EP0536135B1 - Gaskühler zur wärmeübertragung durch konvektion - Google Patents

Gaskühler zur wärmeübertragung durch konvektion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0536135B1
EP0536135B1 EP91902203A EP91902203A EP0536135B1 EP 0536135 B1 EP0536135 B1 EP 0536135B1 EP 91902203 A EP91902203 A EP 91902203A EP 91902203 A EP91902203 A EP 91902203A EP 0536135 B1 EP0536135 B1 EP 0536135B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
heat exchange
vessel
duct
cooler
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91902203A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0536135A1 (de
Inventor
Knud Erik Bendixen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Burmeister and Wain Energy AS
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Burmeister and Wain Energy AS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Burmeister and Wain Energy AS filed Critical Burmeister and Wain Energy AS
Publication of EP0536135A1 publication Critical patent/EP0536135A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0536135B1 publication Critical patent/EP0536135B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/005—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having bent portions or being assembled from bent tubes or being tubes having a toroidal configuration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/86—Other features combined with waste-heat boilers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
    • F22B1/1838—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines the hot gas being under a high pressure, e.g. in chemical installations
    • F22B1/1846—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines the hot gas being under a high pressure, e.g. in chemical installations the hot gas being loaded with particles, e.g. waste heat boilers after a coal gasification plant
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0075—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for syngas or cracked gas cooling systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a gas cooler for cooling a flow of gas, mainly by convection, e.g. for cooling gas directly downstream of a radiation cooler receiving gas from a gasification reactor for the gasification of solids, said gas cooler comprising an oblong vertically positioned pressure vessel with an upper gas inlet and a lower gas outlet and, located inside the vessel a heat exchange element with heat exchange surfaces for throughflow of water and steam under high pressure, said heat exchange surfaces forming between them substantially vertically extending gas ducts extending substantially throughout the length of the vessel.
  • Such a gas cooler is known, for example, from EP-A-0 223 912.
  • the gas discharging from such a gas reactor may have a pressure of about 30 bar and a temperature in the range of 1400°C or more, and the gas generally entrains liquid ash. In view of a subsequent washing of the gas, this is being cooled to about 200°C in several steps,
  • the initial cooling may e.g. be effected by means of a radiation cooler and in the following step the cooling is effected by means of a convection cooler of the above mentioned type.
  • EP-A-0 223 912 describes a cooler of the above mentioned type containing several vertical, parallel membrane walls acting as heat exchange surfaces for cooling the gas by radiation and a tube bundle running across and through the membrane walls and acting as heat exchange surface for cooling the gas by convection.
  • the gas flowing into the cooler contains solid slag particles which due to the temperature of the material at the inlet behave as "soft” or “humid” particles having a tendency to adhere to the heat exhange walls and accumulate in the gas ducts.
  • Prior coolers are therefore provided with vertically extending gas ducts so that the ash particles under the influence of the gas flow and by gravity may drop directly down towards the bottom of the vessel.
  • the gas temperature is here substantially lower and the ash particles now behave as "hard” and “dry” particles, which by the flow of gas are carried along through the gas outlet. Due to this design of the gas ducts the flow of gas in each duct is a parallel flow.
  • the gas has merely an insignificant velocity component in the direction transversely to the duct, resulting in that the gas flowing down along the heat exchange surfaces, i.e. along the sides of the duct, is being cooled faster than the gas flowing down into the middle of the duct.
  • a temperature gradient occurs in the gas flow transversely to its direction, thereby offering a smaller effective heat transfer than if the gas flow had the same temperature across the entire cross-sectional area of the gas duct.
  • this object is solved with the gas cooler of the generic kind in that most of the gas ducts are individually divided into several spaced apart, straight sections, that the transition between two consecutive, straight sections is constituted by at least one short, straight duct section which, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow, is sloping towards the lower end of the vessel, and that the duct at the lower end of the sloping duct section is displaced laterally at a distance corresponding to the width of the duct.
  • the gas flow is hereby subjected to an abrupt change in direction which forces a mixing of the gas flow, thereby equalizing the gas temperature across the cross-sectional area of the duct.
  • each duct By dividing each duct into a number of straight sections separated by short sections in which the duct abruptly changes its direction, it is ensured that the gas flow is mixed before it has time to develop into a parallel flow.
  • the transition between two straight duct sections is constituted by at least one short straight duct section which, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow, is sloping towards the lower end of the vessel, possibly deposited particles will easily be swept away by the flow of gas due to locally increasing gas velocity in the duct.
  • a supplementary security against accumulation of gas-borne solid particles in the sloping section of the duct is obtained, because the gas flowing along the inner wall of the duct, when viewed in relation to the change in direction, continues straight ahead at the location of the transition and hits the opposite duct wall so that possibly accumulated solid particles are swept away.
  • the gas cooler according to a second aspect of the invention is characterized in that most of the gas ducts are individually divided into several spaced apart, straight sections, that the transition between two consecutive, straight sections is constituted by at least one short, straight duct section which, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow, is sloping towards the lower end of the vessel and a second short, straight duct section which, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow, is sloping towards the lower end of the vessel, and in that the duct at the lower end of the second, inclining duct section is aligned with the vertically extending duct section immediately upstream of the first, sloping duct section.
  • This design of the gas ducts allows all straight duct sections in each individual duct to be aligned with each other. This brings about a more efficient utilization of the vessel volume by preventing the occurrence of unutilized spaces in the vessel due to repeated displacements of the ducts to one side.
  • An embodiment of the gas cooler is characterized in that the heat exchange surfaces at one end are connected with a common inlet header for water and steam, and at the other end with a common discharge header and that either the inlet header or the discharge header is suspended in the vessel, thereby also carrying the full load of the heat exchange element, while at the end of the heat exchange element opposite to the end at which it is suspended there are guides limiting the movement of the heat exchange element in the radial direction.
  • the common discharge header may for instance be suspended at the upper end plate or may be supported by seats fastened by welding at the top of the shelf.
  • a preferred embodiment is characterized in that the heat exchange surfaces are made as welded membrane walls, and that the membrane walls in the transition areas between consecutive, vertically extending duct sections are bent into shape after the welding has been accomplished.
  • a further embodiment is characterized in that an independent heat exchanger with separate inlets and outlets for coolant is installed in one of the vertically extending ducts.
  • the heat exchange element in the gas cooler operates as a compact steam boiler it is advantageous to install one or more of the other heat exchangers generally forming part of a steam boiler plant in the pressure vessel, e.g. a superheater or an economiser, with the view of completely utilizing the volume of the vessel and of obtaining simultaneously an improved efficiency of the entire plant of which the gas cooler forms part.
  • a superheater or an economiser e.g. a superheater or an economiser
  • the convection cooler illustrated in the drawings consists of an oblong, circular-cylindrical pressure vessel 1 with a shell 2 and provided at the top and at the bottom with end plates 3 and 4, respectively.
  • the upper end plate 3 includes a pipe stub 5 for connection with a conduit, not shown, for the supply of hot gas to the convection cooler.
  • the upper portion of the shell 2 and the end plate 3 have on their inside face a thermal insulation 6 to protect against heat impact from the gas.
  • the shell closely above the lower end plate 4 the shell accommmodates a pipe stub 8 for the discharge of cooled gas from the convection cooler.
  • the vessel includes a heat exchange element 10, divided into a number of vertically extending heat exchange surfaces 11. Substantially vertically extending gas ducts 12 are thus formed between the heat exchange surfaces. In respect of clarity, the heat exchange surfaces are only shown in a single line and parts of the heat exchange surfaces located in Fig. 1 behind the sectional plane and in Fig. 2 below the sectional plane, are not shown.
  • Fig. 1 most of the gas ducts are individually divided into a number of straight, spaced apart sections and the transition between two consecutive straight sections 13 is constituted by at least one short straight duct section 14 which, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow, slopes towards the lower end of the vessel.
  • the duct section 13 at the lower end of the sloping duct section 14 is displaced sidewise in most of the ducts at a distance corresponding to the width of the duct of the straight duct section 13 located immediately above.
  • the heat exchange element also includes heat exchange surfaces 15 which seal ducts 13 on the side facing the vessel shell, and the resulting spaces occurring between the heat exchange surfaces and the shell may for instance be filled in with insulating material, on one hand, to minimize the thermal loss to the environment and, on the other hand, to prevent slag particles from accumulating in the sometimes narrow passages.
  • the heat exchange surfaces 11 and 15 are connected at the bottom with a common inlet header 17 for water and steam and at the top with a common discharge header 18.
  • the common discharge header 18 is suspended in the upper portion of the vessel, e.g. by means of a roughly shown suspension 19 so that the common discharge header 18 carries the full load of the heat exchange element 10.
  • Inlet header 17 may be supported, in a manner not shown, against brackets on the vessel shell 2 or the end plate 4, in such a way that its movement in the radial direction is restricted, while movement in the longitudinal direction of the vessel takes place unimpededly to cater for the thermal expansion of the heat exchange element.
  • the lower discharge header 17 may be supported on brackets secured to the shell or the end plate, and the discharge header 18 must in this case be guided so that it can only move in the longitudinal direction of the vessel to cater for the necessary thermal expansion.
  • the weight of the heat exchange element 10 is in this case supported by the brackets at the bottom of the vessel.
  • Figs 3 and 4 schematically show the course of the gas ducts in other embodiments of the convection cooler according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3 all of the gas ducts are displaced to the same side at the transition between straight sections 13, and it will be seen that in this manner areas occur in the vessel which are not completely utilized as gas passages.
  • the areas give an unsymmetrical distribution of the heat load on the cooler and this has been compensated for by the embodiment according to Fig. 4, in which the heat exchange element as a whole is somewhat inclined in relation to the longitudinal axis of the vessel.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the gas cooler in which there is provided, at the downwards facing end of some of the short, straight duct sections 14, another short, straight duct section 20 which, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow, is sloping towards the bottom of the vessel.
  • the sloping duct section 20 has such a length that duct section 13 at the lower end of duct section 20 is in alignment with the vertically extending duct section 13 immediately upstream of the first sloping duct section 14.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an embodiment corresponding to the one shown in Fig. 3, but in which separate heat exchangers 21 and 22 are inserted in the unutilized spaces in the vessel. These heat exchangers may for instance be superheaters or preheaters forming part of the steam plant associated with the cooler.
  • Fig. 7 shows a further embodiment in which the heat exchangers 21 and 22 are positioned in the centre of the pressure vessel, the gas ducts being at the sides displaced symmetrically towards the centre, when viewed in the direction of the gas flow.
  • the heat exchange surfaces are designed as welded membrane walls and the changes in direction of the walls are obtained by bending them to shape after finished welding.
  • Soot blowers and mechanical vibration members are accommodated within the pressure vessel with the view of cleaning the heat exchange surfaces. If the heat exchange element 10 is suspended at the top of the vessel it is advantageous to arrange the mechanical vibration members at the bottom of inlet header 17 which is guided but still allowed to move somewhat, thereby ensuring that the vibration members have the highest possible effect.
  • the soot blowers are most advantageously arranged at the top of the vessel from where they are directed downwards into the individual gas ducts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Gaskühler zur Kühlung eines Stroms von Gas, hauptsächlich durch Konvektion, z.B. zur Kühlung von Gas direkt stromabwärts eines Strahlungskühlers, der Gas aus einem Vergasungsreaktor für die Vergasung fester Stoffe empfängt, umfassend einen länglichen senkrecht plazierten Druckbehälter (1) mit einem oberen Gaseinlaß (5) und einem unteren Gasauslaß (8), ein im Behälter (1) angeordnetes Wärmeaustauschelement (10) mit Wärmeaustauschflächen (11) für den Durchfluß von Wasser und Wasserdampf unter hohem Druck, wobei erwähnte Wärmeaustauschflächen (11) untereinander im wesentlichen senkrecht laufende Gaskanäle (12) bilden, die sich größtenteils über die ganze Länge des Behälters (1) erstrecken, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Großteil der Gaskanäle (12) in mehrere voneinander getrennte geradlinige Abschnitte (13) aufgeteilt ist, und daß der Übergang zwischen zwei nacheinander folgenden geradlinigen Abschnitten aus mindestens einem kurzen, geradlinigen Abschnitt (14) besteht, der, in der Richtung des Gasstroms gesehen, gegen den unteren Teil des Behälters neigt, und daß der Kanal bei dem unteren Teil des abfallenden Kanalabschnittes (14) in der Seitenrichtung in einem Abstand versetzt ist, der der Breite des Kanals entspricht.
  2. Gaskühler zur Kühlung eines Stroms von Gas, hauptsächlich durch Konvektion, z.B. zur Kühlung von Gas direkt stromabwärts eines Strahlungskühlers, der Gas aus einem Vergasungsreaktor für die Vergasung fester Stoffe empfängt, umfassend einen länglichen senkrecht plazierten Druckbehälter (1) mit einem oberen Gaseinlaß (5) und einem unteren Gasauslaß (8), ein im Behälter (1) angeordnetes Wärmeaustauschelement (10) mit Wärmeaustauschflächen (11) für den Durchfluß von Wasser und Wasserdampf unter hohem Druck, wobei erwähnte Wärmeaustauschflächen (11) untereinander im wesentlichen senkrecht laufende Gaskanäle (12) bilden, die sich größtenteils über die ganze Länge des Behälters (1) erstrecken, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Großteil der Gaskanäle (12) in mehrere voneinander getrennte geradlinige Abschnitte (13) aufgeteilt ist, daß der Übergang zwischen zwei nacheinander folgenden geradlinigen Abschnitten aus mindestens einem kurzen geradlinigen Abschnitt (14), der, in der Richtung des Gasstroms gesehen, gegen den unteren Teil des Behälters neigt, und einem zweiten kurzen geradlinigen Kanalabschnitt (20), der, in der Richtung des Gasstroms gesehen, gegen den unteren Teil des Behälters schräg ist, besteht, und daß der Abschnitt (12) bei dem unteren Teil des zweiten abfallenden Kanalabschnitts (20) mit dem senkrecht laufenden Kanalabschnitt (13) unmittelbar stromaufwärts des ersten abfallenden Kanalabschnitts (14) fluchtet.
  3. Gaskühler nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, daß die Wärmeaustauschflächen (11) an einem Ende mit einem gemeinsamen Einlaßkasten (17) für Wasser und Wasserdampf und am anderen Ende mit einem gemeinsamen Auslaßkasten (18) verbunden sind, und daß entweder der Einlaßkasten (17) oder der Auslaßkasten (18) im Behälter (1) aufgehängt ist und damit auch das volle Gewicht des Wärmeaustauschelementes (10) trägt, während beim im Verhältnis zum das Element tragenden Ende entgegengesetzten Ende Leitstangen vorgesehen sind, die die Bewegung des Wärmeaustauschelementes (10) in der Radialrichtung begrenzen.
  4. Gaskühler nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Wärmeaustauschflächen (11) aus zusammengeschweißten Membranwänden bestehen, und daß die Membranwände in den Übergangsbereichen (14, 20) zwischen nacheinander folgenden, senkrecht verlaufenden Kanalabschnitten (13) nach dem Schweißen in Form gebogen sind.
  5. Gaskühler nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein unabhängiger Wärmeaustauscher (21, 22) mit getrennten Ein- und Ausläßen für Kältemittel in einem der senkrecht verlaufenden Kanäle (12) eingebaut ist.
  6. Gaskühler nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Rußgebläse, vorzugsweise beim oberen Teil des Wärmeaustauschelementes (10), und mechanische Vibrationsorgane, vorzugsweise beim im Verhältnis zum das Element tragenden Ende entgegengesetzten Ende vorgesehen sind.
EP91902203A 1990-01-05 1991-01-04 Gaskühler zur wärmeübertragung durch konvektion Expired - Lifetime EP0536135B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK2390A DK163896C (da) 1990-01-05 1990-01-05 Gaskoeler for varmeovergang ved konvektion
DK23/90 1990-01-05
PCT/DK1991/000002 WO1991010107A1 (en) 1990-01-05 1991-01-04 Gas cooler for heat transfer by convection

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0536135A1 EP0536135A1 (de) 1993-04-14
EP0536135B1 true EP0536135B1 (de) 1994-07-13

Family

ID=8088870

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91902203A Expired - Lifetime EP0536135B1 (de) 1990-01-05 1991-01-04 Gaskühler zur wärmeübertragung durch konvektion

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0536135B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69102879T2 (de)
DK (1) DK163896C (de)
ES (1) ES2057859T3 (de)
WO (1) WO1991010107A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1104625C (zh) * 1995-01-20 2003-04-02 国际壳牌研究有限公司 一种用于冷却载有固体颗粒的热气的装置
US8191617B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2012-06-05 General Electric Company Syngas cooler and cooling tube for use in a syngas cooler
US8240366B2 (en) 2007-08-07 2012-08-14 General Electric Company Radiant coolers and methods for assembling same
GB201120008D0 (en) * 2011-11-21 2012-01-04 Rolls Royce Plc Heat exchanger
CN104048529B (zh) * 2014-06-24 2016-01-06 中北大学 可变面积的管式换热器

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1501640A1 (de) * 1966-05-03 1969-11-06 Schmidt Sche Heissdampfgmbh Waermeaustauscher,insbesondere zum Kuehlen frischer Spaltgase und/oder Synthesegase
CH656637A5 (de) * 1981-10-26 1986-07-15 Sulzer Ag Gaskuehler-anordnung zu kohlevergasungsanlage.
DE3248096C2 (de) * 1982-12-24 1985-01-31 M.A.N. Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG, 4200 Oberhausen Stehende Vorrichtung zum Kühlen von unter hohem Druck stehenden Gasen mit hohem Staubanteil
DE3538515A1 (de) * 1985-10-30 1987-05-07 Babcock Werke Ag Vorrichtung zum kuehlen von heissen, staubbeladenen gasen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69102879T2 (de) 1995-02-16
WO1991010107A1 (en) 1991-07-11
ES2057859T3 (es) 1994-10-16
DK163896B (da) 1992-04-13
DK163896C (da) 1992-10-26
DE69102879D1 (de) 1994-08-18
DK2390D0 (da) 1990-01-05
EP0536135A1 (de) 1993-04-14
DK2390A (da) 1991-07-06

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