EP0473471A1 - Markierungsvorrichtung für wertvolle Dokumente und Kassetten für Banknotenausgabeautomat ausgestattet mit einer solchen Vorrichtung - Google Patents
Markierungsvorrichtung für wertvolle Dokumente und Kassetten für Banknotenausgabeautomat ausgestattet mit einer solchen Vorrichtung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0473471A1 EP0473471A1 EP91402045A EP91402045A EP0473471A1 EP 0473471 A1 EP0473471 A1 EP 0473471A1 EP 91402045 A EP91402045 A EP 91402045A EP 91402045 A EP91402045 A EP 91402045A EP 0473471 A1 EP0473471 A1 EP 0473471A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- reservoir
- edges
- enclosure
- break
- documents
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING SYSTEMS, e.g. PERSONAL CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B15/00—Identifying, scaring or incapacitating burglars, thieves or intruders, e.g. by explosives
- G08B15/02—Identifying, scaring or incapacitating burglars, thieves or intruders, e.g. by explosives with smoke, gas, or coloured or odorous powder or liquid
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05G—SAFES OR STRONG-ROOMS FOR VALUABLES; BANK PROTECTION DEVICES; SAFETY TRANSACTION PARTITIONS
- E05G1/00—Safes or strong-rooms for valuables
- E05G1/14—Safes or strong-rooms for valuables with means for masking or destroying the valuables, e.g. in case of theft
Definitions
- the present invention essentially relates to a device for smudging valuable documents such as banknotes.
- the object of the present invention is to remedy the above drawbacks by proposing a device for smearing or discoloration of banknotes which is particularly reliable, does not risk damaging the environment of the device which uses it, is not likely to be dangerous when handling the device, and provides significant marking on all tickets in the event of a break-in, regardless of the position of the system during or after the break-in.
- the subject of the invention is a device for smearing valuable documents, such as banknotes, stored in an enclosure, and of the type comprising means capable of delivering a smearing or bleaching liquid to the documents contained in the enclosure under the effect of a break-in, characterized in that said means consist of at least one spongy element which is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the edges of the documents stored and stacked in the enclosure, and with which is associated at least one reservoir of smearing liquid which, in the event of break-in, soaks the spongy element coming into contact with the edges or edges of the documents to allow the migration of the smearing liquid on and between the edges of the edges of the documents stored and stacked in the enclosure.
- the above-mentioned reservoir is incorporated in the spongy element interposed between the edges or edges of the documents and a sealed wall, such as for example a wall or a cover of the enclosure, and takes the form of '' one or more frangible bags, ampoules, pipes or the like.
- the above-mentioned reservoir is associated with at least one resistant heating wire, or a pyrotechnic means or else a mechanical means causing the perforation of the reservoir under the effect of a break-in.
- the aforementioned reservoir incorporated in the spongy element can be sandwiched between two metal plates, one of which carries spikes or the like capable of perforating said reservoir.
- the above-mentioned reservoir is outside the sponge element which contains at least one pocket or preferably frangible tubes connected to this reservoir.
- the smearing liquid contained in the reservoir is injected into the pocket or the tubes in the event of break-in by a pressurized gas or by a piston mounted sliding in the reservoir.
- the aforementioned reservoir can be housed inside an enclosure or else located outside this enclosure.
- the aforementioned enclosure is a cassette for distributing automatic banknote reader.
- all the cassettes of an ATM can be equipped with a device according to the invention, so that in case of removal of the ATM, the banknotes contained in these cassettes will be unusable by criminals since strongly soaked with smearing and indelible liquid.
- a cassette C for automatic banknote dispenser this cassette comprising a cover 1 articulated by a hinge 2 and containing a multiplicity of stacked banknotes B vertically.
- the invention could perfectly apply to a banknote container other than a cassette, and such as for example a safe or a case for transporting funds.
- a spongy element 3 made of any suitable material and capable of ensuring the retention of a smearing liquid, is interposed between the cover 1 and the plane formed by the upper edges of the banknotes B.
- the cancellous element 3 receiving the smearing liquid delivered in the event of break-in, by a reservoir which will be described below, will soak the cancellous element 3 which will swell and, as can be seen in FIG. 3, will be able to soak the slice of banknotes B, and this while migrating by capillarity between the banknotes to ensure a significant marking of these which will consequently be unusable by the criminals.
- a reservoir R of staining liquid which is any suitable composition and which may contain in particular a solvent, a dye and possibly a fixer, it being understood that this liquid will be capable of acting very quickly by capillarity in order to soak the B tickets. It is perfectly possible and without departing from the scope of the invention to use a bleaching liquid composition and therefore capable of altering or at least partially removing the colors of the tickets.
- the reservoir R takes the form of a relatively flexible pocket comprising thinner and more fragile parts 4 capable of breaking under the effect of a break-in by a means which will be described below and this in order to deliver smearing liquid to the spongy material of element 3.
- the reservoir R incorporated in the spongy element 3 has the form of a coil comprising, over its entire length preferably, small fragile zones 5 allowing the delivery of the liquid product smearing to the spongy element 3 under the effect of pressure for example.
- the reservoir incorporated into the spongy element 3 is here constituted by breakable bulbs 6 during break-in by an appropriate means.
- the reservoir R consists of one or more flexible bags, for example of a synthetic or plastic material, which may have any shape
- a resistant heating wire 7 which will be supplied with current during a break-in to, by thermal effect, melt the wall of said tank.
- the reservoir R incorporated in the sponge element 3 can be sandwiched between two metal plates 10, 11 one of which carries spikes 12 capable of perforating said reservoir, and of which the other 11 has small orifices 13 capable of receiving the tips 12.
- a means has been shown schematically at 14, such as a rod allowing the relative sliding of the two plates 10, 11.
- the reservoir R is outside the sponge element 3 which contains, for example, tubes 16 connected to this reservoir.
- the smearing liquid contained in the reservoir R will be injected into the tubes 16 by a pressurized gas or else by a piston shown diagrammatically at 17 and sliding in the reservoir R.
- the smearing liquid injected into the tubes 16 will cause these tubes to burst locally, so that the smearing liquid will be delivered to the spongy element 3.
- the reservoir R which, in the previous cases, was housed inside the cassettes C, is here located outside of said cassettes and is connected to these by flexible pipes 18 for example.
- a single reservoir R comprising for example a sliding internal piston 17 could supply, under the effect of a break-in, several cassettes contained in an automatic cash dispenser D of banknotes B.
- the cassettes C each contain a spongy element 3 interposed between the sealed wall formed by the cover 1 of the cassettes, and the edges of the attached banknotes, said spongy element comprising for example a tube 19 in the form of a coil and connected by flexible pipes 18 to the reservoir R.
- a device has therefore been produced according to the invention for smearing banknotes which remains clean and harmless, cannot be dangerous under the effect of handling the cassettes, and allows effective impregnation of the banknotes which are consequently unusable by the malfai-
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)
- Purses, Travelling Bags, Baskets, Or Suitcases (AREA)
- Pile Receivers (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT91402045T ATE100521T1 (de) | 1990-07-26 | 1991-07-23 | Markierungsvorrichtung fuer wertvolle dokumente und kassetten fuer banknotenausgabeautomat ausgestattet mit einer solchen vorrichtung. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9009570 | 1990-07-26 | ||
| FR9009570A FR2665283B1 (fr) | 1990-07-26 | 1990-07-26 | Dispositif de maculage de documents de valeur et cassettes pour distributeur automatique de billets de banque equipees de ce dispositif. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0473471A1 true EP0473471A1 (de) | 1992-03-04 |
| EP0473471B1 EP0473471B1 (de) | 1994-01-19 |
Family
ID=9399134
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP91402045A Expired - Lifetime EP0473471B1 (de) | 1990-07-26 | 1991-07-23 | Markierungsvorrichtung für wertvolle Dokumente und Kassetten für Banknotenausgabeautomat ausgestattet mit einer solchen Vorrichtung |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5156272A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0473471B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE100521T1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE473471T1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2029980T3 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2665283B1 (de) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0560640A1 (de) * | 1992-03-13 | 1993-09-15 | Dassault Automatismes Et Telecommunications | Vorrichtung und entsprechendes Verfahren zum Übertragen von Wertpapieren wie Banknoten |
| GB2269205A (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-02-02 | P A Terry | Security of paper items |
| US5412962A (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1995-05-09 | Thompson; Robert A. | Safety locking devices for PVC ball valves |
| US5617799A (en) * | 1995-03-28 | 1997-04-08 | Kaczorowski; Paul | Marking material-spraying anti-theft system |
| US5806555A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1998-09-15 | Spears Manfacturing Co. | Locking device for valves |
| FR2828232A1 (fr) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-02-07 | Brinks France | Dispositif de securite pour le transport et/ou le stockage de valeurs imprimees |
| EP2031567A3 (de) * | 2007-08-27 | 2009-12-02 | Wincor Nixdorf International GmbH | System für eine geschlossene Bargeldlogistikkette |
| ITMI20121646A1 (it) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-03 | M I B S P A | Bancomat, atm o simile includente un sistema marchiante |
| EP2959086A4 (de) * | 2013-02-19 | 2016-08-17 | Sqs Ab | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur zerstörung von wertgegenständen in einem raum für wertsachen |
| WO2017103829A1 (en) * | 2015-12-15 | 2017-06-22 | Electronic Self Services (Pty) Ltd. | A safe apparatus for discouraging theft of banknotes |
Families Citing this family (41)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9309183D0 (en) * | 1993-05-05 | 1993-06-16 | Ici Plc | Device for bank note containers |
| US5598793A (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1997-02-04 | Lopez, Jr.; Martin | ATM anti-theft device |
| US5537938A (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1996-07-23 | Lopez, Jr.; Martin | ATM anti-theft device |
| AU3615397A (en) * | 1996-07-22 | 1998-02-10 | Ici Belgium Nv/Sa | Device for dispensing a liquid onto valuables |
| US5787819A (en) * | 1996-07-30 | 1998-08-04 | M.I.B. Elettronica S.R.L. | Anti-effraction device, in particular for automatic dispensers of banknotes and valuables |
| SE514470C2 (sv) * | 1998-12-23 | 2001-02-26 | Nybohov Dev Ab | Värdeskåp |
| SE517895C2 (sv) * | 1998-05-22 | 2002-07-30 | Sqs Ab | Förfarande och anordning vid märkning av föremål |
| JP3502779B2 (ja) * | 1998-11-17 | 2004-03-02 | 孝 根来 | 紙幣盗難防止装置におけるマーキング装置 |
| GB9825509D0 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 1999-01-13 | Ncr Int Inc | Dispensing container |
| SE9804218L (sv) * | 1998-12-04 | 2000-06-05 | Nybohov Dev Ab | Värdeskåp för värdehandlingar |
| GB2344811A (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2000-06-21 | House Of Prince Ab | Security display unit |
| BE1013568A3 (nl) * | 2000-06-20 | 2002-04-02 | I & S Technologies Bvba | Ontwaardingssamenstelling voor ontwaarding van bankbiljetten, andere waardepapieren en waardevolle voorwerpen. |
| GB0022248D0 (en) | 2000-09-12 | 2000-10-25 | Ncr Int Inc | Media cassette |
| FR2822880B1 (fr) * | 2001-03-29 | 2003-12-26 | Brinks France | Dispositif de securite pour le stockage et le transport de valeurs ou de documents |
| FR2827903B1 (fr) * | 2001-07-25 | 2004-04-23 | Alain Richard | Dispositif de maculage de haute pression |
| GB0202423D0 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2002-03-20 | Rue De Int Ltd | Currency bill handling |
| SE524324C2 (sv) * | 2002-04-20 | 2004-07-27 | Sqs Ab | Förfarande och anordning vid ett värdeutrymme |
| FR2872613B1 (fr) * | 2004-06-30 | 2007-03-30 | Axytrans Sa | Procede de transport securise de documents ou d'objets de valeurs et caissette utilisable lors de la mise en oeuvre dudit procede |
| FR2876137B1 (fr) * | 2004-10-04 | 2007-04-13 | Brink S France Sa | Dispositif de securite pour le transport et/ou le stockage de valeurs imprimees. |
| FR2877387A1 (fr) * | 2004-10-28 | 2006-05-05 | Brink S France Sa | Conteneur de transport et/ou de stockage de valeurs. |
| US8464648B2 (en) | 2005-02-14 | 2013-06-18 | Peter Villiger | Installation kit for equipping a case as a multifunctional, portable security system and case equipped with such an installation kit |
| JP4662811B2 (ja) * | 2005-06-01 | 2011-03-30 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | 現金収納装置 |
| JP4839142B2 (ja) * | 2006-06-27 | 2011-12-21 | ヤマトプロテック株式会社 | 汚濁液噴出装置、および汚濁液噴出装置用液噴射ノズル |
| ITMI20080817A1 (it) * | 2008-05-07 | 2009-11-08 | M I B S P A | Dispositivo di sicurezza per distributori automatici di banconote e valori |
| UA107688C2 (en) * | 2009-12-08 | 2015-02-10 | 3Si Security Systems N V | Protection and tracking system for valuables |
| UA107206C2 (uk) * | 2009-12-08 | 2014-12-10 | Багатокомпонентна система офарблення для захисту цінностей | |
| SE535642C2 (sv) * | 2010-07-09 | 2012-10-23 | Sqs Ab | Förfarande och anordning samt användning av förfarandet och anordningen vid märkning av föremål |
| EP2466561A1 (de) | 2010-12-16 | 2012-06-20 | G4S Cash Solutions (UK) Limited | Färbungskit zum Färben von Wertgegenständen, Vorrichtung und Verfahren |
| EP2880640B1 (de) * | 2012-08-02 | 2022-05-11 | Magneto IP Holdings (Pty) Ltd | Banknotenschutz |
| WO2018178930A1 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-04 | Michael Donald Robson | Protection mechanism |
| TWM556771U (zh) * | 2017-10-26 | 2018-03-11 | International Currency Tech Corporation | 具噴墨保鈔功能之安全錢箱 |
| CA3089901C (en) * | 2018-02-26 | 2023-03-28 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Carrier bag and carrier assembly comprising such a carrier bag and a carrier box |
| HRP20240609T1 (hr) | 2019-07-04 | 2024-07-19 | M.I.B. S.r.L. | Ladica sigurnosnog spremnika za novčanice i vrijednosnice za bankomat ili uređaj za izdavanje novca |
| IT201900010851A1 (it) | 2019-07-04 | 2021-01-04 | M I B S R L | Cassetto contenitore di banconote per atm o bancomat |
| IT201900010845A1 (it) | 2019-07-04 | 2021-01-04 | M I B S R L | Cassetto contenitore di banconote per atm o bancomat |
| US11990008B2 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2024-05-21 | Ncr Corporation | Dissuasion cassette, system, and apparatus against currency theft from media depository |
| EP4006854A3 (de) | 2022-01-18 | 2022-10-12 | M.I.B. S.r.L. | Banknotenschublade für geldautomaten, multifunktionale automaten oder bankautomaten |
| EP4435747A1 (de) * | 2023-03-20 | 2024-09-25 | António Nuno Sampaio e Abrantes | Eine sicherheitsvorrichtung für eine sicherheitsbehälterkassette für werte wie banknoten |
| WO2024194759A1 (en) * | 2023-03-20 | 2024-09-26 | Sampaio E Abrantes Antonio Nuno | A security apparatus for a security container cassette for values such as banknotes |
| IT202300003861U1 (it) * | 2023-09-19 | 2025-03-19 | M I B S R L | Cassetto contenitore di sicurezza per banconote o valori per atm o bancomat |
| FR3161916B1 (fr) | 2024-05-03 | 2026-04-24 | Oberthur Cash Prot | Dispositif de coloration en cassette |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1138104A (en) * | 1967-05-31 | 1968-12-27 | Keith Stanley Warren | Improved security container |
| GB2006322A (en) * | 1977-08-06 | 1979-05-02 | Porter C B A | Security Container |
| WO1983002975A1 (en) * | 1982-02-18 | 1983-09-01 | Eddie Lai Stenild | An apparatus for dispersing a dye over securities in a closed space at attempts at burglary |
| EP0166639A2 (de) * | 1984-05-24 | 1986-01-02 | Manuel Olivares Albacete | Markierungssystem von Banknoten im Falle von Diebstahl oder Überfall |
| EP0190778A1 (de) * | 1985-01-18 | 1986-08-13 | Marc Mareels | Sitz mit Toilettenspiegel |
| FR2583455A1 (fr) * | 1985-06-13 | 1986-12-19 | Dekeister Jacques | Dispositif pour rendre les billets de banque inutilisables par les cambrioleurs en cas de vol. |
| EP0347091A2 (de) * | 1988-06-11 | 1989-12-20 | ICI Belgium NV/SA | Sicherungssystem |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1369179A (en) * | 1920-06-07 | 1921-02-22 | Safe Cabinet Company | Combustion-preventer |
| US2829608A (en) * | 1954-10-08 | 1958-04-08 | Ram Inc | Heat insulating enclosure |
| GB1298004A (de) * | 1970-05-06 | 1972-11-29 | ||
| FR2498784A1 (fr) * | 1981-01-28 | 1982-07-30 | Fichet Bauche | Installation de protection contre les effractions |
| US4610806A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1986-09-09 | Rosen Gerald M | Skin-marking compositions and devices, and their use |
| FR2574845B1 (fr) * | 1984-12-14 | 1987-07-31 | Axytel Sarl | Procede de marquage et/ou de destruction notamment de documents de valeur et dispositif de mise en oeuvre |
| FR2595491B1 (fr) * | 1986-03-05 | 1988-06-17 | Boutroy Marc | Dispositif de securite pour le transport de documents de valeur |
| DE3627105A1 (de) * | 1986-08-06 | 1988-02-11 | Svenska Arkivator Ab | Sicherheitsbehaelter |
| US4848246A (en) * | 1988-09-22 | 1989-07-18 | Leon Rosen | Crime prevention marking system |
-
1990
- 1990-07-26 FR FR9009570A patent/FR2665283B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-07-23 ES ES91402045T patent/ES2029980T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-07-23 EP EP91402045A patent/EP0473471B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-07-23 DE DE199191402045T patent/DE473471T1/de active Pending
- 1991-07-23 DE DE69101042T patent/DE69101042T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-07-23 AT AT91402045T patent/ATE100521T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-07-24 US US07/735,442 patent/US5156272A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1138104A (en) * | 1967-05-31 | 1968-12-27 | Keith Stanley Warren | Improved security container |
| GB2006322A (en) * | 1977-08-06 | 1979-05-02 | Porter C B A | Security Container |
| WO1983002975A1 (en) * | 1982-02-18 | 1983-09-01 | Eddie Lai Stenild | An apparatus for dispersing a dye over securities in a closed space at attempts at burglary |
| EP0166639A2 (de) * | 1984-05-24 | 1986-01-02 | Manuel Olivares Albacete | Markierungssystem von Banknoten im Falle von Diebstahl oder Überfall |
| EP0190778A1 (de) * | 1985-01-18 | 1986-08-13 | Marc Mareels | Sitz mit Toilettenspiegel |
| FR2583455A1 (fr) * | 1985-06-13 | 1986-12-19 | Dekeister Jacques | Dispositif pour rendre les billets de banque inutilisables par les cambrioleurs en cas de vol. |
| EP0347091A2 (de) * | 1988-06-11 | 1989-12-20 | ICI Belgium NV/SA | Sicherungssystem |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0560640A1 (de) * | 1992-03-13 | 1993-09-15 | Dassault Automatismes Et Telecommunications | Vorrichtung und entsprechendes Verfahren zum Übertragen von Wertpapieren wie Banknoten |
| FR2688616A1 (fr) * | 1992-03-13 | 1993-09-17 | Dassault Automatismes Telecomm | Dispositif pour le transfert de valeurs papier telles que des billets de banque, et procede correspondant. |
| GB2269205A (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-02-02 | P A Terry | Security of paper items |
| GB2269205B (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1996-03-20 | P A Terry | Improvements in or relating to the security of paper items |
| US5412962A (en) * | 1993-12-02 | 1995-05-09 | Thompson; Robert A. | Safety locking devices for PVC ball valves |
| US5617799A (en) * | 1995-03-28 | 1997-04-08 | Kaczorowski; Paul | Marking material-spraying anti-theft system |
| US5806555A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1998-09-15 | Spears Manfacturing Co. | Locking device for valves |
| FR2828232A1 (fr) * | 2001-08-01 | 2003-02-07 | Brinks France | Dispositif de securite pour le transport et/ou le stockage de valeurs imprimees |
| EP2031567A3 (de) * | 2007-08-27 | 2009-12-02 | Wincor Nixdorf International GmbH | System für eine geschlossene Bargeldlogistikkette |
| ITMI20121646A1 (it) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-03 | M I B S P A | Bancomat, atm o simile includente un sistema marchiante |
| EP2959086A4 (de) * | 2013-02-19 | 2016-08-17 | Sqs Ab | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur zerstörung von wertgegenständen in einem raum für wertsachen |
| WO2017103829A1 (en) * | 2015-12-15 | 2017-06-22 | Electronic Self Services (Pty) Ltd. | A safe apparatus for discouraging theft of banknotes |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69101042T2 (de) | 1994-06-16 |
| FR2665283B1 (fr) | 1992-11-13 |
| FR2665283A1 (fr) | 1992-01-31 |
| ATE100521T1 (de) | 1994-02-15 |
| US5156272A (en) | 1992-10-20 |
| ES2029980T1 (es) | 1992-10-16 |
| EP0473471B1 (de) | 1994-01-19 |
| DE69101042D1 (de) | 1994-03-03 |
| DE473471T1 (de) | 1992-06-11 |
| ES2029980T3 (es) | 1994-05-01 |
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