform into rectilinear transverse displacements -J- or -K- sliding contacts which they receive from one of the two pins 165, 166, movable in direction F, and belonging respectively to, or integral with, each of the armatures 167, 168.
  • Each of these displacements brings under the pin which has not been moved, an abutment surface 169a, 169b preventing any subsequent movement of the armature to be locked.
  • Two flexible reed switches 171, 172 can here again cooperate with the moving part, in particular with two transverse and opposite cleats such as 173, 174 to each interrupt the supply circuit of the coil which was not energized the first .
  • the flexible blades can be used to give the drawer a central rest position which is visible in FIG. 19, see also FIG. 20.
  • this common terminal 130 takes a particular shape 140 which can be produced in a single piece with switch elements 141, 142 one carrying a fixed contact 143, and the other one end of a movable flexible blade 144; in order to avoid the delicate handling which accompanies the use of long flexible wires, it is also possible to provide each of the cooperating and opposite elements 145, 146 with switches, an extension 147, 148 which extends to the vicinity of the associated coil 151, 152 where the end of a coil winding wire can be directly connected to it, for example by soft welding 153, respectively 154.
  • the carcass 156 of the coil 157 has a first terminal 158 which is accessible from the outside of the housing 159 and which is directly connected to one end 155 of the winding, while the second end 161a of this winding is extended (by a flexible or rigid conductor) to an input terminal 162a of the switch 163a, respectively 163b; an output terminal 164 of this same switch is, for its part, electrically connected (by a flexible or rigid conductor) to a second terminal 165 located on the carcass and serving as a wiring relay for an external cable 166a, respectively 166b used for current return.
  • the two second terminals of the coils can also be electrically connected either to receive a single return conductor serving the two coils, or separately if the need arises.
  • All three, or four terminals for connecting the coils will advantageously be arranged on the same external face 167, respectively 168 of the device 1, respectively 160.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Switch Cases, Indication, And Locking (AREA)
  • Electromagnets (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Elektrisches Umkehrschütz-Gerät (1), das zwei Systeme von Elektromagneten (6, 7) und zwei Systeme von Leistungsschaltern (14), die in einem gemeinsamen Gehäuse (2) angeordnet sind, und eine Vorrichtung zur mechanischen Verriegelung (30, 55a, 55b; 93, 96, 97; 161, 165, 166) für die beweglichen Ankerteile (12) dieser Systeme (6, 7), sowie zwei Unterbrecher-Schalter zur gegenseitigen Verriegelung (60a, 60b, 171, 172) aufweist, die in den Speisekreisen der Spulen (11a, 11b) eines dieser Elektromagneten (6, 7) angeordnet sind, um die Erregung eines der beiden Elektromagneten (6, 7) zu unterbinden, während der andere im erregten Zustand ist, wobei eine der Klemmen (162) dieser Schalter (60a, 60b) innen über einen getrennten Leiter (180) mit einem Eingang der Spule (11) verbunden ist, die er steuert,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Vorrichtung zur mechanischen Verriegelung (30, 55a, 55b; 93, 96, 97; 161, 165, 166) so ausgebildet ist, daß sie eine gleichzeitige Verschiebung der beweglichen Ankerteile (13) der Elektromagneten (6, 7) verhindert, und ein bewegliches Verriegelungsteil (30; 93; 161) in einer Ausbuchtung (37) enthält, die in einer inneren Trennwand (36; 109; 162) des Gehäuses (2) ausgebildet ist, die sich zwischen den Elektromagneten (6, 7) in der transversalen Mittelebene (PP′) des Gehäuses (2) erstreckt, wobei dieses Verriegelungsteil (30; 93; 161) seitlich von dieser Trennwand (36) geführt wird und auf die Verriegelungsschalter (60a, 60b; 171, 172) einwirkt, die zu beiden Seiten der Trennwand (36; 109; 162) angeordnet sind, um elektrisch voneinander isoliert zu sein.
  2. Umkehrschütz-Gerät nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Eingangs- (62a, 63b) bzw. Ausgangsklemmen (62b, 63a) der beiden Schalter (60a, 60b), die parallel nebeneinander in der Nähe einer Vorderseite (31) des Gehäuses (2) des Geräts in einem Sitz (3) angeordnet sind, sich je zu einer der beiden Seiten der Trennwand (36) befinden.
  3. Umkehrschütz-Gerät nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das bewegliche Verriegelungsteil (30) in bekannter Weise eine herzförmige Nockenfläche (40) mit zwei entgegengesetzten Zapfen (55a, 55b) aufweist, die je in den Krümmungszentren zweier Kreisbogen angeordnet sind, die diese Oberfläche begrenzen, wobei der spitze Scheitel (47) dieser Nocke gegenüber einem Grat (42) in die Ruhestellung kommt, der auf einer mittleren Trennwand (36) dieses Gehäuses (2) angeordnet ist.
  4. Umkehrschütz-Gerät nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese Trennwand (36) einen Ausschnitt (37) aufweist, von dem zwei entgegengesetzte Ränder (38, 39) die Schwingung des beweglichen Teils (30) führen, und von dem zwei parallele, entgegengesetzte und aneinander angrenzende Seiten (51, 52) als Führungsflächen für zwei parallele, angepaßte Ausweitungen (48, 49) dieses Teils dienen, die sich zu beiden Seiten der Nocke (40) befinden.
  5. Umkehrschütz-Gerät nach den Ansprüchen 3 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das bewegliche Verriegelungsteil (30) zwei Höcker (56a, 56b) aufweist, die dem Grat (47) der Nocke (40) symmetrisch entgegengesetzt sind und die je in der Ruhestellung eine elastische Kontaktzunge (56a, 56b) gegen ein festes Kontaktteil (58a, 58b) anlegen.
  6. Umkehrschütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in einem Stück mit dem Gehäuse (2) des Geräts im Sitz (3) hergestellte Traversen (85, 86, 87, 88) Kerben (81, 82, 83, 84) aufweisen, die die Klemmenteile (62a, 63a, 62b, 63b) aufnehmen, die zu den Verriegelungsschaltern (60a, 60b) gehören.
  7. Schütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sitz (3) auf einer Vorderseite (31) des Gehäuses (2) des Geräts (1) mündet.
  8. Schütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sitz (119) auf einer Rückseite (122) des Gehäuses (121) des Geräts (120) mündet.
  9. Schütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2 und 7, 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das bewegliche Teil (161) ein Schieber ist, der sich in Längsrichtung in der Ebene der mittleren Trennwand (162) des zentralen Sitzes bewegt und in der Ruhestellung einer Zentrierwirkung unterworfen ist.
  10. Schütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 7 und 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das bewegliche Teil (93) schwingend ist und eine sektorförmige Kerbe (94) aufweist, von der zwei entgegengesetzten Ränder (101a, 101b) von dem einem oder dem anderen von zwei mit den Ankern bzw. den Kontaktträgern verbundenen Stiften (96, 97) zurückgestoßen werden, und von dem zwei Peripherieabschnitte (102a, 102b) dann gegenüber dem einen oder dem anderen dieser Stifte (96, 97) angeordnet sind.
  11. Schütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die inneren Verbindungen (180, 181, 183) derart aufgebaut werden, daß jede Spule (11) eines Schützes (1) zwei Anschlußklemmen (175, 176, 177, 178) aufweist.
  12. Schütz-Gerät nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die inneren Verbindungen (128, 129) der Schalter (126, 127) mit einer gemeinsamen Klemme (130) verbunden sind.
EP91401029A 1990-04-30 1991-04-18 Wendeschütz mit Verriegelungseinrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP0455534B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9005560A FR2661548B1 (fr) 1990-04-30 1990-04-30 Appareil contacteur inverseur a verrouillage.
FR9005560 1990-04-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0455534A1 EP0455534A1 (de) 1991-11-06
EP0455534B1 true EP0455534B1 (de) 1995-06-07

Family

ID=9396277

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91401029A Expired - Lifetime EP0455534B1 (de) 1990-04-30 1991-04-18 Wendeschütz mit Verriegelungseinrichtung

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5289146A (de)
EP (1) EP0455534B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH0729475A (de)
DE (1) DE69110195T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2661548B1 (de)

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FR2727566A1 (fr) * 1994-11-28 1996-05-31 Abb Control Sa Dispositif de condamnation electrique et mecanique pour contacteurs
KR20000073458A (ko) * 1999-05-11 2000-12-05 권수영 스타-델타 결선용 전자개폐기
JP2003510778A (ja) * 1999-09-27 2003-03-18 シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト 接触器装置
US6140896A (en) * 2000-03-10 2000-10-31 Eaton Corporation Electro-mechanical reversing contactor with a single, common base
FR2815171B1 (fr) * 2000-10-11 2003-02-07 Abb Control Sa Dispositif de condamnation electrique et mecanique destine a etre associe a deux contacteurs afin d'interdire leur fermeture simultanee
WO2005045417A1 (en) * 2003-10-31 2005-05-19 Lifescan Scotland Limited Method of reducing the effect of direct and mediated interference current in an electrochemical test strip
FR2907963B1 (fr) * 2006-10-27 2009-01-09 Abb Entrelec Soc Par Actions S Module de raccordement electrique entre un premier et un second contacteurs et montage inverseur correspondant
EP2107586A1 (de) 2008-04-01 2009-10-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Magnetkammer für ein elektromagnetisches Niederspannungsschaltgerät sowie elektromagnetisches Niederspannungsschaltgerät
JP5504925B2 (ja) * 2010-01-29 2014-05-28 富士電機機器制御株式会社 可逆形電磁接触器
US10083809B2 (en) 2016-04-21 2018-09-25 Hartland Controls, Llc Electrical power transfer switch
US9865416B2 (en) 2016-04-21 2018-01-09 Hartland Controls, Llc Electrical power transfer switch
CN111816473B (zh) * 2020-09-14 2020-12-11 广东电网有限责任公司东莞供电局 一种双电源分合闸驱动转换装置
US11778759B2 (en) 2021-01-04 2023-10-03 Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. Universal control module for a reversing contactor

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US2755354A (en) * 1953-03-16 1956-07-17 Allen Bradley Co Interlocked switch actuators
US3510612A (en) * 1967-12-14 1970-05-05 Allis Chalmers Mfg Co Mechanical interlock for electrical switches or the like
FR2045090A5 (de) * 1969-05-30 1971-02-26 Unelec
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US4513181A (en) * 1984-01-23 1985-04-23 Allen-Bradley Company Combination mechanical and electrical interlock mechanism
JPS6171524A (ja) * 1984-09-17 1986-04-12 株式会社　愛知電機製作所 電源切替開閉器
JPS6258535A (ja) * 1985-09-06 1987-03-14 オムロン株式会社 電磁接触器におけるインタ−ロツク機構
FR2617328B1 (fr) * 1987-06-26 1989-11-03 Telemecanique Electrique Dispositif de condamnation mecanique et electrique pour contacteurs
IT213976Z2 (it) * 1988-06-23 1990-03-05 Cge Spa Struttura di contatti elettrici nella quale la forza assiale di azionamento e' solo una piccola frazione della forza esercitata sui contatti.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69110195D1 (de) 1995-07-13
EP0455534A1 (de) 1991-11-06
FR2661548B1 (fr) 1992-07-17
JPH0729475A (ja) 1995-01-31
US5289146A (en) 1994-02-22
FR2661548A1 (fr) 1991-10-31
DE69110195T2 (de) 1995-09-28

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