EP0775534A2 - Installation automatique pour le nettoyage de pièces - Google Patents

Installation automatique pour le nettoyage de pièces Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0775534A2
EP0775534A2 EP96117395A EP96117395A EP0775534A2 EP 0775534 A2 EP0775534 A2 EP 0775534A2 EP 96117395 A EP96117395 A EP 96117395A EP 96117395 A EP96117395 A EP 96117395A EP 0775534 A2 EP0775534 A2 EP 0775534A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
cleaning liquid
workpiece
workpieces
channel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96117395A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0775534B1 (fr
EP0775534A3 (fr
Inventor
Otfried Meyer
Karl-Heinz Wüller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ecoclean GmbH
Original Assignee
Duerr Ecoclean GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Duerr Ecoclean GmbH filed Critical Duerr Ecoclean GmbH
Publication of EP0775534A2 publication Critical patent/EP0775534A2/fr
Publication of EP0775534A3 publication Critical patent/EP0775534A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0775534B1 publication Critical patent/EP0775534B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B5/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use of air flow or gas flow
    • B08B5/02—Cleaning by the force of jets, e.g. blowing-out cavities
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
    • B08B3/02—Cleaning by the force of jets or sprays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B2230/00—Other cleaning aspects applicable to all B08B range
    • B08B2230/01—Cleaning with steam

Definitions

  • Workpieces in particular those that have been processed by grinding, drilling, milling, turning, sawing, thread cutting and the like, often require thorough cleaning to remove chips, abrasive grains and the like, but also residues of processing fluids such as cutting and cooling oils or others Remove machining residues as completely as possible.
  • cleaning has hitherto been carried out almost exclusively by cleaning the workpieces with a cleaning liquid (organic solvents or aqueous cleaning liquids containing surfactants) by spraying and / or dipping and then drying them.
  • a cleaning liquid organic solvents or aqueous cleaning liquids containing surfactants
  • a primitive type of workpiece cleaning without the use of a cleaning fluid is particularly common in metalworking companies: After processing, the workpiece is blown off manually using a compressed air nozzle, with the result that chips and other machining residues are blown into the environment, which results in a very high level disturbing pollution of the workplace.
  • a cleaning system has already become known, with which dust is to be blown off the surfaces of workpieces, such as bodies to be painted.
  • This known system has a channel-like lock chamber, which at both ends can be closed by an inlet-side and an outlet-side lifting gate and in which a roller track extending over the entire length of the lock chamber is arranged, on which the objects to be cleaned are placed and with which the latter are moved through the lock chamber.
  • this known system has an air circulation system with a fan for conveying air to two annular blown air ducts which are spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the duct forming the lock chamber and each of which is formed by four straight segments which lead into the interior of the lock chamber protruding channel.
  • the lock chamber is provided with an air suction duct, which is likewise designed in a ring shape and to which two mechanical air filters connected in series are arranged, from which the blower sucks the air again.
  • the workpieces to be cleaned are clocked through the lock chamber using the roller conveyor;
  • the lift gate on the inlet side is first opened, whereupon a first workpiece to be cleaned or a first batch of workpieces to be cleaned is introduced into the lock chamber and placed on the roller conveyor.
  • the lift gate on the inlet side is closed, whereupon the air circuit is put into operation and the workpiece or workpieces are passed through the first annular blown air duct and are stopped in front of the second annular blown air duct. Then the inlet-side lifting gate is opened again, the lock chamber is loaded with the next batch, the inlet-side lifting gate is closed again and the roller conveyor is clocked one step further, the first batch passing the second annular blown air duct and the second batch passing the first blown air duct etc.
  • the cleaning system resulting from DE-A-34 19 028 is in principle not suitable for many and in particular the applications mentioned at the outset, because blown air jets do not succeed, dried or oily / greasy dirt, as is often typical for machined workpieces to be sufficiently removed from such workpieces.
  • a workpiece cleaning by means of blown air jets naturally has the advantages that the workpieces do not subsequently have to be dried in a complex manner and that it is also not necessary to convey and reprocess large quantities of a cleaning liquid, as is the case with immersion and / or spray cleaning of workpieces using a cleaning liquid.
  • the invention was based on the object of using the advantages of cleaning the workpieces by means of blown air jets in an automatically operating cleaning system, in particular thus eliminating the need for expensive workpiece drying and a relatively low energy requirement, but at the same time significantly improving the cleaning effect.
  • the basic idea of the invention is to provide a relatively small amount to a blast air jet which brings about the cleaning to be added to a cleaning liquid in such a way that the blast air jet hitting a workpiece to be cleaned contains the cleaning liquid at least predominantly in droplet form, so that a significant pulse can be transmitted to the dirt to be removed with each of the droplets carried by the blown air; nevertheless, because of the small amount of the cleaning liquid added to the blown air, the workpieces are only slightly damp during cleaning, so that complex workpiece drying following cleaning is not necessary.
  • an automatically operating cleaning system for removing processing residues from workpieces which has a cleaning station to which a channel for receiving at least one workpiece to be cleaned is assigned, and with a workpiece transport device for introducing the workpieces to be cleaned into the channel and for Removal of the cleaned workpieces from the channel and with at least one blowing nozzle directed into the interior of the channel and thus onto the workpieces to be cleaned, in order to act upon the workpiece with a blowing air jet which is connected upstream of an air conveyor for supplying air to the blowing nozzle, the channel having an outlet for discharging the used blown air, the aforementioned object can be solved constructively according to the present invention in that the air conveyor is designed in such a way that it provides at least approximately 600 m 3 / h of air per blower nozzle with a pressure of at most about 0.5 bar promotes that a cleaning liquid supply device is provided for injecting approximately 3 to 15 l / h per blowing nozzle of a cleaning liquid into the blown air jet downstream of the air
  • oily and other processing residues and the like carried along with the used blown air can also be separated from the used blown air, so that it is in principle possible to use the used blown air to lead into the environment or outdoors; in addition, there are only comparatively small amounts of used cleaning fluid, which must be disposed of or reprocessed.
  • the dirt detached from the workpieces can be easily removed from the used cleaning liquid with a conventional cyclone separator, so that it is easily possible to reuse the used cleaning liquid after appropriate preparation, although the small amounts of cleaning liquid required for cleaning according to the invention are also allow economical disposal of used cleaning fluid.
  • water can be used as the cleaning liquid in a cleaning according to the invention, to which at most small amounts (up to a maximum of about 10%) of a chemical cleaning agent, in particular surfactants, are added.
  • a chemical cleaning agent in particular surfactants
  • the air conveyors required for cleaning workpieces with blown air jets lead to considerable heating the conveyed air, especially if the air used for cleaning is circulated; blowing off with hot air has an unfavorable effect on some workpieces, in particular on workpieces made of certain plastics, a disadvantage which is avoided in the cleaning according to the invention in that the cleaning liquid injected into the blown air downstream of the air conveyor has a cooling effect.
  • heating the cleaned workpieces causes the workpieces that had previously become damp during cleaning to dry off quickly.
  • the agents to be provided according to the invention can be easily retrofitted to any cleaning system working with blown air jets, and since the air conveyor should not convey the blown air to the blower nozzle under high pressure (at most approx. 0.5 bar, better still at most 0.3 bar) Energy requirements of the cleaning system are relatively low.
  • DE-31 30 560-A1 also describes a prior art (DE-29 29 376-A1) which should be improved by the invention according to DE-31 30 560-A1 and according to the water behind the air -High pressure pump is introduced into the compressed air jet, directly in a compressed air nozzle; This prior art is criticized in DE-31 30 560-A1 for a low cleaning effect, caused by the fact that the water can only absorb a little kinetic energy and the kinetic energy required to accelerate the water is extracted from the compressed air jet.
  • the cleaning liquid can be injected into the blown air jet upstream of the blower nozzle, but it may be advantageous to inject the cleaning liquid into the blown air as shortly before or even within the blower nozzle so that the small quantities of liquid added to the blown air reach the workpieces to be cleaned as far as possible in droplets , d. H. that as little cleaning liquid as possible evaporates beforehand.
  • the channel need not be a channel which is closed on its circumference, for example it could have a U-shaped cross section and be open at the top or only two in the direction of movement of the workpieces side splash protection walls running parallel to one another are formed.
  • embodiments are preferred in which the channel is closed on all sides except for an inlet and an outlet opening or a single inlet and outlet opening for the workpieces.
  • Such embodiments enable a further improvement of the cleaning system according to the invention such that the blown air is at least almost completely circulated; a corresponding embodiment is characterized by a closed blown air circuit containing the duct and the air conveyor, the blower nozzle and the liquid separating device (apart from the fact that extremely small blown air quantities can escape through the inlet and outlet opening of the duct). Since, as already mentioned, the cleaning liquid in the blown air jet should be at least predominantly in droplet form, it is unproblematic to separate the used cleaning liquid together with dirt from the blown air circulated behind the cleaning station, e.g. B. on a baffle.
  • the air conveyor is affected as little as possible by the used cleaning liquid and the dirt contained in it, it is recommended to arrange the liquid separating device downstream of the outlet of the duct and upstream of the air conveyor, and in order to also separate dirt carried along by the actual blowing air from the blowing air from the blowing air , it is recommended that a dirt separator for separating dirt removed from the workpieces from the blown air is also provided in the blown air circuit downstream of the outlet of the duct and upstream of the air conveyor, which dirt separator can be a simple mechanical filter.
  • the cleaning system according to the invention In contrast to the known cleaning system resulting from DE-A-34 19 028, it is recommended for the cleaning system according to the invention to arrange the outlet of the channel on a bottom of the latter, so as to take into account the fact that the walls of the channel act as baffle walls act for the cleaning liquid droplets carried by the blown air, ie as liquid separating elements.
  • the blown air nozzle or a plurality of blown air nozzles could be held by a robot-like handling device and moved along the workpieces to be cleaned and / or around them; However, it is simpler to design the blow nozzle so that it has an air outlet opening at least substantially enclosing the workpiece to be cleaned and the blow nozzle and workpiece are moved relative to one another transversely to this air outlet opening, in particular by the fact that the workpieces are transported through the transport device through the Blow nozzle are passed through.
  • the workpiece transport device in such a way that it has an endless conveying element which extends through the channel and which then also extends through the air outlet opening of the blowing nozzle; the channel and the workpiece transport device can thus be designed in particular as described and / or claimed in the unpublished DE-44 25 765-A1 (older patent application P 44 25 765.1) from Dürr GmbH.
  • the workpiece transport device can also have a slide-like workpiece carrier which pushes the workpieces into the channel and pulls them out again, the workpieces passing through the blowing nozzle (s).
  • the region of the transport device carrying the workpiece is permeable to air transversely to the longitudinal direction of the channel, because then the blown air can be directed from all directions onto the workpieces carried by the transport device.
  • the cleaning liquid to be injected into the blown air could be sucked into the blown air jet via a suitably designed nozzle and thereby atomized, whereby this nozzle could be designed such that it also takes over the dosing of the cleaning liquid.
  • the cleaning liquid supply device has a metering pump and / or a metering valve for metering the cleaning liquid to be injected into the blown air jet.
  • the easiest way to measure the amount of liquid to be injected into the blown air jet is with a metering pump and / or a metering valve.
  • the cleaning effect of the cleaning liquid is based predominantly on the fact that the liquid droplets transmit appreciable impulses to the workpiece surfaces to be cleaned, it is even possible to work with pure water in a cleaning according to the invention; for stubborn soiling, however, it can be expedient to use water as the cleaning liquid which contains up to approximately 3% by volume, preferably 1 to 2%, of a detergent active in washing.
  • the air conveyor is designed such that the air of the blower nozzle is at a pressure of at most about 0. 3 bar, preferably of only about 0.2 bar is supplied.
  • a pressure of at most about 0. 3 bar preferably of only about 0.2 bar is supplied.
  • the cleaning system shown as a whole in FIG. 1 has a channel 10 which is closed everywhere on its circumference - apart from openings described in the following - but is open at both ends; 1 on the left-hand end thus forms an inlet / outlet opening 12 for the workpieces to be cleaned.
  • Approximately in the middle of the channel 10 is surrounded by an annular blow nozzle 14, which also has an annular nozzle opening 16 illustrated by arrows - at this point the wall of the channel 10 has an annular slot.
  • the blow nozzle 14 does not protrude into the interior of the channel 10 and is preferably designed as described and illustrated in patent application P 44 25 765.1.
  • the nozzle opening 16 is oriented such that the blowing nozzle 14 generates an annular jet of blowing air, which is directed into the interior of the channel 10 and is slightly inclined towards the inlet / outlet opening 12.
  • the bottom of the duct 10 is formed by a suction funnel 18, while the rest of the inside cross section of the duct 10 is constant over its entire length.
  • the inlet / outlet opening 12 is associated with a workpiece transport device with which a workpiece 20 to be cleaned can be introduced through the inlet / outlet opening into the channel 10, pushed through the nozzle opening 16 and then pulled out of the channel 10 again;
  • this workpiece transport device comprises a slide rod 22 extending in the longitudinal direction of the channel 10, which can be held by means not shown and pushed back and forth in the longitudinal direction of the channel 10, and a workpiece carrier 24 held by the slide rod 22, at its two ends in each case a bulkhead 26 or 28 is attached.
  • the workpiece carrier 24 forms a vertically air-permeable support for a workpiece 20 to be cleaned, while the two bulkheads 26 and 28 are air-impermeable and - apart from the area of the suction funnel 18 - can slide sealingly along the inner wall of the channel 10.
  • the workpiece carrier 24 is designed so long that after the introduction of a workpiece 20 to be cleaned into the channel 10 in the starting position of the workpiece carrier shown in FIG. 1 for the cleaning process, the bulkhead 28 is somewhat behind, ie. H. 1 to the right of the nozzle opening 16, while the bulkhead 26 is approximately at the left end of FIG. 1 of the suction funnel 18.
  • the duct 10 together with the blowing nozzle 14 is part of an at least substantially closed blowing air circuit 30, the parts of which are to be described below:
  • a barrel-shaped separator 34 which has on its upper side an outlet opening, not shown, to which a second suction line 36 is connected.
  • the latter connects the separating device 34 to the suction side of a blown air fan 38, to the outlet of which a blown air line 40 is connected. Through this, the blown air conveyed by the fan 38 is fed to the blower nozzle 14.
  • a cleaning liquid to be used in the cleaning process is stored in a cleaning liquid tank 42; cleaning liquid is drawn off from this by means of a metering pump 44 and a suction line 46 and conveyed into a pressure line 48 which contains an adjustable metering valve 50.
  • the pressure line 48 is sealed into the blown air line 40 and ends there in a nozzle 50, with the aid of which the cleaning liquid is injected into the blown air stream shortly before the blower nozzle 14, in such a way that the latter metered the metered amount Cleaning liquid leads essentially in droplet form.
  • the injection of the cleaning liquid somewhat upstream of the annular blowing nozzle 14 has the advantage that one single nozzle 50 is sufficient and does not require several nozzles distributed over the circumference of the blowing nozzle 14.
  • the separating device 34 contains a cyclone separator 60 approximately halfway up, which can be of a construction known per se and therefore does not have to be described and illustrated in detail. It serves to separate cleaning liquid droplets and dirt, which has been removed from the cleaned workpiece, from the blown air stream sucked out of the duct 10 via the suction line 32, with the aid of Centrifugal forces which are generated in that the blown air to be cleaned forms a vortex in the cyclone separator 60, namely below an approximately funnel-shaped intermediate wall 62 of the separating device 34. Solid particle dirt 64 originating from the cleaned workpiece then sediments on the bottom of the separating device 34 while e.g. B. contaminated by cutting oils cleaning liquid 66 over the solid particle dirt 64 in the separator 34.
  • the blown air cleaned by the cyclone separator 60 enters the upper part of the separating device 34 through an opening in the center of the intermediate wall 62 and passes through replaceable filter candles 70, whereupon the blown air cleaned in this way reaches the suction line 36.
  • the contaminated cleaning liquid 66 is drawn off from the separating device 34, specifically by means of a drain line 72, which preferably contains a valve 74.
  • the drain line 72 leads to a processing device 76, only shown schematically, in which fats, oils or other similar contaminants are separated from the cleaning liquid in a manner known per se and which is also to contain a pump with which the cleaned cleaning liquid is conveyed back into the cleaning liquid tank 42 becomes.
  • the workpiece carrier 24 can also be loaded with several workpieces to be cleaned instead of with a single workpiece 20 shown in FIG. 1.
  • the fan 38 and the metering pump 44 are switched on and the workpiece carrier 24 is slowly moved from left to right as shown in FIG. 1 until all areas of the workpiece to be cleaned have passed the annular nozzle opening 16; 1, the workpiece carrier 24 is then pulled back from the right to the left into its starting position shown in FIG. 1 and then pulled out together with the cleaned workpiece from the channel 10 to the left.
  • the slide rod 22 can be replaced by a double-acting, horizontally displaceable pressure medium cylinder, which has a piston rod holding the workpiece carrier 24 and is also provided with a bulkhead 1, which after the insertion of the workpiece carrier 24 into the channel 10 closes its left end according to FIG. 1 in an airtight manner - because of the bulkhead 28, neither blown air nor dirt can escape from the right open end of the channel 10 during the cleaning process.
  • a double-acting, horizontally displaceable pressure medium cylinder which has a piston rod holding the workpiece carrier 24 and is also provided with a bulkhead 1, which after the insertion of the workpiece carrier 24 into the channel 10 closes its left end according to FIG. 1 in an airtight manner - because of the bulkhead 28, neither blown air nor dirt can escape from the right open end of the channel 10 during the cleaning process.
  • channel and the workpiece transport device could also be designed as described and / or claimed in application P 44 25 765.1.

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  • Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
EP96117395A 1995-11-25 1996-10-30 Installation automatique pour le nettoyage de pièces Expired - Lifetime EP0775534B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19544074A DE19544074C2 (de) 1995-11-25 1995-11-25 Automatisch arbeitende Reinigungsanlage für Werkstücke
DE19544074 1995-11-25

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0775534A2 true EP0775534A2 (fr) 1997-05-28
EP0775534A3 EP0775534A3 (fr) 1998-06-24
EP0775534B1 EP0775534B1 (fr) 2001-01-10

Family

ID=7778466

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96117395A Expired - Lifetime EP0775534B1 (fr) 1995-11-25 1996-10-30 Installation automatique pour le nettoyage de pièces

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5730163A (fr)
EP (1) EP0775534B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19544074C2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2153068T3 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2777816A1 (fr) * 1998-04-28 1999-10-29 Hydro Engineering Manufacture Dispositif modulaire de realisation d'une ou plusieurs operations de traitement superficiel sur des pieces notamment de petites dimensions

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DE19637086C2 (de) * 1996-09-12 1999-06-24 Duerr Ecoclean Gmbh Automatisch arbeitende Reinigungsanlage für Werkstücke
US7146991B2 (en) 2002-01-23 2006-12-12 Cinetic Automation Corporation Parts washer system
US7524771B2 (en) * 2002-10-29 2009-04-28 Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. Substrate processing method using alkaline solution and acid solution
US7338565B2 (en) * 2003-08-21 2008-03-04 Cinetic Automation Corporation Housingless washer
US7353832B2 (en) * 2003-08-21 2008-04-08 Cinetic Automation Corporation Housingless washer
DE202007010587U1 (de) 2007-07-27 2008-12-11 Tipper Tie Technopack Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Raffen von mit Füllgut gefüllten Wurstdärmen
DE102007047934A1 (de) 2007-12-20 2009-06-25 Moll Maschinenbau Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Reinigung von Werkstücken
DE102008058869B4 (de) * 2008-11-26 2012-04-12 Robert Sporer Abblas-Gerät
DE102015118619A1 (de) * 2015-10-30 2017-05-04 Krones Ag Vorrichtung zum Behandeln von Behältern
WO2018017752A1 (fr) * 2016-07-21 2018-01-25 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. Bac et solution d'air à grande vitesse
CN107695011B (zh) * 2017-11-09 2023-08-01 重庆渝江压铸有限公司 一种工件清洗机
CN109856817A (zh) * 2019-01-03 2019-06-07 苏州市星光精密机械有限公司 Vr清洁设备
CN109998717B (zh) * 2019-03-21 2021-03-12 上海美冠达牙科技术有限公司 固定义齿的加工工艺

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DE2929376A1 (de) 1979-07-20 1981-02-05 Martin Dietrich Verfahren und vorrichtung zur feldreinigung von rodungsfruechten
DE3130560A1 (de) 1981-08-01 1983-03-03 Martin 8851 Mertingen Dietrich Verfahren und vorrichtung zur reinigung von verschmutzten gegenstaenden mit luft
DE3419028A1 (de) 1984-04-05 1985-11-21 Kessler & Luch Gmbh, 6300 Giessen Verfahren zum reinigen von koerpern mit luftstrahlen und vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
DE4223006A1 (de) 1992-07-13 1994-01-20 Edmar Link Vorrichtung zum Behandeln von Werkstücken mit einem Druckfluid
DE4425765A1 (de) 1994-07-21 1996-01-25 Duerr Gmbh & Co Verfahren und Anlage zum Reinigen von Werkstücken mittels eines Druckluftstrahles

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Patent Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2929376A1 (de) 1979-07-20 1981-02-05 Martin Dietrich Verfahren und vorrichtung zur feldreinigung von rodungsfruechten
DE3130560A1 (de) 1981-08-01 1983-03-03 Martin 8851 Mertingen Dietrich Verfahren und vorrichtung zur reinigung von verschmutzten gegenstaenden mit luft
DE3419028A1 (de) 1984-04-05 1985-11-21 Kessler & Luch Gmbh, 6300 Giessen Verfahren zum reinigen von koerpern mit luftstrahlen und vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
DE4223006A1 (de) 1992-07-13 1994-01-20 Edmar Link Vorrichtung zum Behandeln von Werkstücken mit einem Druckfluid
DE4425765A1 (de) 1994-07-21 1996-01-25 Duerr Gmbh & Co Verfahren und Anlage zum Reinigen von Werkstücken mittels eines Druckluftstrahles

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2777816A1 (fr) * 1998-04-28 1999-10-29 Hydro Engineering Manufacture Dispositif modulaire de realisation d'une ou plusieurs operations de traitement superficiel sur des pieces notamment de petites dimensions

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE59606306D1 (de) 2001-02-15
DE19544074C2 (de) 1999-01-14
ES2153068T3 (es) 2001-02-16
EP0775534B1 (fr) 2001-01-10
US5730163A (en) 1998-03-24
EP0775534A3 (fr) 1998-06-24
DE19544074A1 (de) 1997-05-28

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