EP0793565B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum verdichten von pulverförmingen stoffen - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zum verdichten von pulverförmingen stoffen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0793565B1
EP0793565B1 EP95940213A EP95940213A EP0793565B1 EP 0793565 B1 EP0793565 B1 EP 0793565B1 EP 95940213 A EP95940213 A EP 95940213A EP 95940213 A EP95940213 A EP 95940213A EP 0793565 B1 EP0793565 B1 EP 0793565B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
frame
powders
die
conveying means
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP95940213A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0793565A1 (de
Inventor
Carlo Antonio Camorani
Maris Algeri
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Individual
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/0205—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles supplied to the moulding device in form of a coherent mass of material, e.g. a lump or an already partially preshaped tablet, pastil or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/0215—Feeding the moulding material in measured quantities from a container or silo
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/02—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/02—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form
    • B28B3/08—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form with two or more rams per mould
    • B28B3/083—The juxtaposed rams working in the same direction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B5/00—Producing shaped articles from the material in moulds or on moulding surfaces, carried or formed by, in or on conveyors irrespective of the manner of shaping
    • B28B5/02—Producing shaped articles from the material in moulds or on moulding surfaces, carried or formed by, in or on conveyors irrespective of the manner of shaping on conveyors of the endless-belt or chain type
    • B28B5/021—Producing shaped articles from the material in moulds or on moulding surfaces, carried or formed by, in or on conveyors irrespective of the manner of shaping on conveyors of the endless-belt or chain type the shaped articles being of definite length
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/30—Feeding material to presses
    • B30B15/302—Feeding material in particulate or plastic state to moulding presses

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a method and relative apparatus for manufacturing pressed ceramic, particularly paving or lining tiles.
  • the prior art comprises forming methods whereby the matrix of a die for ceramic materials is filled with powders, or mixtures of powder and granules, in one or more phases, prior to it being pressed to obtain a compacted article which is then sent to be fired, after, possibly, it has been dried.
  • Such methods entail lengthy idle times when loading the matrix, in as much as the trolley used for distributing the powders has to be made to advance in order to fill the matrix and, subsequently, in order to enable the punch of the press to be lowered, said trolley has to be retracted at a moderate speed so as to avoid disturbing the distribution of the powder beneath it.
  • Loading the matrix by means of a trolley is not at all satisfactory, in that it implies an intrinsic undesirable lack of homogeneity in the distribution of the powders, caused mainly by the mixing and/or uncontrolled displacement of the powders themselves with the movement of the trolley, depending also on factors that are variable with time in an unpredictable manner, for example, depending on the environmental conditions, or the physical state of the powders to be treated, its granulometry, humidity, pour rate and other factors besides.
  • the stroke of the press has to include a deaeration phase, that is, an initial portion of the down stroke of the punch into the matrix has to be carried out at a reduced velocity to enable the air inside the mass of powder being pressed to escape: this in order to avoid the formation of lenticular pockets of air inside the mass which, when the thrust exerted by the punch ceases, tends to cause the article to disintegrate.
  • a deaeration phase that is, an initial portion of the down stroke of the punch into the matrix has to be carried out at a reduced velocity to enable the air inside the mass of powder being pressed to escape: this in order to avoid the formation of lenticular pockets of air inside the mass which, when the thrust exerted by the punch ceases, tends to cause the article to disintegrate.
  • a further aspect of the technical problem is that of achieving a greater rapidity and efficiency in feeding the ceramic presses.
  • layer of powders signifies both a homogeneous layer of pulverulent material and a layer consisting of a plurality of separate layers superimposed on each other, that may also comprise decorating substances.
  • powders is used to represent powder of various granulometries and/or various colours, even mixed together.
  • corating substances signifies substances selected from the group comprising: powders, ceramic paints, colour in the form of powder or liquid solution, ceramic mixtures and their combinations.
  • the invention resolves said technical problem by adopting a method for manufacturing tiles as being defined in claim 1.
  • the method comprises preparing of a homogeneous, continuous mass of said powders, pre-compacting of said mass to obtain a flat pre-formed semifinished product that has peripheral dimensions that are slightly smaller than that of the pressed tile, and pressing of said pre-formed semifinished product.
  • the supply of the powders, and/or granules, to the pre-compacting station being advantageously achieved with the distribution of said powders, in a continuous layer that has a substantially uniform thickness and density.
  • Said layer being obtained with dropping said mass of powders in a controlled manner from a relative batching means, for example, a hopper with a adjustable outlet section for pouring said mass of powders onto an underlying conveyor belt.
  • a relative batching means for example, a hopper with a adjustable outlet section for pouring said mass of powders onto an underlying conveyor belt.
  • the powders may be poured onto a table movable with a reciprocating straight-line motion between a loading position under the hopper and a pre-compacting position under the corresponding press.
  • decorating substances are distributed, for example, powders, that have varying granulometries and/or colours, even co-ordinated with those of the base, on the layer of powders, and/or granules, and/or on the top surface of the pre-formed semifinished products.
  • the distribution of said decorating substances may take place, in particular, on the stretch of said conveyor, or table, included between said hopper and the pre-compacting station of the layer of powders.
  • the distribution of the decorating substances may be effected directly on said conveyor, or said table, upstream of said hopper.
  • the decorating substances may consist of powders, ceramic paints, in liquid or powder form, or mixes of these, or of coloured clay-based mixtures.
  • the apparatus for the manufacturing of the ceramic tiles comprises the features being defined in claim 13.
  • the apparatus comprises batching means for the continuous dosage of predetermined quantities of powders onto underlying first conveying means that transfer said powders in the form of a substantially continuous layer towards a pre-compacting die; the apparatus also having second conveying means to transfer the pre-compacted articles to a pressing station.
  • said first conveying means consist of a conveyor belt wound in a closed loop on a number of rollers, at least one of which being motorised, said belt having an active section passing through said pre-compacting station.
  • the pre-compacting station advantageously includes a punch held above said belt which is lowered onto the powders to be pre-compacted inside a frame which is vertically mobile in co-ordination with the movements of the punch; a striking block being positioned beneath said belt to operate, with its top surface, as a sliding plane for the belt once the thrust of the press ceases.
  • the belt is driven with intermittent motion, with advancement phases alternating with static phases to achieve the pre-compaction of the powders; said batching and/or distributing devices being coupled to relative driving means in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of the conveyor belt; said driving means being such as to enable a constant relative velocity to be maintained between the conveyor and said batching and/or distribution devices.
  • said conveyor belt is driven in a continuous uniform motion and the pre-compacting station has relative driving means that transfer the pre-compacting die in a horizontal direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal direction of said conveyor.
  • the pressing die for the pre-compacted semifinished products is made to cooperate with a device for the continuous extraction and/or supply of pressed tiles, advantageously consisting of a pair of chains closed in a loop on corresponding pinions, driven synchronously, the chains being connected to each other by transverse elements acting as impellers for said tiles and/or said pre-compacted semifinished products.
  • the increase in productivity is due in particular to the drastic reduction in the time required to load the pressing die, due to the elimination of the movements of the powders, and/or granules, in the area close to the matrix of the die.
  • the increase in productivity is also due to the reduction in the pressing times, in that, with the introduction of the pre-compacting phase of the powder, the deaeration of the soft mass occurs for the most part before it is pressed.
  • the apparatus 1 for forming ceramic articles comprises conveying means, consisting, for example, of a conveyor belt 2 wound in a closed loop on rollers, at least one of which is coupled to driving means, having a straight, upper active section resting on a support plane 4.
  • conveying means consisting, for example, of a conveyor belt 2 wound in a closed loop on rollers, at least one of which is coupled to driving means, having a straight, upper active section resting on a support plane 4.
  • the active section of the conveyor belt 2 has above it a batching means, for example, a hopper 5, for the distribution of the powders, that are destined to make up the body of the pressed tile 6, the opening of the hopper having a vertical batching blade 7, vertically adjustable in order to vary the thickness of the layer 8 of powders.
  • a batching means for example, a hopper 5, for the distribution of the powders, that are destined to make up the body of the pressed tile 6, the opening of the hopper having a vertical batching blade 7, vertically adjustable in order to vary the thickness of the layer 8 of powders.
  • the conveyor belt 2 passes through the pre-compacting die 9, including a punch 10 positioned above the belt 2, sliding inside a matrix 11, and a striking block 12 positioned beneath the conveyor belt 2 to support it during the compaction so as to obtain a pre-formed article 17.
  • the striking block 12 may have an upper plate 12a, directly in contact with the lower face of the conveyor belt 2, made of a porous material, obtained, for example, by sintering, for example metal, or other suitable material: in this case the conveyor also being made of a gas-permeable material, that is, porous, for example fabric.
  • the pre-compaction pressure may be vary widely, depending on the type of powders used, the degree of final pressing, the aesthetic effect required for the final product and other factors besides.
  • the pre-compaction pressure has to be such as to permit a pre-compacted semifinished product to be obtained that is sufficiently resistant to enable it to be transferred and handled towards the pressing station without it being damaged.
  • the pre-compaction of said powders and/or granules is such that a flat pre-formed semifinished product is obtained that has peripheral dimensions that are slightly smaller than those of the pressed tile and a thickness that is slightly greater than that of the pressed tile.
  • the die 9 may be stationary, wherein case the layer 8 is made to advance intermittently with the batching means 5 being coupled to driving means not shown acting in a longitudinal direction F parallel to the direction of conveyor belt 2.
  • the pre-compaction die 9 may be made mobile with intermittent motion synchronous with the speed of translation of the active section of the conveyor belt 2 in the direction indicated by arrow F1, by means of substantially horizontal driving means parallel to the direction of the conveyor belt 2.
  • distributing means 13, 14 for distributing powders onto the layer 8, in order to improve the appearance of the pressed tile, or to give it particular physical, or mechanical properties.
  • Said distributing means which may be chosen from a wide range, for example, of decorating machines for ceramic tiles, amongst which there also are serigraphy machinery, may consist of, for example, hoppers 15, whose outlet section is controlled by a corresponding batching roller 16, whose peripheral surface is smooth, or even etched, to project non coherent decorating elements continuously, or even intermittently.
  • a powder, or granule, batching means 14 may consist of a pair of vibrating, superimposed sieves 14a, 14b, the lower sieve 14b being suitably screened in order to deposit the loose material onto predetermined areas of the layer 8.
  • the pre-compacted articles 17, produced by die 9 are transferred onto second conveying means, advantageously comprising, for example, a roller conveyor 18, with motorised rollers 18a, to feed the press 19.
  • second conveying means advantageously comprising, for example, a roller conveyor 18, with motorised rollers 18a, to feed the press 19.
  • a hopper 20 that collects and recycles excess powder 19a sending it to batching means 5 by means of conduits not shown.
  • Transferring means i. e. an impeller 22 for the pre-formed articles 17 and/or the pressed tiles 6 is movable on the roller conveyor 18 with reciprocating motion.
  • the frame 11 of the compacting die 9 has lower edges 23 having wedge-shaped sections in a plane perpendicular to the conveyor belt: in this way it is possible to achieve an optimal separation from the layer 8 of powders of the mass destined to form the tile 6, without altering the density of the layer 8: the particular shape of the edges 23 determine the formation of mounds 24 of excess material in the area corresponding to the external edges of the frame 11.
  • the die 9 is activated in its return stroke in a direction F2 opposite to F1, as shown in Figure 5.
  • the pre-formed article 17 is sent, by means of the second conveying means, for example, a roller conveyor 18, to press 19 for the formation of the tile 6 and its removal, by a further motorised roller conveyor 25, possibly supplied by oscillating feeder arm 25a with suction pad 25b.
  • the second conveying means for example, a roller conveyor 18, to press 19 for the formation of the tile 6 and its removal, by a further motorised roller conveyor 25, possibly supplied by oscillating feeder arm 25a with suction pad 25b.
  • the press 19 has punch 26, matrix 27 with mobile base 28.
  • Figure 9 shows how the batching means for the powders and/or granules that go to make up the body of the pressed tile 6 may feed, by means of distributing means 13, 14, the conveyor belt 2 on which a layer 29 of decorating substance, or even a number of superimposed layers 29, 29a, has already been distributed.
  • the batching means may include, under a hopper 5 containing the powder, an upper conveyor belt 30 that deposits the powder on the conveyor belt 2 by gravity feed.
  • the powders are dropped very gently from the upper conveyor belt, this being achievable by inclining said conveyor belt in the advancement direction F1 of the layer of powder, in such a way as to limit to the minimum possible value the vibrations to which the powders are subjected.
  • an inclined slide 30a may be provided in association with a conveyor with a horizontal upper active section.
  • a blade 31 may advantageously be provided, supported transversely over conveyor 2 to scrape the upper surface of the layer 8.
  • a powder preparation apparatus arranged as in Figure 9 enables the tiles to be pressed with their top side facing downwards, which enables the use of normal "plunger” type punches.
  • the distribution of the powdered material, or granules, even made up of, for example, powdered or atomised ceramic paints or clays, or mixtures thereof, may take place even only in the central part of the layer 8, that is, that part of it that is to be pre-compacted prior to the final pressing.
  • the punch 10 of the pre-compaction die may have a convex active surface, so as to obtain a concave top surface in the pre-compacted semifinished product which may be filled with paint and/or clay grains, or powders, by means of distributing means 16, 21.
  • grains, or granulate material may be distributed on the top face of the pre-compacted article, designed to impart particular decorative motifs to the support, which become incorporated in the mass of the support during pressing.
  • This type of tile may otherwise only be manufactured by resorting to the so called "double loading" forming methods, which involve considerable time wasting and high costs.
  • the diagrams in Figures 10, 11 refer to a stepped advancement of the conveyor belt 2, and therefore of the layer 8, and refer to a condition included between a time T0 at the beginning of the cycle and a time T1 relating to the end of the movement in one step.
  • the variation of the relative speed of the conveyor belt 2, that is, of the layer of powders 8, with respect to batching means 13, 14 and/or distributors 5 is such that the relative speed Vrel of the layer with respect to the batching means and/or distributors, that is, the difference in ordinate between the continuous line diagram of the speed V1 and the dotted line of V2 is kept constant at all times during the cycle.
  • the die 19 may be equipped with a device 32 for extracting the pressed tiles 6 from the sliding plane of the relative matrix 27, said device being made up of a pair of chains 33 each closed in a loop on respective geared pinions 34, free to rotate, 34a motorised, these last being interconnected to a shaft 35 coupled to driving means not shown, by means of driving cogs 36 and chain transmission 37 (Figure 19).
  • the pair of chains 33 is interconnected by at least one transverse element 35, acting as impeller, advantageously by a pair of such impellers, positioned opposite each other, one connecting the pair of lower, active stretches of said chains, the other connecting the upper, return stretch.
  • Figure 14 shows how there may be a pair of impellers 22, 22a, integral with one another, the first of which, further back, for inserting the semifinished products in the press 19, the other, further forward, for extracting the pressed tiles 6.
  • a rotary brush 38 may be associated with the pair of impellers 22, 22a to clean the lower active surface of the punch 26 and/or the mobile base 28 of the matrix 27.
  • a rotary cleaning brush device 38 may be positioned between the stretches of chain 33, driven by chain 38a, supported on a pair of end limbs 39, the cleaning device being mobile between two positions on opposite sides of the punch 26 and being made to brush over, alternately, the upper surface of the mobile base 28 and the lower surface of the punch 26.
  • Figures 22, 23 show how the chains 33 are interconnected by a set of four transverse elements 35 that have both the function of removing the pressed tiles and of feeding the semifinished products to the pressing die.
  • the distance between one transverse element 35 and the next, as well as the number of transverse elements and the distance between centres of the pinions 34, 34a, are conditioned by the format of the tiles to be pressed.
  • Figure 24 shows how the return stretch of the conveyor belt 2, with reference to the version of apparatus having the conveyor belt with intermittent step-by-step advancement motion, may pass through the pre-compaction die 9 between the active stretch of the same conveyor belt and the striking block 12a by means of a pair positioning rollers 3a, with, possibly, the interposition of a plate, not shown, of material with a low coefficient of friction.
  • Figure 25 shows how the striking block 12, 12a is positioned straddling the conveyor belt 2 by means of a pair of lateral elements, or sills 12b, running longitudinally with respect to the conveyor belt 2 on the base 43 of the supporting structure 12c of the pre-compaction press so as to form a cavity I, sufficiently large to permit the passage through it of the return stretch of the conveyor belt 2.
  • Figure 26 shows how the striking block 12, 12a may be supported by elastic means 40, on a base plate 41 fixed to the base 43 and interconnecting the columns forming the load bearing structure 12c of the press 19 so as to form a cavity I, of variable amplitude, to allow the passage of the return stretch of the conveyor belt 2: when the punch 10 and the frame 11 descend towards the conveyor belt 2 to pre-compact the area of layer 8 that is to be formed, the block 12, 12a is lowered to a point where it blocks both the active and the return stretch of the conveyor belt 2 against the plate 41; when the pre-compaction thrust ceases, elastic elements 40 lift the striking block 12, 12a so that the conveyor belt is free to be advanced by another step so as to bring the next portion of layer 8 to the press 19.
  • Figure 27 shows a layout of an apparatus including a pre-compaction line, defined by the longitudinal extent of the conveyor belt 2, and a pressing line, defined by the positioning of the rollers of the roller conveyors 18, 25: between said pre-compaction line and said pressing line are positioned third conveying means 44, for example a pair of closed loop belts wound on corresponding pairs of pulleys.
  • the semifinished products transiting on said third conveying means may be subjected to various types of applications to decorate their top faces, or to further processing, such as, for example, drying, brushing, or other treatments besides.
  • Figures 28 to 41 show a version of the apparatus with single pressing phase, structurally analogous to the apparatus as in the previous Figures: therefore the compacting press 19 may directly form the ceramic tiles; a layer 29b of decorating substances may be distributed on the layer 8.
  • driving means which is able to ensure that a constant relative velocity is maintained, as in the diagram as in Figures 10, 11, between the conveyor belt 2 and the distributing means 5, 13: to this end the conveyor 2 has an end roller 3 coupled to relative actuating means, first transmitting means 50, for example, comprising a chain wound on a driving sprocket wheel 51, that is coupled to relative actuating means 52, and a driven wheel 53, made integral with roller 3.
  • Second actuating means 54 for example consisting of a further chain, are placed between a further driven sprocket wheel 54a ( Figure 31), integral with the same roller 3, and an idler sprocket wheel 55 supported on the side of the conveyor belt 2.
  • the chain 54 is wound on a driving wheel 56, coupled to relative independent actuating means 57, in a section of it having a profile as in an omega due to the deviation upwards induced by a pair of idler wheels 58.
  • the sprocket wheels 56, 58 are supported on a trolley 59 which supports the distributing means 5, 13, for distributing said powders.
  • the independent actuating means 57 impart a constant speed of rotation to the relative drive wheel 56, therefore, when the conveyor belt 2 is stationary, that is during the working strokes of the punch 10 and of the matrix 11, the trolley moves towards the roller 3 distributing a layer 8 of uniform density; when an end-of-stroke position has been reached signalled by a first sensor 60, the actuating means 52 are activated in uniformly accelerated motion, so that the trolley may slow down progressively, stop and invert its direction of movement, initiating its movement away from the roller 3; having followed the uniform deceleration and acceleration ramps, the trolley moves away from the roller 3 at a noticeably constant velocity with respect to the conveyor belt 2 whilst the distributing means 5, 13 continue to distribute a uniform layer of powders on the layer 2.
  • a limit switch 61 determines the stoppage of the machine should the trolley 59 fail to invert its motion, as could occur should the actuating means 52 jam up, or due to machine stoppage caused by an interruption in the operating cycle of the press.
  • a cross-member 62 of a press through which passes a conveyor belt 2 is coupled at its lower side to a frame 11 by means of a plurality hydraulic cylinders 63, connected hydraulically in series in such a way as to avoid deflection of the frame during pressing and to maintain parallelism with respect to the plane of the conveyor belt 2.
  • the arrangement in series enables the creation of an hydraulic transmission between cylinders 63 connected to each other in such a way as to maintain the stems 64 of said cylinders acting on various zones of the surface of the frame 11 at the same time.
  • each cylinder 63 has a stem protruding from a chamber of the cylinder containing the pressurised fluid: the connection between the cylinders is such that one chamber is connected on the side from which the relative stem protrudes to the chamber of another cylinder on the opposite side from which the stem protrudes.
  • the active sections of the chambers have to be the same in order to guarantee the same stroke of stems 64.
  • the branches 65 of hydraulic circuit connecting cylinders 63 coupled together have an inlet 66 for supplying oil and for maintaining a constant volume of oil in the circuit, by means of a solenoid valve not shown.
  • the frame 11 has lateral appendages 67 which come to rest, at the end of the pressing stroke, on lateral abutments 68 protruding from the block 12.
  • the frame may have an intermediate baffle 70, having a concave bottom face 71 in the shape of a V involved with conduits 72 pointing upwards to discharge powders trapped between the walls of the concave face 71 during the pressing stroke.
  • Vertical driving means for driving the frame 11 may be positioned between the block 12 and the appendages 67.
  • the punches 10 are driven by moving the cross-member 62 in a manner not shown.
  • the striking block 12 may have isobaric zones 75, defined by a membrane 76 delimiting a cavity with a number of compartments containing incompressible fluid, positioned below the conveyor belt 2 in a zone corresponding to that of the punch 10; the conveyor belt may have impressions 78 defining the supporting zones of the tile being formed and their alternate cavities 78a.
  • the membrane 79 may delimit a single chamber 80 for the incompressible fluid.
  • a stiffening plate 81 may be positioned between membrane 79 and the rear face of the conveyor belt 2.
  • the frame 11 is supported by the cross-member 62 by means of distancing elements 82 fixed to the appendages 67, together with the punches 10.
  • Vertical driving means 83 are positioned between the punches 10 and the cross-member 62, consisting, for example, of hydraulic cylinders having stems 84 integral with said punches.
  • Figure 41 shows a structure of the distributing means 5, 13 suitable for obtaining the distribution of the powders in a layer 8 having a undulated bottom layer 8a, defining cavities 78b.
  • the pre-compaction die may be associated with a number of presses by means of conveying means for the semifinished products, such as, for example, motorised roller conveyors, with conveyors arranged in straight lines or with perpendicular offshoots, or other besides.
  • conveying means for the semifinished products such as, for example, motorised roller conveyors, with conveyors arranged in straight lines or with perpendicular offshoots, or other besides.
  • the trasferring means i. e. impeller 22, 22a, 25, 25a, 25b, feeding the press with the pre-compacted articles 17, or extracting the pressed tiles 7 may be associated with forming apparatus for forming ceramic articles different from those described in the present specification.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Devices For Post-Treatments, Processing, Supply, Discharge, And Other Processes (AREA)

Claims (30)

  1. Verfahren zum Herstellen von Fliesen, bei dem eine Schicht (8, 8a) aus Pulvern auf Fördermitteln (2) ausgebildet wird, die die Schicht zu einer Presse (9) fördern, wobei anschließend ein Teil der Schicht (8, 8a) innerhalb eines Rahmens (11) der Presse (9) isoliert wird und der Rahmen (11) einen der Form der herzustellenden Fliese (6, 17) im wesentlichen entsprechenden Umriß aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Rahmen (11) von oben an die Fördermittel (2) herangebracht und der von dem Rahmen (11) isolierte Teil der Schicht (8, 8a) verdichtet wird, während sich dieser noch auf den Fördermitteln (2) befindet, und zwar mittels eines innen in dem Rahmen (11) gleitenden Stößels (10) der Presse, und daß ferner vor und/oder nach dem Isolieren weitere Pulver (29b) aufgebracht werden.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem der Artikel (6, 17) von der Presse (9) entfernt wird, indem der Rahmen (11) von den Fördermitteln (2) weg bewegt wird, und zwar vor dem oder schneller als der Stößel (10).
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Schicht (8, 8a) aus Pulvern eine im wesentlichen gleichförmige Dicke sowie eine homogene Dichte aufweist.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem der hergestellte Artikel (17) nach dem Entfernen aus der Presse (9) mindestens erneut gepreßt wird.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem auf die Schicht (8, 8a) aus Pulvern und/oder auf den gepreßten Artikel (17) vor dem Verdichten eine Schicht (29b) aus dekorierenden Substanzen aufgebracht wird.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, bei dem die Schicht (29b) aus dekorierenden Substanzen nur in Verbindung mit dem Teil der Schicht (8, 8a) gebracht wird, der mittels des Rahmens (11) isoliert werden soll.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem in einer der Oberflächen der Schicht (8) Hohlräume (78a, 78b) ausgebildet werden, in die dekorierende Substanzen (29, 29a) eingebracht werden.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, bei dem die Hohlräume (78a, 78b) während des Pressens der Schicht (8, 8a) erzeugt werden.
  9. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem ein nicht mittels des Rahmens (11) isolierter Teil (19a). der Schicht (8, 8a) zum erneuten Herstellen eines Teils der Schicht (8, 8a) recycled wird.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem die Schicht (8, 8a) aus dem Ausstoß von Aufbringmitteln (5, 13) hergestellt wird, die in einer im wesentlichen gleichförmigen Hin- und Herbewegung relativ zu den Fördermitteln (2) bewegbar sind.
  11. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei dem sich vorwärts gerichtete Hübe des Rahmens (11), mit denen dieser an die Fördermittel (2) herangebracht wird und die Preßhüben des Stößels (10) nachfolgen, mit kontrollierten Vorwärtsschritten der Fördermittel (2) abwechseln.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, bei dem die kontrollierten Vorwärtsschritte eine Phase von im wesentlichen gleichförmig beschleunigter Bewegung und eine Phase von im wesentlichen gleichförmig verzögerter Bewegung umfassen.
  13. Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Fliesen, mit Fördermitteln (2) zum Fördern einer Schicht (8, 8a) aus Pulvern zu einer Presse (9), wobei die Presse (9) einen Stößel (10) aufweist, der in im wesentlichen orthogonaler Richtung zu der Schicht (8,8a) bewegbar und einem Portal (62) zugeordnet ist, um das Verpressen der Pulver zu bewirken, mit einem Rahmen (11), der unabhängig von dem Stößel (10) in im wesentlichen orthogonaler Richtung zu der Schicht (8,8a) bewegbar, innen an dem Stößel gleitend gelagert und als Isoliermittel zum Isolieren eines Teils der Schicht (8, 8a) auf den Fördermitteln (2) vorgesehen ist, und weiterhin mit Aufbringmitteln zum Aufbringen weiterer Pulver (29b) stromaufwärts oder stromabwärts der Isoliermittel.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der der Rahmen (11) Schenkel aufweist, deren Querschnittsform sich in Richtung auf die Fördermittel zu verjüngt.
  15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der das Fördermittel (2) ein Förderband aufweist, auf dem die Pulver mit Hilfe von Aufbringmitteln (5, 13) in Gestalt einer Schicht (8, 8a) aufgebracht werden, wobei das Band über erste Übertragungsmittel (50) mit entsprechenden Antriebsmitteln (2) verbunden ist.
  16. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, bei der die Aufbringmittel (5, 13) mit den Fördermitteln (2) durch zweite Übertragungsmittel (54) verbunden sind, die unabhängige Antriebsmittel (57) aufweisen.
  17. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der weitere Preßmittel (19) zum Pressen der Artikel (17) stromabwärts der Presse (9) vorgesehen sind, um die Artikel weiter zu verdichten.
  18. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 17, bei der stromaufwärts der weiteren Preßmittel (19) weitere Aufbringmittel (21) vorgesehen sind, um dekorierende Substanzen auf die Schicht (8, 8a) und/oder die Artikel (17) aufzubringen.
  19. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der die Presse (9) Vorsprünge in dem Stößel und/oder in der Matrix aufweist, mit denen Hohlräume (78a) in der Schicht (8, 8a) hergestellt werden können.
  20. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, bei der das Förderband (2) mindestens in einer der Position der Presse (9) entsprechenden Position mit einem festen Pressentisch (12) gleitend verbunden ist, der beim Pressen den Stoß des Stößels (10) aufnimmt.
  21. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 20, bei der der Pressentisch (12) eine. Oberfläche aufweist, auf der das Förderband (2) gleitet, wobei die Oberfläche wie eine der Flächen des zu pressenden Artikels (6, 17) geformt ist, so daß sie während der durch den Stößel (10) bestimmten Deformation Teile des Bandes (2) aufnimmt.
  22. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 20, bei der zwischen dem Förderband (2) und dem Pressentisch (12) Kompensationsmittel (75) für eine isostatische Kompensation zwischengeschaltet sind.
  23. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13 oder 20, bei der die Fördermittel (2) und/oder die Oberfläche (12) des Pressentisches (12a), die sich in Kontakt mit den Fördermitteln befindet, aus einem gasdurchlässigen Werkstoff hergestellt sind/ist.
  24. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, bei der der Rahmen (11) mindestens eine mittlere Trennvorrichtung (70, 73) aufweist, die sich zwischen gegenüberliegenden Schenkeln des Rahmens (11) erstreckt und in diesem Preßfelder für entsprechende Artikel (6, 17) definiert, wobei die mindestens eine Trennvorrichtung (70, 73) in einer Ebene angeordnet ist, die sich im wesentlichen orthogonal zu der Schicht (8, 8a) erstreckt.
  25. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 24, bei der die Trennvorrichtung (70) eine V-förmige Bodenfläche (71) aufweist, die mit einem konkaven Teil gegen die Fördermittel (2) gerichtet ist, und wobei eine Vielzahl von Löchern (72) zum Entfernen überschüssigen Pulvers am inneren Scheitel des "V" angeordnet ist.
  26. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13 und 23, bei der vertikale Antriebsmittel (74) für den Rahmen (11) zwischen den Rahmen (11) und den Pressentisch (12) geschaltet sind.
  27. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der das Portal (62) mit vertikalen Antriebsmitteln (63) versehen ist.
  28. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 27, bei der die vertikalen Antriebsmittel (63) mindestens ein Paar hydraulischer Zylinder aufweisen, die in Reihe geschaltet sind und ein hydostatisches Getriebe bilden.
  29. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13 und 23, bei der der Pressentisch (12) Anschlagelemente (68) aufweist, die den Hub des Rahmens (11) auf die Fördermittel (2) zu begrenzen.
  30. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, bei der das Portal (62) mit dem Rahmen (11) verbunden und mit dem Stößel (10) über einen hydraulischen Zylinder (83) gekoppelt ist.
EP95940213A 1994-11-22 1995-11-20 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum verdichten von pulverförmingen stoffen Expired - Lifetime EP0793565B1 (de)

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PCT/EP1995/004560 WO1996015888A1 (en) 1994-11-22 1995-11-20 A method for compacting powders, and a relative apparatus

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WO1996015888A1 (en) 1996-05-30
DE69529997D1 (de) 2003-04-24
BR9509806A (pt) 1997-10-21
CN1173154A (zh) 1998-02-11
ITMO940159A0 (it) 1994-11-22
EP0793565A1 (de) 1997-09-10
IT1269274B (it) 1997-03-26
AU4174396A (en) 1996-06-17
CN1062504C (zh) 2001-02-28

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