EP0682336A2 - Dispositif de réproduction du son naturel - Google Patents

Dispositif de réproduction du son naturel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0682336A2
EP0682336A2 EP95303123A EP95303123A EP0682336A2 EP 0682336 A2 EP0682336 A2 EP 0682336A2 EP 95303123 A EP95303123 A EP 95303123A EP 95303123 A EP95303123 A EP 95303123A EP 0682336 A2 EP0682336 A2 EP 0682336A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
natural
sound
playback
sound material
data
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95303123A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0682336A3 (fr
EP0682336B1 (fr
Inventor
Haruhisa Tomoda
Hiroyasu Karimoto
Yushi Ogino
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP6096184A external-priority patent/JP2917811B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP6302026A external-priority patent/JPH08160980A/ja
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Publication of EP0682336A2 publication Critical patent/EP0682336A2/fr
Publication of EP0682336A3 publication Critical patent/EP0682336A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0682336B1 publication Critical patent/EP0682336B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/175—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using interference effects; Masking sound
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K15/00—Acoustics not otherwise provided for
    • G10K15/02—Synthesis of acoustic waves

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a natural sound playback apparatus that is suitable for creating relaxation space in an office or residence.
  • BGM Background music
  • natural sounds such as the murmur of a brook and a song of a bird have been recently widely used. These natural sounds have natural fluctuation characteristics, for example the ones generally called 1/f fluctuation characteristics. The characteristics are known to have effects of relaxing people.
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram showing the construction of a prior natural sound playback apparatus.
  • a plurality of intermittent natural sounds having inherent unit lengths such as notes of a cuckoo or a warbler and the sound of waves are stored as sound material data pieces 1a, 1b, 1c, ⁇ in a sound material data memory 1.
  • each natural sound has its inherent 1/f fluctuation characteristic.
  • a 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a simulates the inherent 1/f characteristic of the sound material data piece 1a to create its playback timing.
  • 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2b, 2c, ⁇ similarly simulate the inherent 1/f characteristics of the sound material data pieces 1b, 1c, ⁇ to create their playback timing.
  • each 1/f fluctuation timing generator one-to-one corresponds to each sound material data piece stored in sound material memory 1.
  • a data reader 13a reads the sound material data piece 1a from sound material memory 1, when playback timing generated by 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a occurs.
  • Data readers 13b, 13c, ⁇ similarly correspond to 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2b, 2c, ⁇ , so that the number of data readers is the same as the number of sound material data pieces stored in sound material memory 1.
  • a natural sound playback section 14a plays back a signal read by data reader 13a.
  • Natural sound playback sections 14b, 14c, ⁇ similarly correspond to data readers 13b, 13c, ⁇ , so that the number of natural sound playback sections is the same as the number of sound material data pieces stored in sound material memory 1.
  • the outputs from the plurality of natural sound playback sections are combined to output a composite signal from a composite output device 5.
  • 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a judges if a natural sound playback switch, which is not shown in Fig. 7, has been turned on by a user. If the switch is on, the control proceeds with Step 22, and if not, the control is on stand-by.
  • Step 22 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a starts the generation of playback timing for the sound material data piece 1a.
  • 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a counts time.
  • Step 24 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a tests whether the counted time becomes the time when the sound material data piece 1a is played back.
  • Step 25 data reader 13a reads the sound material data piece 1a from sound material memory 1 to send the read signal data to natural sound playback section 14a.
  • Step 26 natural sound playback section 14a plays back the signal data sent from data reader 13a to form a played-back signal for composite output device 5.
  • 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a judges if the natural sound playback switch has been turned off by a user. If the switch is off, the control is terminated, and if not, the control proceeds with Step 22 to start the generation of the timing for the next playback. Control similar to the one shown in Fig. 8 is performed in parallel for other sound material data pieces stored in sound material memory 1, and composite output device 5 combines the played-back signals to output a composite signal.
  • Fig. 9 shows an example of a plurality of natural sound played-back signals. If the sound material data pieces 1a, 1b, and 1c shown in (a) of Fig. 9 are stored in sound material memory 1, then 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a generates 1/f fluctuation timing as shown in (b) of Fig. 9 based on a 1/f fluctuation characteristic set for the sound material data piece 1a, and natural sound playback section 14a obtains a natural sound shown in (c) of Fig. 9. Similarly, as shown in (d), (e), (f) and (g) of Fig. 9, natural sound playback sections 14b and 14c obtain natural sounds respectively corresponding to the sound material data pieces 1b and 1c.
  • the outputs from natural sound playback sections 14a and 14b are simultaneously played back to be heard at the timing point (1) for the sound material data pieces 1a and 1b.
  • the outputs from natural sound playback sections 14a, 14b, and 14c are simultaneously played back to be heard at the timing point (3) for the sound material data pieces 1a, 1b, and 1c.
  • played-back natural sounds are monophonic in the above prior construction, so that the distance of a sound source can be represented by loudness, but the direction of a sound source can not be represented.
  • the construction becomes complex and large-scaled, and the locations from which natural sounds are heard are limited by the number of speakers.
  • a natural sound playback apparatus comprises a sound material memory that stores m kinds of natural sounds as m sound material data pieces, m fluctuation simulators that create playback timing for natural sounds by simulating fluctuation in nature depending on each sound material piece, n data readers that read a specified sound material data piece from the sound material memory with specified timing, where m > n are positive integers, n natural sound playback sections that play back each signal read by each data reader, a priority memory that stores the priority order of sound material pieces, and an output channel controller that monitors playback timings generated by m fluctuation simulators and, if some playback timing occurs, judges the operational states of the n data readers to assign the playback timing and corresponding sound material data pieces to idle data readers. Further, if playback timing for more than n sound material data pieces simultaneously occurs, then the output channel controller selects n sound material data pieces of higher priorities based on the priority order stored in the priority order memory.
  • a natural sound playback apparatus comprises a sound material memory that stores a plurality of natural sounds as sound material data pieces, a 1/f fluctuation timing generator that creates playback timing for natural sounds depending on 1/f fluctuation inherent in each sound material piece, a data reader that reads a specified sound material data piece from the sound material memory with specified timing, a natural sound playback section that plays back the signal data read by the data reader, a 1/f fluctuation volume level generator that obtains output volume at each playback timing point based on 1/f fluctuation inherent in the sound material, a volume controller that controls the magnitude of the signal played back by the natural sound playback section based on a value obtained by the 1/f fluctuation level generator, an LR volume generator that obtains the balance of volume between left and right to output natural sound through two left and right speakers, an LR (left and right) volume controller that creates, from the signal output from the volume controller, a signal output through a left speaker and a signal output through a right speaker,
  • the above 1/f fluctuation volume level generator and LR volume generator are combined into one unit, and the LR volume controller additionally performs the function of the volume controller.
  • an output channel controller monitors playback timings generated by m fluctuation simulators to assign specific sound material data pieces to be played back to idle data readers by judging the operational states of n data readers and to assign n sound material pieces of higher priorities if playback timing points for more than n sound material data pieces coincide. Consequently, more than n kinds of natural sound can be combined using n playback channels to output composite sounds of great naturalness.
  • a 1/f fluctuation controller controls the balance of volume between left and right, in processing playback timing and sound volume to play back natural sounds, based on 1/f fluctuation. Consequently, natural sounds of great naturalness can be played back by letting natural sounds such as notes of birds and insects be heard from various locations at left and right using only two left and right speakers.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an natural sound playback apparatus of a first embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a flowchart showing the operation of the first embodiment.
  • Fig. 3 is a timing chart showing an example of operational signals and a played-back signal in the first embodiment.
  • Fig. 4 is a block diagram of an natural sound playback apparatus of a second embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a flowchart showing the operation of the second embodiment.
  • Fig. 6 shows waveforms of an exemplary played-back signal in the second embodiment.
  • Fig. 7 is a block diagram of an natural sound playback apparatus of a prior art.
  • Fig. 8 is a flowchart showing the operation of the playback apparatus of the prior art.
  • Fig. 9 is a timing chart showing an example of operational signals and a played-back signal in the playback apparatus of the prior art.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the construction of a natural sound playback apparatus of the first embodiment
  • components having the same functions as the prior apparatus shown in Fig. 7 are denoted by the same symbols and their descriptions are simplified.
  • a sound material memory 1 which functions as the same as the prior apparatus, stores similar sound material data pieces 1a, 1b, ⁇ .
  • Fluctuation simulators that simulate fluctuation in nature, that is, 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2a, 2b, ⁇ one-to-one correspond to sound material data pieces 1a, 1b ⁇ .
  • the present embodiment has a first data reader 3a and second data reader 3b, which read sound material data pieces with timing determined by a means described later.
  • the signal read by first data reader 3a is played back by a first natural sound playback section 4a
  • the signal read by second data reader 3b is played back by a second natural sound playback section 4b.
  • a composite output device 5 combines outputs of first and second natural sound playback sections 4a and 4b to output a composite signal.
  • a priority order memory 6 stores the priority order of the sound material data pieces.
  • An output channel controller 7 monitors playback timings generated by 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2a, 2b, ⁇ .
  • output channel controller 7 judges the operational states of the two data readers 3a and 3b to assign the playback timing and corresponding sound material data pieces to idle data readers. Further, if playback timing for more than two sound material data pieces simultaneously occurs, then output channel controller 7 selects sound material data pieces of higher priorities based on the priority order stored in priority order memory 6.
  • Step 1 of the flowchart 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a, 2b, ⁇ judges if a natural sound playback switch, which is not shown in Fig. 1, has been turned on by a user. If the switch is on, the control proceeds with Step 2, and if not, the control is on stand-by.
  • Step 2 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2a 2b, ⁇ start the generation of playback timing for the sound material data pieces 1a, 1b, ⁇ .
  • step 3 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2a, 2b ⁇ count time.
  • Step 4 1/f fluctuation timing generators 2a, 2b, ⁇ test whether the counted time becomes the time when some sound material data piece is played back. If the counted time is the time when some sound material data piece is played back, then the control proceeds with Step 5, and if it is not, the control returns to Step 3 to continue the counting.
  • Step 5 output channel controller 7 judges if playback timing for more than one kind of sound material has simultaneously occurred. If playback timing for more than one kind of sound material has occurred, then the control proceeds with Step 6; otherwise the control proceeds with Step 7.
  • Step 6 output channel controller 7 determines the priority order of sound material data pieces for which playback timing has occurred based on the priority order stored in priority order memory 16. In Step 7, output channel controller 7 judges if first data reader 3a is busy; if it is not, then the control proceeds with Step 8, and otherwise the control proceeds with Step 13. In Step 8, output channel controller 7 assigns a sound material data piece of the higher priority to first data reader 3a. In Step 9, first data reader 3a reads the selected sound material data piece from sound material memory 1 to send the read signal data to first natural sound playback section 4a. In Step 10, first natural sound playback section 4a plays back the signal data sent from first data reader 3a to send the played-back signal to composite output device 15.
  • Step 11 output channel controller 7 monitors each 1/f fluctuation timing generator 2a, 2b, 2c, ⁇ to judge if there are sound material data pieces to be simultaneously played back. If there is no need for simultaneous playback, the control proceeds with Step 12; otherwise the control proceeds with Step 13.
  • Step 12 each 1/f fluctuation timing generator judges if the natural sound playback switch has been turned off. If the switch is off, then the control is terminated, and if the switch is not off, then the control returns to Step 2, and each timing generator starts the generation of the next playback timing for each sound material data piece.
  • output channel controller 7 selects a sound material data piece for second data reader 3b.
  • second data reader 3b reads the selected sound material data piece from sound material memory 1 to send the read signal data to second natural sound playback section 4b.
  • second natural sound playback section 4b plays back the signal data sent from second data reader 3b to send the played-back signal to composite output device 15.
  • Fig. 3 shows an example of a played-back signal of the present embodiment. If the sound material data pieces 1a, 1b, 1c shown in (a) of Fig. 3 are stored in sound material memory 1, and if the priority order is in the order of 1a, 1b, 1c, then as shown in (b), (c) and (d) of Fig. 3, playback timing is generated based on a predetermined 1/f fluctuation characteristics for each sound material data piece. Whenever a playback timing occurs, output channel controller 7 judges if each of first and second data readers 3a and 3b is busy to assign corresponding sound material data pieces to idle data readers. For example, the sound material data piece 1a is assigned to first data reader 3a at the timing point (1), and the sound material data piece 1b is assigned to second data reader 3b, since first data reader is busy.
  • a sound material data piece is assigned to first data reader 3a.
  • playback timing for three sound material data pieces occur at the same time, so that the sound material data pieces of higher priorities 1a and 1b are respectively assigned to first data reader 3a and second data reader 3b. Therefore, at the timing point (9), the sound material data pieces 1c is not played back, unlike the prior example. However, if too many sounds are simultaneously heard, they may be hard to perceive. Therefore, even if the number of simultaneously played back sounds are limited to two, naturalness is not much damaged.
  • output channel controller 7 assigns sound material pieces to idle playback channels of two playback channels, and if more than two playback timing points occur at the same time, output channel controller 7 assigns sound material data pieces of higher priorities based on a predetermined priority order stored in priority order memory 6. In this way, composite sounds of great naturalness can be produced by means of only two playback channels.
  • the number of playback channels have been two, but the number of playback channels does not have to be limited to two and can be three or four. In general, if the number of playback channels is fewer than the number of sound material data pieces, then the effects of the present invention are obtained.
  • the fluctuation rhythms are not limited to 1/f fluctuation. Greater naturalness may be obtained as a result of applying other fluctuation rhythms to the present embodiment by simulating nature through experiments. Only playback timing has been fluctuated in the present embodiment. However, fluctuation may also be generated for the volume and tone of sound. In this case, if data for level fluctuation and tone fluctuation are added to 1/f fluctuation timing generators besides timing data, and if natural sound playback sections are modified to be able to vary volume and tone, then the fluctuation of volume and tone can be realized.
  • a natural sound playback apparatus of the present invention comprises a sound material memory that stores m kinds of natural sounds as m sound material data pieces, m fluctuation simulators that create playback timing for natural sounds by simulating fluctuation in nature depending on each sound material piece, n data readers that read specified sound material data pieces from the sound material memory with specified timing, n natural sound playback sections that play back each signal read by each data reader, a priority memory that stores the priority order of sound material data pieces, and an output channel controller that monitors playback timing generated by m fluctuation simulators and, if some playback timing occurs, judges the operational states of the n data readers to assign the playback timing and corresponding sound material data pieces to idle data readers. Further, if playback timing for more than n sound material data pieces simultaneously occurs, then the output channel controller selects n sound material data pieces of higher priorities based on the priority order stored in the priority order memory.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the construction of a natural sound playback apparatus of the second embodiment
  • components having the same functions as the prior apparatus shown in Fig. 7 are denoted by the same symbols and their descriptions are simplified.
  • a 1/f fluctuation controller 13 has a timing generator 13a, a volume level generator 13b, and an LR volume generator 13c that obtains the balance of volume between left and right, based on 1/f fluctuation, to output natural sounds through two left and right speakers.
  • the present embodiment has an LR volume controller 17 that creates, from a signal output from a volume controller 6, a signal to be output from the left speaker and a signal to be output from the right speaker based on the balance between left and right obtained by LR volume generator 13c.
  • the present embodiment also has an Lch output device 18a and Rch output device 18b that respectively output two played-back sounds for left and right.
  • Step 8 1/f fluctuation controller 3 varies the magnitude of a played-back signal based on a value sent from volume level generator 13b and send the modified playback signal to LR volume controller 7.
  • Step 9 LR volume generator 13c obtains the balance of volume between left and right for the sound material data 2a to be currently played back and sends the balance to LR volume controller 17.
  • LR volume controller 17 creates two signals from the played-back signal depending on a value sent from LR volume generator 13c to send the signal to be output from left to Lch output device 18a and send the signal to be output from right to Rch output device 18b.
  • Step 11 Lch output device 18a and Rch output device 18b respectively outputs signals sent from LR volume controller 17 to audio systems (not illustrated) such as speakers.
  • Step 12 1/f fluctuation controller 13 judges if key switch for terminating the playback of natural sound has been turned on. If the key switch is turned on, the playback is terminated; otherwise the control returns to Step 2 and the next playback timing is generated.
  • Fig. 6 shows an example of played-back signal of natural sounds. Since the process until the playback level of natural sounds is controlled is the same as the prior art, the signal obtained after playback level is controlled is the same as the signal shown in (c) of Fig. 9 and now shown in (a) of Fig. 6.
  • (c) of Fig. 6 shows the balance of volume between left and right generated by LR volume generator 13c. For example, if the central level is 1, at the timing point (1), both left and right levels are 1. At the timing point (2), the left level is 1.4 and the right level is 0.6.
  • the Lch output signal shown in (c) of Fig. 6 is obtained by multiplying the signal obtained after playback level control by the Lch level shown in (b) of Fig. 6.
  • the level of the signal shown in (a) of Fig. 6 is multiplied by 1 at the timing point (1), and the level of the signal shown in (a) of Fig. 6 is multiplied by 1.4 at the timing point (2).
  • the Rch output signal shown in (d) of Fig. 6 is obtained by multiplying the signal obtained after playback level control by the Rch level shown in (b) of Fig. 6.
  • the level of the signal shown in (A) of Fig. 6 is multiplied by 1 at the timing point (1), and the level of the signal shown in (a) of Fig. 6 is multiplied by 0.4 at the timing point (2).
  • volume level generator 13b and volume controller 6 in Fig. 4 are removed from the second embodiment for the variation. Further, the function of LR volume generator 13c is enhanced to generate data obtained by combining the data indicating the balance of volume between left and right and the data indicating the volume level generated by volume level generator 13b in the second embodiment.
  • Steps 7 and 8 are removed, and In Step 9, volume level is also set as well as volume balance.
  • the second embodiment and its variation can produce natural sound of great naturalness by letting notes of birds and insects be heard from various locations at right and left using only two left and right speakers.
  • timing generator 13a which functions the same as timing generator 13a of the prior apparatus, generates data counted in Step 3.
  • timing generator can generates an instruction for calling the sound material data piece 2a at each playback timing point.
  • Step 2 is an instruction of starting the generation of timing
  • Step 3 is skipped
  • Step 4 tests if the call instruction has been issued.
  • an analog signal obtained by digital-to-analog conversion has been used for volume control and balance control.
  • a digital signal before the conversion can be used for the control.
  • a natural sound playback apparatus of the present invention comprises a sound material memory that stores a plurality of natural sounds as sound material data pieces, a 1/f fluctuation timing generator that creates playback timing for natural sounds depending on 1/f fluctuation inherent in each sound material data piece, a data reader that reads a specified sound material data piece from the sound material memory with specified timing, a natural sound playback section that plays back the signal data read by the data reader, a 1/f fluctuation volume level generator that obtains output volume at each playback timing point based on 1/f fluctuation inherent in each sound material data piece, a volume controller that controls the magnitude of the signal played back by the natural sound playback section based on a value obtained by the 1/f fluctuation level generator, an LR volume generator that obtains the balance of volume between left and right to output natural sound through two left and right speakers, an LR volume controller that creates, from the signal output from the volume controller, a signal output through a left speaker and a signal output through a right speaker, based on the balance

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
EP95303123A 1994-05-10 1995-05-09 Dispositif de réproduction du son naturel Expired - Lifetime EP0682336B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP96184/94 1994-05-10
JP9618494 1994-05-10
JP6096184A JP2917811B2 (ja) 1994-05-10 1994-05-10 自然音再生装置
JP302026/94 1994-12-06
JP30202694 1994-12-06
JP6302026A JPH08160980A (ja) 1994-12-06 1994-12-06 自然音再生装置

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0682336A2 true EP0682336A2 (fr) 1995-11-15
EP0682336A3 EP0682336A3 (fr) 1996-10-16
EP0682336B1 EP0682336B1 (fr) 2001-09-05

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95303123A Expired - Lifetime EP0682336B1 (fr) 1994-05-10 1995-05-09 Dispositif de réproduction du son naturel

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EP (1) EP0682336B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69522495T2 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2470711A (en) * 2008-01-07 2010-12-08 Paul Christopher Mcguone Sleep inducing device
DE102014107616A1 (de) * 2014-05-29 2015-12-03 Gerhard Danner System zur Minderung der Sprachverständlichkeit

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2642369B2 (ja) * 1987-12-28 1997-08-20 カシオ計算機株式会社 音量調整装置
JP2832202B2 (ja) * 1989-06-09 1998-12-09 清水建設株式会社 自然音再生装置
JP3231802B2 (ja) * 1991-05-15 2001-11-26 清水建設株式会社 自然環境音再生方法

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2470711A (en) * 2008-01-07 2010-12-08 Paul Christopher Mcguone Sleep inducing device
DE102014107616A1 (de) * 2014-05-29 2015-12-03 Gerhard Danner System zur Minderung der Sprachverständlichkeit
DE102014107616B4 (de) * 2014-05-29 2021-01-07 Gerhard Danner System und Verfahren zur Minderung der Sprachverständlichkeit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69522495T2 (de) 2002-04-25
DE69522495D1 (de) 2001-10-11
EP0682336A3 (fr) 1996-10-16
EP0682336B1 (fr) 2001-09-05

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