EP0726036B1 - Schuh mit kontrollierter Flexibilität - Google Patents

Schuh mit kontrollierter Flexibilität Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0726036B1
EP0726036B1 EP96100144A EP96100144A EP0726036B1 EP 0726036 B1 EP0726036 B1 EP 0726036B1 EP 96100144 A EP96100144 A EP 96100144A EP 96100144 A EP96100144 A EP 96100144A EP 0726036 B1 EP0726036 B1 EP 0726036B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
viscous
rod
shell base
boot according
tongue
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96100144A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0726036A1 (de
Inventor
René Borel
Claude Perrissoud
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Salomon SAS
Original Assignee
Salomon SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Salomon SAS filed Critical Salomon SAS
Publication of EP0726036A1 publication Critical patent/EP0726036A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0726036B1 publication Critical patent/EP0726036B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
    • A43B5/04—Ski or like boots
    • A43B5/0427—Ski or like boots characterised by type or construction details
    • A43B5/0452—Adjustment of the forward inclination of the boot leg
    • A43B5/0454—Adjustment of the forward inclination of the boot leg including flex control; Dampening means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sports shoes and in particular ski boots with shell at least partially rigid comprising a shell base surmounted by a rod at least partially swivel or flexible with respect to the shell base and whose pivoting is to be controlled or bending with respect to the shell base using a so-called bending control means.
  • the means of controlling the bending are constituted by devices capable of damping, over a certain amplitude of displacement in pivoting of the rod, the stresses induced by the support of the lower leg of the skier on this last, either voluntarily or by reaction of the ski.
  • These flex control devices put usually using elastically deformable means which, when released, restore enough energy to return the upper of the shoe to its initial position. They thus ensure what is commonly called “elastic return", that is to say the ability of the shoe to quickly regain its original position and / or shape.
  • flexural control means employ elastic means deformable similar to those of the devices which have just been described and are associated with systems and / or friction means involved between the rod and the shell base.
  • the documents FR 2 564 710 and FR 2 256 734 teach such combinations.
  • the parts of the rod and of the shell base which move relative to one another to each other are nested and sliding together, and connected by a bending control device comprising an elastically deformable means.
  • the overlapping of the parts of the rod and the shell base generate more or less dry sliding friction which absorb some of the energy that causes the stem to flex, and some of the energy restored by the elastic means when the stresses cease.
  • the bending control device is hampered in its operation thanks to the sliding friction which moderates the elastic deflection and which increases the resistance to bending of the stem. Furthermore, at rest there is a "sticking" effect between the nested surfaces due to part unlike the coefficients of friction in static and dynamic. So the weak stresses that may occur between the lower leg and the upper are largely absorbed thanks to this "bonding" effect which provides a definite advantage over the means and / or bending control devices whose action is simply progressive as in the examples previous documents US 3 619 914 and FR 2 557 776.
  • the upper of the shoe can bend forward and over a certain amplitude without the stresses being high and in particular without the skier does not perceive them on his lower leg.
  • the elastic return is as previously very lively and tends to cause the skier's imbalance when the latter returns to rear support after bending important on the front.
  • the flex control means consists only of a dry friction braking device.
  • the documents FR 2 073 201 and EP 135 184 describe such devices. These use friction elements which are interposed between the movable parts of the rod and the shell base and which are adjustable in pressure in order to vary the frictional force, and thus the resistance to bending of the rod of the shoe.
  • These devices have an operating range limited by stop zones which determine the bending amplitude of the rod relative to the shell base. They allow the rod to be braked by opposing, in principle, always the same braking force regardless of the bending position thereof and its direction of bending, forward or backward. These devices thus give the rod of the relatively constant flexibility and therefore provide the skier with a feeling of restraint noticeable on his lower leg, also damping the low stresses applied to the upper of the shoe due to the relatively high resistance which they constantly oppose, even at the start of bending. Furthermore, they do not provide elastic return of the rod after bending. forward, and therefore they do not tend to unbalance the skier.
  • the present invention proposes to solve the drawbacks of the flexure control means which precede by means of an improved means of controlling the displacement of a moving part of the shoe compared to another piece which provides substantially constant silent braking between the relatively mobile parts, simple to implement, easy to integrate into the general volume of the shoe, and a reduced manufacturing cost.
  • the sports shoe according to the invention comprises a shell base surmounted by a rod at least partially swivel or flexible, and the pivoting / bending with respect to the base hull is subject to the action of at least one means of controlling flexion.
  • a means of controlling bending consists of an element of a viscous material which is interposed between moving overlapping and moving parts of the shoe relatively relative to each other when the rod pivots, thereby forming a control of bending by viscous friction operating in both directions back and forth of the bending of the rod.
  • Such a viscous material produces a braking of the flexion movement of the rod which is perceptible on the lower leg of the skier from the start of the movement, whatever the flexed position of said rod and the sense of bending.
  • the braking-damping is variable depending on the speed of the stresses, i.e. the faster the stresses, the more powerful the braking, and Conversely.
  • it provides increased sealing between the rod and the shell base while avoiding precise adjustment of the moving parts therebetween.
  • the element of viscous material is preferably interposed between the walls of the rod and the base shell in an area where their overlap is permanent regardless of the amplitude of the flexion of the rod during skiing, and also in an area which does not open outwards particularly where the clamping and adjustment systems of the rod and / or the base are arranged shell on the lower leg and the skier's foot.
  • the element of viscous material can be placed in the heel area, in one and / or the lateral zone (s) of the shoe, or in the anterior zone of the shoe in correspondence with the above the foot and / or the front of the lower leg of the skier.
  • the element of viscous material, of pasty consistency, thus interposed between the moving parts overlapping rod and shell base provide a flexible seal that easily adapts and perfectly to the adjoining surfaces between which it extends, thereby ensuring sealing.
  • Her viscosity allowing it to be obtained in a small thickness, it is easy to put it in place in a very simplified and not very bulky structure, for example a shallow hollow, and therefore to integrate it easily in the overall volume of the shoe.
  • the element viscous ensures a practically silent sliding friction while opposing a certain resistance since the moving parts tend to spread it more each time they move.
  • the viscous element more or less opposes flow resistance or internal friction.
  • one can provide a more or less significant braking or damping which, in all cases, has the advantage of working in both directions of movement of the movable parts of the rod and of the shell base, and with a substantially constant resistance.
  • the viscous element more or less adheres to the adjoining surfaces. and has the advantage of offering a high resistance before allowing sliding during a shock or intense and brief solicitation.
  • the viscous element also makes it possible to absorb the brief stresses or shocks which are of low intensity and which intervene between the rod and the base hull, both in forward and backward bending.
  • the means of controlling the bending constituted by the viscous element is associated with an elastic flexure control device, possibly adjustable in amplitude and effort, and capable of ensuring the elastic return of the upper of the shoe bearing backwards on the hull base.
  • the viscous element then makes it possible to attenuate the too lively elastic references and removes feelings of play and / or blurring at the start of flexion.
  • the viscous element is placed in a hollow part, such as a sleeve, which belongs to one of the movable parts and another part, such as a plunger, is fixed by one end to the other of the moving parts, and engages in sliding in the hollow part by its another end which plunges into the viscous element.
  • a hollow part such as a sleeve
  • another part such as a plunger
  • the plunger is provided flexible so that when the upper of the shoe pivots forward, it offers it additional elastic resistance to viscous friction.
  • the plunger acts as an elastic means of controlling the bending. It ensures in particular the elastic return of the rod bearing backwards on the shell base while being held back by the viscous element. The elastic return thus cushioned does not tend to unbalance the skier.
  • the viscous element is interposed between two parts, immobilized on one of the relatively mobile parts of the rod and / or the shell base, and a member or plunger, fixed on the other of the moving parts and which passes between said parts. These are expected to be released in sliding. Thus, when they remain fixed, the viscous element is stressed on all surfaces contiguous. On the other hand, when one or both parts are free to slide, the viscous material does not works more than the surface of one of the two sliding parts or none of them. This arrangement therefore makes it possible to vary the value of the viscous friction by selection of the surfaces. stressed from the viscous element.
  • the material constituting the viscous element can be of any type and for example have a viscosity at 40 ° between 20 and 1,500 poises.
  • the viscosity is around 400 poises.
  • the material can also be mineral or organic fat.
  • the ski boots illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 11 are provided with a means of controlling the bending of the viscous friction type, such as a viscous element 1, and have, in a manner known per se, a shell base 2 provided with a sole 3, and a rod 4, in one or more parts, which is at least partially pivotable about an axis 5 relative to the shell base 2.
  • the pivoting can also be obtained by elastic deformation of the rod around an area weakened acting as an articulation as will be described with reference to Figures 5 to 7.
  • shell ski boots are obtained from plastic materials and also include at least one elastic means of controlling flexion of a known type which is intended to dampen the stresses induced by the support of the lower leg of the skier (not shown) on their rod 4, which elastic means determines what is commonly called stiffness.
  • the elastic means of controlling the bending consists in fact of the inherent flexibility of the shell base 2 and of the rod 4 in the region of their anterior overlap.
  • the lower front edge 4 'of the rod 4 is supported on the curved part 2' of the shell base 2, substantially in correspondence with the bending fold, and the rod 4 is pivotable on its axis 5 in the malleoli area. Therefore, any forward bending causes more or less engagement significant of said lower edge 4 ′ on part 2 ′, along a circular trajectory centered on axis 5, which slide one over the other and deform elastically as long as the stresses persist. From loosening, the curved part 2 'and the lower edge 4' relax and return approximately in their initial position causing the straightening of the rod 4 bearing backwards on a stop 6 of the hull base 2.
  • the viscous element 1 of the means of flexion control is arranged in the heel area 7 and is interposed between the walls 14 and 12 respectively of the rod 4 and of the shell base 2.
  • These walls 14 and 12 overlap in permanently and move relatively to each other when the rod 4 pivots by relative to the hull base 2, and vice versa.
  • These walls 14 and 12 thus constitute the parts relatively mobile which are in contact with the viscous element 1 and which are braked in translation by this out of their relative motion. The latter being urged to spread in the direction of movement during the front and rear bending of the rod 4, a shallow housing 11 is advantageously produced in one of the walls 12 or 14.
  • the shoe has a rear and / or central opening, and its upper 4 has a opening rear cover 27 and a cuff 26 retained in position on the shell base 2 using a elastic means for controlling flexion.
  • This elastic means is constituted by a flexible tab 20 anchored on the shell base 2 on the axis 5 and on a rivet 25.
  • this means elastic bending control provides elastic resistance in forward bending and provides elastic return as soon as it is released.
  • the rear cover 27 opening widely the rear part of the rod 4 and the shell base 2 the viscous element 1 is then placed on at least one of the sides of the shoe, between the walls 24 and 22 respectively of the cuff 26 of the rod 4 and of the base of shell 2.
  • the viscous element 1 remains caught between the walls 24 and 22 which are the moving parts in contact with the viscous element 1.
  • the element viscous 1 is advantageously placed in a housing 11.
  • the shoe is also opening towards the rear, but, in this mode of construction, the front cover 36, or cuff, is retained in position on the shell base 2 by means an elastic device for controlling flexion 30.
  • This elastic device 30 comprises a bar 31 more or less flexible and a slider 33, adjustable in position on the bar 33, which comes out of the support stop at the lower front edge of the cuff 36. This device is able to flex elastically when the sleeve 36 is biased in pivoting forwards and to return said sleeve 36 towards the rear in its initial position when the stresses cease.
  • a means of controlling the flexion of the viscous friction type is used on the upper front part of the shell base 2, and that facing the rod 4.
  • the cuff 36 is provided with a tongue 34 which, by its free end, slides in a room hollow or sheath 32 fixed to the shell base 2 and more or less filled by the viscous element 1.
  • the relatively mobile parts between them are in this case constituted by the tongue 34 and the sleeve 32 which can be obtained in one piece in the walls of the cuff 36 and the base of shell 2 or attached thereto.
  • the shoe of Figures 5 and 6 has a lockable rod 4 on the shell base 2 by through an elastic interlocking system, 40-light pin 41, formed between the rod 4 and wings 46 coming from the hull base 2.
  • the rod 4 can be opened on the front and is articulated on a axis 47 in the heel area of the shell base 2.
  • a lateral stop 48 fixed on the sides of the hull base 2, blocks rod 4 forwards when it is closed in the skiing position on the lower leg of the skier.
  • a flexion slot 49 extending transversely in the dorsal region of the shoe substantially between the elastic interlocking system 40-41 and the stop 48, is provided for allow the rod 4 to bend forward by elastic deformation of the material bridge 45 remaining between said system 40-41 and the stop 48, and approximately around a fictitious axis 5.
  • This structure in fact constitutes the means of bending and the elastic means of controlling the bending of the rod relative to the shell base.
  • a tongue 44 fixed on the shell base 2, for example on the hinge pin 47, extends vertically on the dorsal region of the rod 4 and engages by its free end so sliding in a hollow part 42 integral with said rod 4.
  • this hollow part 42 is more or less filled with the viscous element 1.
  • the mobile parts are, in this construction, constituted by the tongue 44 and the hollow part 42.
  • the tongue 44 can be obtained in one piece with the rod 4 as shown in Figure 7, the operation remains identical.
  • the tongue 44 can be provided more or less flexible in order to also participate flexural control simultaneously with its action on the viscous element 1 of damping of movements.
  • the ski boot illustrated in FIGS. 8 to 11 has a front opening, and its upper 4 is cushioned in its movements in bending around its axis 5 by means of a viscous element 1 interposed between a tongue 54 and two parts 55 and 56 between which it is free to slide, all being located in a sheath 51 fixed on the rod 4.
  • the parts which are relatively mobile are, in this case, the parts 55-56 and the tongue 54.
  • a turning part 57 provided with a lug 57 ' can be positioned on the sheath 51, in a case, FIGS. 8 and 9, coming into engagement by its lug 57 'in corresponding holes obtained in parts 55 and 56, and in the other case, FIG.
  • the flexural control means 1 with viscous friction is arranged in the upper dorsal region of the rod 4, the tongues 44 and 54 having their free ends pointing upwards. It is obvious that this control means 1 can be adapted to the lower dorsal region of the rod 4, and in this case, the tongues 44 and 54 come by their free ends, plunge down into the sheaths 42 and 51. The viscous element 1 is thus also held in position by its own weight.
  • the turning part 57 can be provided with a lug 58 of dimension shorter than that 57 ', so that in position in engagement it does not block that one 55 of the sliding parts.
  • the tongue 54 does not rub while on the part 55 blocked by the lug 58.
  • the application of the viscous element is not limited to a ski boot, but extends to any sports shoe comprising an at least partially rigid shell base and also an upper at least partially rigid and a rod also at least partially rigid and comprising in particular a rigid collar which can pivot or flex relative to the shell base, and in which we wish to slow down the bending / pivoting movement of the front and rear rod relative to the shell base, for example, cross-country ski boot, skating shoe, ice skate, surf ...

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Sportschuh mit einer Schalenbasis (2) von einem Schaft (4) überbaut, der mindestens teilweise beweglich oder flexibel ist und dessen Verschwenkung/Durchfederung in Bezug auf die Schalenbasis (2) der Wirkung von mindestens einem Durchfederungssteuermittel unterliegt, das zwischen beweglichen Abschnitten (14-12, 24-22, 34-32-44-12, 54-55-56) angeordnet ist, die sich überlappen und verschieben relativ zueinander, wenn der Schaft schwenkt,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    das Durchfederungssteuermittel gebildet ist aus einem Element (1) aus Viskosematerial, das eine Steuerung der Durchfederung durch Viskosereibung bildet, die die Besonderheit hat, daß sie als Funktion der Geschwindigkeit der Beanspruchungen variiert.
  2. Sportschuh nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die beweglichen Abschnitte (14-12, 24-22, 34-32), zwischen denen das Viskoseelement (1) eingefügt ist, gebildet werden durch die Wände des Schaftes (4) und der Schalenbasis (2) in einem Bereich, in dem sie sich ständig überdecken, wenn der Schaft sich bewegt.
  3. Sportschuh nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die beweglichen Abschnitte (34-32, 44-42, 54-55-56), zwischen denen das Viskoseelement (1) eingefügt ist, gebildet sind durch Elemente, die angesetzt sind auf dem Schaft (4) und der Schalenbasis (2) und die durch Gleiten miteinander zusammenwirken.
  4. Sportschuh nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Viskoseelement (1) in einer Aufnahme (11) mit geringer Tiefe angeordnet ist, welche in einer der Wände (14-12, 24-22, 34-32) gebildet ist, zwischen welchen sie eingefügt ist.
  5. Sportschuh nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Viskoseelement (1) in einem hohlen Element angebracht ist, wie beispielsweise einer Scheide, die einen (32, 42) der beweglichen Abschnitte bildet, und daß ein anderes Element, wie beispielsweise eine Zunge, welche an einem Ende befestigt ist, gleitend in das hohle Element eingreift an seinem anderen Ende, das in das Viskoseelement (1) eintaucht, und das andere (34, 44) der beweglichen Abschnitte bildet,
  6. Sportschuh nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Scheide (42) und die Zunge (44) im Rückenbereich des Schuhs angeordnet sind, der sich über dem Absatz erstreckt.
  7. Sportschuh nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zunge (34, 44) flexibel ist und ein elastisches Durchfederungssteuermittel bildet, das sich der Durchfederung des Schaftes (4) nach vorne widersetzt und seine elastische Rückkehr nach hinten sicherstellt, wobei seine Funktionen in beide Richtungen durch das Viskoseelement (1) gedämpft wird.
  8. Sportschuh nach einem beliebigen der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das durch Viskosereibung (1) wirkende Durchfederungssteuermittel auf mindestens einer Flanke des Schuhs zwischen dem Schaft (4) und der Schalenbasis (2) angeordnet ist.
  9. Sportschuh nach einem beliebigen der vorangegangenen Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das durch Viskosereibung (1) wirkende Durchfederungssteuermittel angeordnet ist auf einem vorderen Abschnitt des Schuhs entsprechend oberhalb des Fußes und vor dem unteren Bereich des Beins des Trägers.
  10. Sportschuh nach einem beliebigen der Ansprüche 1 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Viskoseelement (1) eingefügt ist zwischen einem Element, wie beispielsweise einer Zunge (54), und zwei Teilen (55-56), zwischen denen es frei gleiten kann, und daß mindestens eines der Teile (55-56) in der Bewegung frei in der gleichen Richtung wie die Zunge (54) ist, um den Wert der Viskosereibung zu verändern.
EP96100144A 1995-02-10 1996-01-08 Schuh mit kontrollierter Flexibilität Expired - Lifetime EP0726036B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9501699A FR2730390B1 (fr) 1995-02-10 1995-02-10 Chaussure a flexibilite controlee
FR9501699 1995-02-10

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0726036A1 EP0726036A1 (de) 1996-08-14
EP0726036B1 true EP0726036B1 (de) 1999-06-09

Family

ID=9476138

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96100144A Expired - Lifetime EP0726036B1 (de) 1995-02-10 1996-01-08 Schuh mit kontrollierter Flexibilität

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5752331A (de)
EP (1) EP0726036B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH08256804A (de)
AT (1) ATE180949T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69602774T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2730390B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH692231A5 (fr) * 1998-03-12 2002-04-15 Lange Internat Sa Chaussure pour sport de glisse.
FR2793391B1 (fr) * 1999-05-12 2001-06-08 Salomon Sa Chaussure de ski de fond
FR2814963B1 (fr) * 2000-10-06 2003-01-10 Salomon Sa Dispositif de retenue d'une chaussure sur une planche de glisse, de roulage ou de marche destinee a la pratique d'un sport
FR2816174B1 (fr) * 2000-11-09 2003-09-05 Salomon Sa Protection d'une articulation
ITPD20020067A1 (it) * 2002-03-15 2003-09-15 Dolomite Spa Calzatura sportiva, particolarmente per sci, pattinaggio o snow-board.
US7293372B2 (en) * 2004-10-08 2007-11-13 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Footwear upper with flexible collar assembly
USD659976S1 (en) 2010-11-12 2012-05-22 Saucony, Inc. Article of footwear
US8555525B2 (en) 2011-01-18 2013-10-15 Saucony Ip Holdings Llc Footwear
US8732982B2 (en) 2011-01-18 2014-05-27 Saucony IP Holdings, LLC Footwear
US8839531B2 (en) 2011-07-19 2014-09-23 Saucony Ip Holdings Llc Footwear
EP2572599B1 (de) * 2011-09-26 2015-04-22 Rossignol Lange S.R.L. Schale für Skischuh mit Spoiler
CN112823045B (zh) * 2018-12-27 2023-03-14 王雷 基于弧形弹簧而具有弹性转动机制的滑雪靴

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH512204A (de) * 1969-12-23 1971-09-15 Rieker & Co Dr Justus Skistiefel
DE2066105C3 (de) * 1970-05-23 1981-06-04 TMC Corp., 6340 Baar, Zug Skistiefel
AT384351B (de) * 1980-10-16 1987-11-10 Koeflach Sportgeraete Gmbh Skischuh
FR2498061B1 (fr) * 1981-01-20 1985-05-31 Articles Sport Cie Fse Chaussure de ski
IT8323006V0 (it) * 1983-09-19 1983-09-19 Nordica Spa Dispositivo per la regolazione della flessibilita' particolarmente per scarponi da sci ad entrata posteriore.
FR2564710B1 (fr) * 1984-05-25 1991-08-16 Salomon & Fils F Chaussure de ski
DE3726904A1 (de) * 1987-08-13 1989-02-23 Klaus Gausrab Stiefel, insbesondere skistiefel
CH677174A5 (de) * 1988-10-10 1991-04-30 Lange Int Sa
CH679440A5 (de) * 1988-11-21 1992-02-28 Raichle Sportschuh Ag
FR2694205B1 (fr) * 1992-07-31 1994-09-23 Salomon Sa Perfectionnement pour dispositif d'amortissement pour ski.
FR2701215B1 (fr) * 1993-02-05 1995-04-14 Salomon Sa Perfectionnement pour dispositif d'amortissement pour ski et ski équipé d'un tel dispositif.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH08256804A (ja) 1996-10-08
DE69602774T2 (de) 1999-12-16
ATE180949T1 (de) 1999-06-15
FR2730390B1 (fr) 1997-04-04
EP0726036A1 (de) 1996-08-14
FR2730390A1 (fr) 1996-08-14
US5752331A (en) 1998-05-19
DE69602774D1 (de) 1999-07-15

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