EP0636712B1 - Procédé de nettoyage chimique de pièces en matériau métallique - Google Patents
Procédé de nettoyage chimique de pièces en matériau métallique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0636712B1 EP0636712B1 EP94401729A EP94401729A EP0636712B1 EP 0636712 B1 EP0636712 B1 EP 0636712B1 EP 94401729 A EP94401729 A EP 94401729A EP 94401729 A EP94401729 A EP 94401729A EP 0636712 B1 EP0636712 B1 EP 0636712B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- compounds
- process according
- unsaturated
- silica
- amines
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims 12
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title claims 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910007156 Si(OH)4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims 2
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 claims 2
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims 2
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- -1 N-oxide compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005906 dihydroxylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229940079877 pyrogallol Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/19—Iron or steel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/24—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with neutral solutions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/001—Decontamination of contaminated objects, apparatus, clothes, food; Preventing contamination thereof
- G21F9/002—Decontamination of the surface of objects with chemical or electrochemical processes
- G21F9/004—Decontamination of the surface of objects with chemical or electrochemical processes of metallic surfaces
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the cleaning of parts metal on which a deposit has formed which is harmful to characteristics of the part, containing oxides (in particular iron oxide in the form of magnetite), following exposure to water, liquid and / or vapor phase high temperature. It relates more particularly to the chemical cleaning of such parts which have been exposed to high temperature water containing iron compounds and silicon, as well as other elements such as Na, Ca, X, Al, Zn, Cu, As, Sb, Tl, Pb, C, S, Ni, Cr, Sn.
- oxides in particular iron oxide in the form of magnetite
- the invention finds a particularly application important in the leaching of that of the faces of the tubes nuclear power plant steam generator which is exposed to the secondary circuit, where water containing polluting chemical elements of various origins, for example from condenser leaks, resins ion exchangers used for demineralization, water treatment and corrosion products of the secondary circuit. Deposits also form well on the straight parts of the exchange tubes and in the gaps, especially between tubes and spacers distributed along the tubes and intended to maintain them relative to each other as well as between the tubes and the tubular plate.
- the invention is however also applicable to any metal part on which a comparable deposit has formed to those involved in such heat exchangers steam.
- the analyzes carried out on samples of tubes of an exchanger carrying deposits has shown that the structure of these deposits was much more complex than never imagined it.
- the deposit consists mainly of magnetite
- the oxidized layer passivation conventionally developed during the phase final manufacturing of the exchange tubes, is destroyed under the alveolar silico-aluminate and it replaces one relatively thick non-protective layer.
- this layer has a high chromium content and iron in the usual case where the exchange tubes are made of one of the nickel-chrome alloys containing also iron and other designated editing items by the brand "INCONEL". It is likely to exist also, with a lesser thickness, under the magnetite in the straight parts of the tubes.
- the present invention aims to provide a method of cleaning of deposits likely to intervene in these conditions. To this end, it offers a cleaning process chemical treatment of metallic material parts bearing a deposit comprising compounds with a high silica content and metal oxides, in particular magnetite, according to claim 1.
- additional species such as AlO - / 4, which give a negative ionic character to the surface deposit.
- This negative nature can be automatically compensated for by the absorption of cations present in the aqueous phase, such as Ca 2+ , NH 4 , K + , or of cations originating from the corrosion of the metal part itself.
- a feature that makes deposits particularly hard to tear is that the Si-O bond is one of strongest silicon bonds, since it comes immediately after Si-F in the order of energies decreasing.
- the tube cleaning process begins with the elimination magnetite, by any of the methods known.
- the second step is to remove deposits remaining, mainly containing siliceous compounds, by treatment with chemical compounds promoting delocalization of the electrons of Si-O-metal bonds and their weakening.
- These compounds will be used in the aqueous phase, with a content of insertion compounds and a temperature of treatment chosen according to the compounds. In a way generally, it is best to work at the most high compatible with the physical or chemical stability of compounds.
- heteropolyacids and their salts in particular alkaline molybdates.
- the silica is thus maintained in the state of coordination +6 and its repolymerization is avoided.
- boric acid can be added to maintain a pH between 1 and 5
- F - ions can be added to promote the dissolution of silica.
- This approach which amounts to an esterification, uses the fact that the silicon compounds having silanol Si-OH functions more acid than the alcohols-R-OH (R being a carbon radical, usually alkyl) give strong hydrogen bonds which cause condensations within the layer, in an acidic or basic medium, that is to say in the presence of H + or OH - ions. This is particularly the case for many organo-silicic compounds.
- a representative reaction is of the kind: where R and R2 denote carbon radicals, generally alkyl such as R.
- silica passes in particular to the state of polysiloxane.
- the compounds finally obtained are fluid, even at low temperatures, since the elements of deposit do not have an excessive number of carbon atoms and do not lead to too long chains.
- the silica layer is general re-passivation of the base metal. It may be done in a conventional way by oxidation with drying and dehydroxylation. Drying-oxidation can be carried out at 290-300 ° C for 24 to 48 hours with gas sweeping dry oxidant, for example consisting of dry air or air enriched with oxygen.
- the treated specimens consisted of a "Inconel" section carrying various layers; in particular, most with a layer of about 100 ⁇ m of magnetite and, in some areas, a siliceous coating topped with a layer of magnetite.
- these compounds can be used under form of aqueous ammonia solution with or without fluoride ammonium having an insertion role.
- solutions were used with 1 mol per liter of ammonia, 20 to 300 g / l of phenol from 0 to 100 g / l of ammonium fluoride NH 4 F, for tests on Inconel test pieces previously coated with aluminosilicate gel and on samples from the steam generator of a French nuclear power plant containing deposits of magnetite and alumino-silicate.
- the temperatures used varied from 80 to 150 ° C so as to obtain the best dissolution without corroding the base metal.
- one test consisted in placing the solution and the test tube, already freed from magnetite, in a reactor containing a magnetic stirrer. The reactor was heated to 100 ° C and the vapors released were condensed in a column and returned to the reactor. After six hours, the test piece was rinsed in a 1 M NH 3 solution under hot conditions for 15 to 20 minutes, then rinsed in ethanol with ultrasonic stirring and finally dried with compressed air.
- a 20% ethanol solution 10 g was prepared liter of boric acid and 100 g per liter of molybdate of ammonium in distilled water. The solution was again placed in a reactor and maintained at 80 ° C for seven hours. The test piece was then rinsed in ethanol with the application of ultrasound, then dried with compressed air. Observation by electron microscopy further revealed that the silica layer had been destroyed.
- the first phase of the process is intended to eliminate the magnetite present on tubes and spacer plates.
- the secondary circuit of the steam generator is filled with water whose temperature is increased, for example by circulation of high temperature water in the primary circuit.
- the reagents EDTA
- the water loaded with reagents is circulated, at a rate which will often be around 150 m 3 per hour for a typical steam generator of a nuclear power station, to drive the magnetite of the spacer plates. It is also advantageous to inject a nitrogen flow intended to activate the effect of the solution in the interstices between the tubes and the spacer plates.
- the second step elimination of siliceous compounds, can follow immediately after the first as far where the products used for insertion or condensation, chosen from those mentioned above, are compatible with the products used during the first phase.
- the secondary circuit of the steam generator is drained and then refilled and warmed up. Insertion or condensation components, intended to remove the siliceous deposit by solubilization, are injected. The solution is put into circulation with nitrogen injection to promote solubilization in interstices. After destruction of the layer and passage of silicates in solution, the generator is drained.
- Passivation can be done by filling of water, warming up and injecting oxygen bubbles to bring the oxidation potential measured at the electrode to the saturated calomel, above 350 mV. Finally, the generator steam can be drained and dried before storage.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
Description
- soit par insertion d'éléments provoquant un accroissement du nombre de coordination de la silice, typiquement à l'aide de composés électrophiles,
- soit par condensation de groupements-OH sur la silice.
- OH- en milieu alcalin, pour former Si(OH)4,
- F- en milieu acide, pour former notamment SiF6 2-.
- les groupements phényle substitués, par exemple mono-, di-, triphényl,
- certains groupements à plusieurs noyaux benzéniques.
Claims (11)
- Procédé de nettoyage chimique de pièces en matériau métallique portant un dépôt d'oxyde de fer sur une couche de composés à teneur élevée en silice, suivant lequel on élimine les oxydes métalliques en surface par une complexation, pouvant être précédée d'une réduction, puis on effectue une mise en solution des composés siliceux par une réaction en milieu aqueux d'acroissement du nombre de coordination de la silice avec des composés électrophiles appartenant au groupe comprenant les systèmes insaturés conjugés et les composés insaturés N-oxyde ou par une réaction en milieu aqueux de condensation avec des alcools ou amines, destinée à affaiblir les liaisons, dans un milieu assurant la complexation de Si(OH)4.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les systèmes insaturés comprennent des groupements phényl substitués.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les composés insaturés comprennent plusieurs anneaux benzéniques.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que de plus, on maintient en solution les composés siliceux en ajoutant au milieu des composés de complexation de Si(OH)4.
- Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les dits composés sont choisis parmi les molybdates.
- Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les dits composés sont des molybdates d'ammonium.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les systèmes insaturés conjugués contiennent des groupements appartenant aux composés organiques ayant au moins une fonction alcool, ou aux amines, ou leurs sels solubles.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise une amine aromatique ou un sel d'une amine tertiaire.
- Procédé suivant la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les groupements phényle substitués appartiennent aux monophenyl, diphenyl et triphenyl.
- Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la condensation est effectuée par le phénol, le pyrocatéchol ou le pyrogallol.
- Procédé suivant l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par une étape finale de repassivation par oxydation et déshydroxylation.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9309360A FR2708628B1 (fr) | 1993-07-29 | 1993-07-29 | Procédé de nettoyage chimique de pièces en matériau métallique. |
| FR9309360 | 1993-07-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0636712A1 EP0636712A1 (fr) | 1995-02-01 |
| EP0636712B1 true EP0636712B1 (fr) | 1998-10-14 |
Family
ID=9449767
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP94401729A Expired - Lifetime EP0636712B1 (fr) | 1993-07-29 | 1994-07-27 | Procédé de nettoyage chimique de pièces en matériau métallique |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5575863A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0636712B1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69413899D1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2708628B1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7611588B2 (en) | 2004-11-30 | 2009-11-03 | Ecolab Inc. | Methods and compositions for removing metal oxides |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE69506605T2 (de) * | 1994-03-17 | 1999-07-08 | Calgon Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. | Verfahren zur Kontrolle und zum Entfernen von einer Feststoffablagerung auf einer Oberfläche eines Dampferzeugungsanlagebestandteils |
| US5841826A (en) * | 1995-08-29 | 1998-11-24 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Method of using a chemical solution to dislodge and dislocate scale, sludge and other deposits from nuclear steam generators |
| US8195273B2 (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2012-06-05 | Esaote S.P.A. | Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus |
| JP4807857B2 (ja) * | 2004-04-01 | 2011-11-02 | ウエスチングハウス・エレクトリック・カンパニー・エルエルシー | 改良型スケール構造改変剤及び処理方法 |
| US7861915B2 (en) * | 2004-04-16 | 2011-01-04 | Ms2 Technologies, Llc | Soldering process |
| TW200610122A (en) * | 2004-09-14 | 2006-03-16 | P Kay Metal Inc | Soldering process |
| US7302917B2 (en) * | 2004-09-29 | 2007-12-04 | Framatome Anp, Inc. | Chemical cleaning of a steam generator during mode 5 generator shut down |
| DE102004054471B3 (de) * | 2004-11-11 | 2006-04-27 | Framatome Anp Gmbh | Reinigungsverfahren zur Entfernung von Magnetit enthaltenden Ablagerungen aus einem Druckbehälter eines Kraftwerks |
| DE102008005199B4 (de) * | 2008-01-18 | 2014-01-23 | Areva Gmbh | Verfahren zur Reinigung eines Wärmetauschers |
| US8165261B2 (en) * | 2008-01-22 | 2012-04-24 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Chemical enhancement of ultrasonic fuel cleaning |
| KR101664951B1 (ko) * | 2010-01-26 | 2016-10-11 | 도미니온 엔지니어링 인코포레이티드 | 증착물들을 제거하기 위한 방법 및 조성물 |
| CN103510097B (zh) * | 2012-06-26 | 2016-02-17 | 杭州冠洁工业清洗水处理科技有限公司 | 凝汽器低腐蚀高净度化学清洗方法 |
| CN109323237B (zh) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-01-07 | 福建宁德核电有限公司 | 核级聚丙烯酸分散剂用于核电厂蒸汽发生器湿保养的方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA718380A (en) * | 1965-09-21 | A. Lesinski Chester | Scale removal, ferrous metal passivation and compositions therefor | |
| US3013909A (en) * | 1960-03-31 | 1961-12-19 | Guyon P Pancer | Method of chemical decontamination of stainless steel nuclear facilities |
| US3148150A (en) * | 1960-05-12 | 1964-09-08 | Petrolite Corp | Process for preventing, reducing and removing hard-water scale employing methylol pheol derivatives |
| US3664870A (en) * | 1969-10-29 | 1972-05-23 | Nalco Chemical Co | Removal and separation of metallic oxide scale |
| JPS55109498A (en) * | 1979-02-15 | 1980-08-22 | Ichiro Kudo | Silicic acid scale removing agent |
| JPS5892499A (ja) * | 1981-11-28 | 1983-06-01 | Nippon Nohyaku Co Ltd | スケ−ル除去剤 |
| JPS5929093A (ja) * | 1982-08-10 | 1984-02-16 | Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Dev Corp | スケ−ルの除去方法 |
| DE3431101A1 (de) * | 1984-08-24 | 1986-03-06 | Hubert F. 6000 Frankfurt Neuhausen | Flusssaeure - enthaltende waessrige organische saeuremischungen mit eventuellem zusatz von anorganischen saeuren und korrisionsinhibitoren |
| JPS6250489A (ja) * | 1985-08-30 | 1987-03-05 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 方向性珪素鋼板の酸化物皮膜除去方法 |
| US4666528A (en) * | 1985-11-27 | 1987-05-19 | Halliburton Company | Method of removing iron and copper-containing scale from a metal surface |
| US4729855A (en) * | 1985-11-29 | 1988-03-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method of decontaminating radioactive metal surfaces |
| US4793865A (en) * | 1987-08-19 | 1988-12-27 | Aqua Process, Inc. | Method and composition for the removal of ammonium salt and metal compound deposits |
| US5322636A (en) * | 1992-03-30 | 1994-06-21 | Calgon Corporation | Polyether polyamino methylene phosphonate n-oxides for high pH scale control |
-
1993
- 1993-07-29 FR FR9309360A patent/FR2708628B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-07-27 EP EP94401729A patent/EP0636712B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-27 DE DE69413899T patent/DE69413899D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-29 US US08/281,991 patent/US5575863A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7611588B2 (en) | 2004-11-30 | 2009-11-03 | Ecolab Inc. | Methods and compositions for removing metal oxides |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5575863A (en) | 1996-11-19 |
| DE69413899D1 (de) | 1998-11-19 |
| EP0636712A1 (fr) | 1995-02-01 |
| FR2708628B1 (fr) | 1997-07-18 |
| FR2708628A1 (fr) | 1995-02-10 |
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