EP0807757A1 - Injecteur de combustible pour moteur à combustion interne - Google Patents

Injecteur de combustible pour moteur à combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0807757A1
EP0807757A1 EP97112502A EP97112502A EP0807757A1 EP 0807757 A1 EP0807757 A1 EP 0807757A1 EP 97112502 A EP97112502 A EP 97112502A EP 97112502 A EP97112502 A EP 97112502A EP 0807757 A1 EP0807757 A1 EP 0807757A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
injection valve
fuel
control
pressure
fuel injection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97112502A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Marco A. Ganser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ganser Hydromag AG
Original Assignee
Ganser Hydromag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ganser Hydromag AG filed Critical Ganser Hydromag AG
Publication of EP0807757A1 publication Critical patent/EP0807757A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M47/00—Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure
    • F02M47/02—Fuel-injection apparatus operated cyclically with fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure of accumulator-injector type, i.e. having fuel pressure of accumulator tending to open, and fuel pressure in other chamber tending to close, injection valves and having means for periodically releasing that closing pressure
    • F02M47/027—Electrically actuated valves draining the chamber to release the closing pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M45/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/20—Closing valves mechanically, e.g. arrangements of springs or weights or permanent magnets; Damping of valve lift
    • F02M61/205—Means specially adapted for varying the spring tension or assisting the spring force to close the injection-valve, e.g. with damping of valve lift
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M2200/00—Details of fuel-injection apparatus, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M2200/30—Fuel-injection apparatus having mechanical parts, the movement of which is damped
    • F02M2200/304—Fuel-injection apparatus having mechanical parts, the movement of which is damped using hydraulic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M2547/00—Special features for fuel-injection valves actuated by fluid pressure
    • F02M2547/001—Control chambers formed by movable sleeves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M63/00—Other fuel-injection apparatus having pertinent characteristics not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00; Details, component parts, or accessories of fuel-injection apparatus, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M39/00 - F02M61/00 or F02M67/00; Combination of fuel pump with other devices, e.g. lubricating oil pump
    • F02M63/0012—Valves
    • F02M63/0031—Valves characterized by the type of valves, e.g. special valve member details, valve seat details, valve housing details
    • F02M63/0054—Check valves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/8593—Systems
    • Y10T137/86389—Programmer or timer
    • Y10T137/86405—Repeating cycle

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel injection valve for intermittent fuel injection into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.
  • the invention solves the problem of creating a fuel injector which is extremely simple in terms of production and assembly technology.
  • the fuel injection valve 1 shows a fuel injection valve 1 in a position between two injection processes.
  • the fuel injection valve 1 is connected via a high-pressure fuel connection 10 and via a fuel return connection 12 to a high-pressure delivery device for the fuel and via electrical connections 14 to an electronic control.
  • the high-pressure conveyor and the electronic control are not shown in the drawing.
  • the housing of the fuel injector 1 is designated 15. At the lower end is on the housing 15 as Retaining nut trained retaining part 16, a corresponding retaining nut 17 screwed on at the upper end.
  • a nozzle body 18 is inserted in the holding part 16, the nozzle tip 19 of which protrudes from the holding part 16.
  • the nozzle tip 19 is provided with a nozzle needle seat 20 and has a plurality of injection openings 21 in this area.
  • an axially adjustable nozzle needle 24 forming an injection valve member is slidably guided in a needle guide bore 23.
  • the injection openings 21 of the nozzle tip 19 can be closed by a lower end 25 of the nozzle needle 24.
  • the housing 15 is provided with a central guide bore 29 in which a control device 3 for controlling the adjustment movement of the injection valve member or the nozzle needle 24 is arranged.
  • the control device 3 is described in detail below with reference to FIG. 2.
  • the fuel is conveyed by the high-pressure delivery device via the high-pressure fuel connection 10 and a first short fuel supply bore 31 into two high-pressure supply lines 32, 33 arranged in the housing 15 parallel to the guide bore 29.
  • the upper high-pressure supply line 33 leads to the control device 3.
  • the lower high-pressure supply line 32 is connected via a connecting bore 35 arranged obliquely in an intermediate plate 36 to a nozzle body bore 26 which opens into an annular space 27 in the nozzle body 18. From the annular space 27, the fuel reaches the nozzle needle seat 20 or the injection openings 21 via passages (not shown in detail).
  • the intermediate plate 36 is positioned opposite the housing 15 via a pin 37 (it could also be two pins 37) and is arranged sealingly between the housing 15 and the nozzle body 18.
  • a pin 37 it could also be two pins 37
  • One in a central bore 38 of the Intermediate plate 36 protruding upper part 39 of the nozzle needle 24 is operatively connected to an intermediate needle element 40, which on the other hand is connected to a control piston 50 of the control device 3 via a connecting rod 44.
  • a nozzle needle spring 47 surrounding the connecting rod 44 is arranged pretensioned.
  • the control device 3 has a control body 52 which is inserted into the guide bore 29 in a stationary manner.
  • the control piston 50 is provided with an upper piston part 51 of reduced diameter.
  • the upper piston part 51 projects into a sleeve 64 which is axially displaceable and closely sliding in the guide bore 29. Close sliding fits are also provided between the piston part 51 and the inner diameter of the sleeve 64.
  • a spring 63 is arranged between a lower end face 65 of the sleeve 64 and a piston shoulder surface 53.
  • the sleeve 64 is supported with a narrow annular sealing surface 66 on a lower end face 55 of the control body 52, which on the other hand is axially fixed in the guide bore 29 by a lock nut 54 screwed to the housing 15.
  • control body 52 In the lower region of the control body 52 there is an annular space 69 in the housing 15, which is connected to the upper high-pressure supply line 33 via a transverse bore 68.
  • the control body 52 has a circumferential annular groove 67 corresponding to the annular space 69.
  • the control body 52 is provided with a connection bore 60 opening into a first control space 70, which is connected via an inlet throttle bore 58 to the circumferential annular groove 67 or to the annular space 69 and thus also to the high-pressure supply line 33.
  • the connection bore 60 narrows into an outlet opening 59.
  • the first control chamber 70 is delimited radially by the inner surface of the sleeve 64, axially by the lower end surface 55 of the control body 52 and an upper end surface 56 of the piston part 51.
  • the control body 52 is installed in the guide bore 29 of the housing 15 in such a way that no significant leakage can take place. This will e.g. achieved with a press fit or a narrow sliding fit, but could also be realized by other fuel-tight connections, for example using suitable sealing rings.
  • the control device 3 also has an electromagnetically actuated pilot valve 80, of which only one armature 82, which is firmly connected to a pilot valve stem 81, can be seen in FIG. In the position shown in FIG. 2, the outlet throttle bore 59 is held in the closed position via a flat valve seat 85. As can be seen from FIG. 1, in the de-energized state of an electromagnet 86, the pilot valve stem 81 is pressed downward into the position closing the valve flat seat 85 by the force of a compression spring 87. This force can be adjusted in size by means of an adjusting screw 88. To actuate the pilot valve 80 or to raise the pilot valve stem 81 from the flat valve seat 85, an excitation coil 83 of the electromagnet 86 assigned to the armature 82 receives control pulses from the electronic control via the electrical connections 14.
  • the fuel emerging from the outlet opening 59 when the pilot valve stem 81 is raised is collected in a discharge space 89 and fed via a discharge bore 90 to the fuel return connection 12, which is installed together with the electromagnet 86 in the holding nut 17.
  • the fuel accumulated by leaks in a space 91 below the control piston 50 also flows into the discharge space 89 via a relief bore 92. Part of the fuel is thus returned to the high-pressure delivery device practically without pressure.
  • the space 91, the relief bore 92, the drain space 89 and the drain bore 90 form a so-called low-pressure part of the fuel injection valve 1.
  • the armature 82 is attracted against the force of the spring 87, whereby the pilot valve 80 is opened.
  • the outlet opening 59 of the control body 52 is thus opened.
  • the pressure in the first control chamber 70 drops.
  • the nozzle needle 24 is raised from the nozzle needle seat 20 by the fuel pressure prevailing in the annular space 27 and acting on the shoulder 28.
  • the injection openings 21 are opened and the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine in a manner known per se.
  • the control piston 50 When the nozzle needle 24 is raised, the control piston 50 is also moved upward via the intermediate needle element 40 and the connecting rod 44.
  • the volume of the second control chamber 74 becomes smaller, the pressure in the control chamber 74 increases under this pumping action.
  • the sleeve 64 is pressed even more strongly into the sealing position with respect to the control body 52.
  • the pressure in the second control chamber 74 which counteracts the opening movement of the injection valve member or the nozzle needle 24, is defined in a desired, controlled manner via the connecting bore 75 and the throttle 77, which lead to the high-pressure supply line 33. A desired, controlled opening of the injection valve is thereby achieved.
  • the end of the injection process should take place as quickly as possible.
  • the pilot valve 80 is brought into its closed position via the electromagnet 86. Since the outlet opening 59 is now closed again, the pressure in the first control chamber 70 increases, and the control piston 50 is moved downward by the force acting on the upper end face 56 of the piston part 51. The volume of the second control chamber 74 is increased, the fuel pressure in the second control chamber 74 drops. The sleeve 64 initially remains pressed onto the control body 52. When the fuel pressure in the second control chamber 74 drops, the sleeve 64 follows the piston movement; it should be mentioned that the spring 63 is biased relatively weakly, so that the pressure effect of the spring 63 is negligible compared to the fuel pressure forces.
  • the spring 63 presses the sleeve 64 with the sealing surface 66 into the position radially delimiting the first control chamber 70.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
EP97112502A 1994-06-06 1995-05-20 Injecteur de combustible pour moteur à combustion interne Withdrawn EP0807757A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1782/94 1994-06-06
CH178294 1994-06-06
EP95107718A EP0686763B1 (fr) 1994-06-06 1995-05-20 Injecteur de combustible pour moteurs à combustion interne

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95107718.9 Division 1995-05-20
EP95107718A Division EP0686763B1 (fr) 1994-06-06 1995-05-20 Injecteur de combustible pour moteurs à combustion interne

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0807757A1 true EP0807757A1 (fr) 1997-11-19

Family

ID=4218485

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97112502A Withdrawn EP0807757A1 (fr) 1994-06-06 1995-05-20 Injecteur de combustible pour moteur à combustion interne
EP95107718A Expired - Lifetime EP0686763B1 (fr) 1994-06-06 1995-05-20 Injecteur de combustible pour moteurs à combustion interne

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95107718A Expired - Lifetime EP0686763B1 (fr) 1994-06-06 1995-05-20 Injecteur de combustible pour moteurs à combustion interne

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US5685483A (fr)
EP (2) EP0807757A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07332193A (fr)
AT (1) ATE184078T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE59506715D1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002073023A1 (fr) * 2001-03-12 2002-09-19 Robert Bosch Gmbh Injecteur

Families Citing this family (49)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI101738B (fi) * 1996-01-30 1998-08-14 Waertsilae Nsd Oy Ab Ruiskutusventtiilijärjestely
GB9606803D0 (en) * 1996-03-30 1996-06-05 Lucas Ind Plc Injection nozzle
DE19618468C1 (de) * 1996-05-08 1997-04-30 Siemens Ag Einspritzventil
FR2752268B1 (fr) * 1996-08-07 1998-09-18 Froment Jean Louis Dispositif d'amelioration de la dynamique d'injection de combustible pour les moteurs diesel equipes de pompes d'injection a debit pulse
GB9624513D0 (en) * 1996-11-26 1997-01-15 Lucas Ind Plc Injector
GB9700491D0 (en) * 1997-01-11 1997-02-26 Lucas Ind Plc Injector
DE19744518A1 (de) * 1997-10-09 1999-04-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzventil für Brennkraftmaschinen
US6237570B1 (en) * 1997-10-09 2001-05-29 Denso Corporation Accumulator fuel injection apparatus
DE19826791A1 (de) * 1998-06-16 1999-12-23 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ventilsteuereinheit für ein Kraftstoffeinspritzventil
ATE228614T1 (de) * 1998-11-10 2002-12-15 Ganser Hydromag Brennstoffeinspritzventil für verbrennungskraftmaschinen
DE19936668A1 (de) * 1999-08-04 2001-02-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Common-Rail-Injektor
EP1081372B1 (fr) * 1999-08-31 2004-10-13 Denso Corporation Dispositif d'injection de carburant
DE19949526A1 (de) * 1999-10-14 2001-04-19 Bosch Gmbh Robert Injektor für ein Common-Rail-Kraftstoffeinspritzsystem für Brennkraftmaschinen mit teilweisem Kraftausgleich der Düsennadel
US6293254B1 (en) * 2000-01-07 2001-09-25 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Fuel injector with floating sleeve control chamber
EP1118765A3 (fr) * 2000-01-19 2003-11-19 CRT Common Rail Technologies AG Injecteur de combustible pour moteur à combustion interne
US6283441B1 (en) 2000-02-10 2001-09-04 Caterpillar Inc. Pilot actuator and spool valve assembly
DE10006915B4 (de) * 2000-02-16 2004-02-05 Siemens Ag Drosselbohrungsanordnung
DE10015740C2 (de) * 2000-03-29 2003-12-18 Siemens Ag Einspritzventil für die Einspritzung von Kraftstoff in eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine
JP3551898B2 (ja) * 2000-06-15 2004-08-11 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料噴射弁
DE10031576C2 (de) * 2000-06-29 2002-07-11 Bosch Gmbh Robert Druckgesteuerter Injektor zum Einspritzen von Kraftstoff
US6412473B1 (en) 2000-06-29 2002-07-02 Caterpillar Inc. Rate shaped fluid driven piston assembly and fuel injector using same
DE10032517A1 (de) * 2000-07-05 2002-01-24 Bosch Gmbh Robert Injektor mit Steuerteilführung
EP1334270A1 (fr) 2000-11-17 2003-08-13 CRT Common Rail Technologies AG Soupape d'injection de carburant destinee a des moteurs a combustion interne
DE10100390A1 (de) * 2001-01-05 2002-07-25 Bosch Gmbh Robert Einspritzventil
KR20040044404A (ko) * 2001-04-24 2004-05-28 씨알티 커먼 레일 테크놀로지스 아게 내연기관용 연료분사 펌프
DE10122256A1 (de) * 2001-05-08 2002-11-21 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoff-Einspritzvorrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen, insbesondere Common-Rail-Injektor, sowie Kraftstoffsystem und Brennkraftmaschine
ITTO20010539A1 (it) * 2001-06-05 2002-12-05 Fiat Ricerche Iniettore di combustibile per un motore a combustione interna.
DE10158588C1 (de) * 2001-11-29 2003-05-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoff-Einspritzvorrichtung, Kraftstoffsystem sowie Brennkraftmaschine
DE10216622B3 (de) * 2002-04-15 2004-01-08 Siemens Ag Einstückig ausgebildetes Steuermodul für einen Kraftstoffinjektor
DE10220931C1 (de) * 2002-05-10 2003-11-27 Siemens Ag Injektor zur Kraftstoffeinspritzung
US6647964B1 (en) * 2002-06-14 2003-11-18 Caterpillar Inc End of injection pressure reduction
DE10346222A1 (de) * 2003-09-23 2005-04-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Kraftstoff-Einspritzvorrichtung, insbesondere für eine Brennkraftmaschine mit Kraftstoff-Direkteinspritzung
ES2355146T3 (es) * 2004-02-25 2011-03-23 Ganser-Hydromag Ag Válvula de inyección de combustible para una máquina de combustión interna.
DE602005027120D1 (de) * 2005-01-07 2011-05-05 Delphi Technologies Holding Kraftstoffeinspritzvorrichtung
CH697562B1 (de) 2005-08-09 2008-11-28 Ganser Hydromag Brennstoffeinspritzventil.
DE102005039688A1 (de) * 2005-08-22 2007-03-01 Siemens Ag Düsenbaugruppe für ein Einspritzventil
US8544771B2 (en) * 2006-03-03 2013-10-01 Ganser-Hydromag Ag Fuel injection valve for internal combustion engines
JP2008138650A (ja) * 2006-12-05 2008-06-19 Denso Corp 電磁弁およびそれを用いた燃料噴射装置
DE102007004553A1 (de) * 2007-01-30 2008-07-31 Robert Bosch Gmbh Kugelsitzventil mit verringertem Erosionsverhalten
US7770818B2 (en) * 2007-02-08 2010-08-10 Denso Corporation Fuel injection valve
DE102007025050B3 (de) * 2007-05-29 2008-10-16 L'orange Gmbh Hochdruck-Einspritzinjektor für Brennkraftmaschinen mit einer knicklaststeigernden Steuerstangenabstützung über unter Hochdruck stehendem Kraftstoff
US20110052427A1 (en) * 2009-09-02 2011-03-03 Cummins Intellectual Properties, Inc. High pressure two-piece plunger pump assembly
JP5152220B2 (ja) * 2010-02-18 2013-02-27 株式会社デンソー 燃料噴射装置
KR101058713B1 (ko) * 2010-03-08 2011-08-22 현대중공업 주식회사 솔레노이드밸브와 셔틀밸브를 가진 디젤엔진용 2단 연료분사밸브
JP5549293B2 (ja) * 2010-03-15 2014-07-16 株式会社デンソー 燃料噴射装置
JP5494453B2 (ja) * 2010-12-08 2014-05-14 株式会社デンソー 燃料噴射装置
JP2012132352A (ja) * 2010-12-21 2012-07-12 Denso Corp インジェクタ
US20150008271A1 (en) * 2013-07-02 2015-01-08 Caterpillar Inc. Injector Orifice Plate Filter
AT522135B1 (de) * 2019-01-22 2020-10-15 Avl List Gmbh Druckregeleinrichtung für ein Kraftstoffverbrauchsmesssystem

Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0548916A1 (fr) * 1991-12-24 1993-06-30 ELASIS SISTEMA RICERCA FIAT NEL MEZZOGIORNO Società Consortile per Azioni Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible

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US5094397A (en) * 1991-02-11 1992-03-10 Cummins Engine Company, Inc Unit fuel injector with injection chamber spill valve
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Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0548916A1 (fr) * 1991-12-24 1993-06-30 ELASIS SISTEMA RICERCA FIAT NEL MEZZOGIORNO Società Consortile per Azioni Soupape électromagnétique d'injection de combustible

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002073023A1 (fr) * 2001-03-12 2002-09-19 Robert Bosch Gmbh Injecteur
US6871801B2 (en) * 2001-03-12 2005-03-29 Robert Bosch Gmbh Injection nozzle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0686763A1 (fr) 1995-12-13
DE59506715D1 (de) 1999-10-07
JPH07332193A (ja) 1995-12-22
US5842640A (en) 1998-12-01
EP0686763B1 (fr) 1999-09-01
ATE184078T1 (de) 1999-09-15
US5685483A (en) 1997-11-11

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