EP0883629A1 - Oligopeptide zur Arzneimittelgabe - Google Patents

Oligopeptide zur Arzneimittelgabe

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Publication number
EP0883629A1
EP0883629A1 EP97919879A EP97919879A EP0883629A1 EP 0883629 A1 EP0883629 A1 EP 0883629A1 EP 97919879 A EP97919879 A EP 97919879A EP 97919879 A EP97919879 A EP 97919879A EP 0883629 A1 EP0883629 A1 EP 0883629A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
phe
composition
glu
acid
pyglu
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP97919879A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Sam J. Milstein
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Emisphere Technologies Inc
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Emisphere Technologies Inc
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
    • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
    • A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/20—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing sulfur, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate or aminosulfonic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/02—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link
    • C07K5/0215—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing natural amino acids, forming a peptide bond via their side chain functional group, e.g. epsilon-Lys, gamma-Glu

Definitions

  • compositions prepared from oligopeptides are useful in the delivery of a cargo to a target, and particularly in the oral delivery of biologically or chemically active agents. Methods for the preparation and for the administration of such compositions are also disclosed.
  • resorcinols and non-ionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether and n-hexadecylpolyethylene ether
  • enzymatic inhibitors e.g., pancreatic trypsin inhibitors, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFF) and trasylol
  • Liposomes have also been described as drug delivery systems for insulin and heparin. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,239,754; Patel et al. (1 976), FEBS Letters, Vol. 62, pg. 60; and Hashimoto et al. ( 1 979), Endocrinology Japan, Vol. 26, pg. 337.
  • microspheres of artificial polymers of mixed amino acids have been used to deliver pharmaceuticals.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,925,673 describes drug-containing proteinoid microsphere carriers as well as methods for their preparation and use. These proteinoid microspheres are useful for the delivery of a number of active agents. Further studies have demonstrated that cyclic peptides with an even number of alternating L- and D-amino acids were able to form organic nanotubes. (See, Whitesides et al., Science 1 991 , 254, 131 2, 1 31 9; Ghadiri, M.R. et al., Nature 1993, 366.
  • the present invention provides structurally defined oligopeptides.
  • oligopeptides have been synthesized.
  • the oligopeptides are useful for the delivery of active agents.
  • the oligopeptides have from 2 to about 1 1 amino acid residues. They can be linear (all ⁇ -bonding) or branched (a- and side chain bonding) peptides.
  • oligopeptide useful in practicing the invention is a p ⁇ roglutamic acid initiated oligopeptide having the formula: PyGlu(X) n I where each X is an amino acid residue and n is an integer from 1 to about
  • oligopeptides of the present invention may be combined with active agent(s). Also contemplated are methods for administering compositions that includes an active agent.
  • Figure 1 is a scheme illustrating the synthesis of branched tri- peptides starting from pyroglutamic acid.
  • Figure 2 is a scheme illustrating the synthesis of branched tetra- peptides starting from pyroglutamic acid.
  • Figure 3 is a scheme illustrating the synthesis of tripeptides and tetrapeptides starting from L-Proline.
  • Figure 4 is a scheme illustrating the synthesis of tripeptides using a hydrobromide dipeptide and DPPA as a coupling agent.
  • Figure 5 is a 1 H NMR spectrum of DiBzOCOGIuTsOH.
  • Figure 6 is an IR spectrum of DiBzOCOGIuTsOH.
  • Figure 7 is a 1 H-NMR spectrum of TsOH-GluBz.
  • Figure 8 is a 'H NMR spectrum of DiBzOCOAspTsOH.
  • Figure 9 is an IR spectrum of DiBzOCOAspTsOH.
  • Figure 10 s a 'H NMR spectrum of BzOCOPheTsOH.
  • Figure 1 1 s an IR spectrum of BzOCOPheTsOH.
  • Figure 12 s a H-NMR spectrum of TsOH-D-PheBz.
  • Figure 13 s a 1 H NMR spectrum of BzOCOTyrTsOH.
  • Figure 14 s an IR spectrum of BzOCOTyrTsOH.
  • Figure 15 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of TsOH-AlaBz.
  • Figure 16 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of TsOH-L-LeuBz.
  • Figure 17 s a 1 H-NMR spectrum of D-diBzOCOGIu-TsOH.
  • Figure 18 s a 'H NMR spectrum of BzOCO-NHAsp-0 Bz.
  • Figure 19 s a IR spectrum of BzOCO-NHAsp-0 Bz.
  • Figure 20 s a 'H NMR spectrum of BzOCO-NHAsp.
  • Figure 21 s a 'H NMR spectrum of BzOCO-NHGIu.
  • Figure 22 s an IR spectrum of BzOCO-NHGIu.
  • Figure 23 s a 'H NMR spectrum of BzOCO-NHPhe.
  • Figure 24 s an IR spectrum of BzOCONH-Phe.
  • Figure 25 s a H-NMR spectrum of t-Boc-L-Glu.
  • Figure 26 s a H-NMR spectrum of BzOCO-L-Proline.
  • Figure 27 s a 1 H NMR spectrum of PyGluGlu.
  • Figure 28 s a 1 H NMR spectrum of PyGluAsp.
  • Figure 29 s a 1 H NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Phe.
  • Figure 30 s an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Phe.
  • Figure 31 s a 1 H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu- ⁇ -Phe- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figure 32 s an IR spectrum of PyGlu- ⁇ -Phe- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figure 33 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe).
  • Figure 34 s a 1 H-NMR COSSY spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe).
  • Figure 35 s an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Gly-( -Phe).
  • Figu re 36 H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-(yff-Phe).
  • Figu re 37 an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-(yS-Tyr)
  • Figu re 38 a 1 H NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-(#-Tyr).
  • Figu re 39 a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu- -Gly.
  • Figu re 40 a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-y-Ala.
  • Figu re 41 a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu- -Leu.
  • Figu re 42 a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Gly.
  • Figu re 43 is an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp- ?-Gly.
  • Figu re 44 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-/?-Ala.
  • Figu re 45 is an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp- ?-Ala.
  • Figu re 46 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe.
  • Figu re 47 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Gly-ff-Gly.
  • Figu re 48 s an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Gly- .-Gly.
  • Figu re 49 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Ala- ?-Ala.
  • Figu re 50 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu- ⁇ -Phe- ⁇ -Phe- ⁇ -Tyr.
  • Figu re 51 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Glu.
  • Figu re 52 is an IR spectrum of PyGlu-L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Glu.
  • Figu re 53 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-L-Phe-L-Phe-D-Glu.
  • Figu re 54 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Phe-Phe-Asp.
  • Figu re 55 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figu re 56 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-(/?-Phe)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figu re 57 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGiu-Glu-( -Ala)- ⁇ -Ala.
  • Figu re 58 is a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Gly)- ⁇ -Gly.
  • Figu re 59 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-( ?-Tyr)- ⁇ -Tyr.
  • Figu re 60 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( ,D-Phe)- ⁇ ,D-Phe.
  • Figu re 61 is an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( ,D-Phe)- ⁇ ,D-Phe.
  • Figu re 62 is a H-NMR spectrum of Py-L-Glu-D-Glu( -Phe)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figu re 63 s a H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe)- ⁇ -Gly.
  • Figu re 64 is an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe)- ⁇ -Gly.
  • Figu re 65 s a 1 H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe)- ⁇ -Ala.
  • Figu re 66 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-(#-Tyr)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figu re 67 an IR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figu re 68 is a 1 H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Glu-( -Phe)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figure 69 is a 1 H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-(#-Phe)- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Figure 70 is a 1 H-NMR spectrum of PyGlu-Asp-( ?-Tyr-Phe)- ⁇ -Tyr- Phe.
  • Figure 71 s a 'H-NMR COSSY spectrum of L-Pro-L-Glu- -Phe.
  • Figure 72 s a 'H-NMR of L-Pro-L-Glu- -Phe.
  • Figure 73 s a 'H-NMR of L-Pro-L-Asp-yff-Phe.
  • Figure 74 s an IR spectrum of L-Pro-Glu- -Phe.
  • Figure 75 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-Glu-y-Phe.
  • Figure 76 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-Glu.
  • Figure 77 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of BzOCO-Pro-Asp.
  • Figure 78 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of BzOCO-Pro-Glu.
  • Figure 79 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of BzOCO-ProNHS.
  • Figure 80 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-Glu- ⁇ -Phe-y-Phe.
  • Figure 81 s an IR spectrum of L-Pro-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe.
  • Figure 82 s a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe.
  • Figure 83 s a 'H NMR COSSY spectrum of L-Pro-L-Asp- ⁇ -Gly- -
  • Figure 84 is a 'H NMR spectrum of L-Pro-L-Asp- ⁇ -Gly- ?-Gly.
  • Figure 85 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-L-Asp- ⁇ -Phe- .
  • -Phe is a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-L-Giu- ⁇ -Gly- -Gly.
  • Figure 87 is a 'H NMR COSSY spectrum of L-Pro-L-Glu- ⁇ -Gly-y-
  • Figure 88 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-L-Glu- ⁇ -Tyr- -Tyr.
  • Figure 89 is an IR spectrum of L-Pro-L-Glu- ⁇ -Tyr-y-Tyr.
  • Figure 90 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of L-Pro-L-Glu- ⁇ -Leu- -Leu.
  • Figure 91 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of BzOCONPhe-PheBz.
  • Figure 92 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of BrH 3 N + -Phe-PheBz.
  • Figure 93 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of (L-Asp- ?-Glu).
  • Figure 94 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of a mixture of (L-Glu- -Asp) and L-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Asp.
  • Figure 95 is a 'H NMR COSSY spectrum of L-Glu- -Asp and L-
  • Figure 96 is a 'H-NMR spectrum of Br H 3 N + -L-Glu-a-Phe-y-Phe.
  • Figure 97 is a ⁇ -NMR of spectrum C ⁇ 3 N + -Glu- ⁇ -Phe-Bz- -Phe-
  • Figure 98 is a ⁇ -NMR spectrum of CI ⁇ 3 N + -L-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe.
  • Figure 99 is a graphic illustration of the results of oral gavage testing in rats using heparin with PyGlu-Glu- -Phe carrier.
  • Figure 100 is a graphic illustration of Hydrophobicity (Partition Coefficient) of Oligopeptides.
  • the present invention provides structurally defined oligopeptides.
  • oligopeptides have been synthesized.
  • the oligopeptides are useful for the delivery of active agents.
  • the oligopeptides have from 2 to about 1 1 amino acid residues. They can be linear (all ⁇ -bonding) or branched (a- and side chain bonding) peptides.
  • oligopeptide useful in practicing the invention is pyroglutamic acid initiated oligopeptides having the formula:
  • oligopeptides having the formula:
  • Pro(X) n II where each X is an amino acid residue and n is an integer from 1 to about 10.
  • Each X independently is an amino acid radical or a poly amino acid radicals.
  • the oligopeptides can have from 4 to about 6 amino acid residues and n is from about 3 to about 5.
  • heparin a hydrophilic drug
  • delivery of heparin, a hydrophilic drug is enhanced when mixed with an oligopeptide having at least one hydrophobic and at least one hydrophilic amino acid.
  • the hydrophobic amino acid has at least one aromatic group.
  • An amino acid is any carboxylic acid having at least one free amine group and includes naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids.
  • An amino acid radical is an amino acid in which either one hydrogen atom of a free amine group or the hydroxyl from the carboxyl group has been removed such as by, for example, a condensation reaction in the formation of the oligopeptide.
  • Amino acid radicals are derived from naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids. Amino acid radicals are preferably derived from ⁇ - amino acids, and most preferably from naturally occurring ⁇ -amino acids. Many amino acids and amino acid esters are readily available from a number of commercial sources such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI, USA); Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA); and Fluka Chemical Corp (Ronkonkoma, N.Y. USA). Representative, but not limiting, amino acids from which amino acid radicals suitable for use in the present invention may be derived are generally of the formula
  • R' is hydrogen, C C 4 alkyl, or C 2 -C 4 alkenyl
  • R 2 is C C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, (C C 10 alkyl) phenyl, (C 2 -C 10 alkenyl) phenyl, (C ⁇ C ⁇ alkyl) naphthyl, (C 2 -C 10 alkenyl) naphthyl, phenyl (C C 10 alkyl), phenyl (C 2 -C 10 alkenyl), naphthyl (C C 10 alkyl), or naphthyl (C 2 -C 10 alkenyl); R 2 being optionally substituted with C C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C r C 4 alkoxy, -OH, -SH, -CO 2 R 3 , C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 10 cyclo
  • the naturally occurring amino acids useful in practicing the invention are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, ci trulline, cysteine, cystine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, proline, hydroxy proline, -carboxyglu tamate, phenylglycine, or O-phosphoserine.
  • the non-naturally occurring amino acids useful in practicing the invention are ?
  • -aspartic acid aminobenzoic acid, aminophenyl acetic acid, aminophenyl butyric acid, -9lutamic acid, cysteine (ACM), e-lysine, e-lysine (A-Fmoc), methionine sulfone, norleucine, norvaline, ornithine, d-ornithine, p-nitro-phenylalanine, hydroxy proline, 1 ,2,3,4,- te trahydr oisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, and thioproline.
  • the preferred amino acids are pyroglutamic, glutamic, aspartic, ⁇ -alanine, H ⁇ ucine, lysine, ⁇ -phenylalanine, ? -phenylalanine, -phenylalanine, ⁇ -tyrosine, -tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, and ⁇ -valine.
  • Poly amino acids can be used to form the oligopeptides.
  • poly amino acids are either peptides or two or more amino acids linked by a bond formed by other groups which can be linked, e.g. , an ester, anhydride or an anhydride linkage.
  • Poly amino acids can be homo- or hetero- poly amino acids, and can include natural amino acids, synthetic amino acids, or any combination thereof.
  • Poly amino acids can be homo- or hetero- poly amino acids, and can include natural amino acids, synthetic amino acids, or any combination thereof.
  • Poly amino acid radicals are poly amino acids in which at least one, and preferably one, hydrogen atom of a free amine group has been removed such as by, for example, a condensation reaction in the formation of the oligopeptide.
  • Peptides are two or more amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Peptides can vary in length from di-peptides with two amino acids to polypeptides with several hundred amino acids. See, Walker, Chambers Biological Dictionary. Cambridge, England: Chambers Cambridge, 1 989, page 215.
  • Active agents suitable for use in the present invention include biologically active agents and chemically active agents, including, but not limited to, fragrances, as well as other active agents such as, for example, cosmetics.
  • Biologically active agents include, but are not limited to, pesticides, pharmacological agents, and therapeutic agents.
  • biologically active agents suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, peptides, and particularly small peptides; hormones, and particularly hormones which by themselves do not or only pass slowly through the gastro-intestinal mucosa and/or are susceptible to chemical cleavage by acids and enzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract; polysaccharides, and particularly mixtures of muco-polysaccharides; carbohydrates; lipids; or any combination thereof.
  • Further examples include, but are not limited to, human growth hormones; bovine growth hormones; growth releasing hormones; interferons; interleukin-1 ; insulin; heparin, and particularly low molecular weight heparin; calcitonin; erythropoietin; atrial naturetic factor; antigens; monoclonal antibodies; somatostatin; adrenocorticotropin, gonadotropin releasing hormone; oxytocin; vasopressin; cromolyn sodium (sodium or disodium chromoglycate); vancomycin; desferrioxamine (DFO); anti-microbials, including, but not limited to anti-fungal agents; or any combination thereof.
  • human growth hormones bovine growth hormones
  • growth releasing hormones interferons
  • interleukin-1 insulin
  • insulin heparin, and particularly low molecular weight heparin
  • calcitonin erythropoietin
  • compositions of the present invention may combine one or more active agents.
  • the final solution can contain from about 10 mg to about 2000 mg of oligopeptide per ml of solution, preferably between about 20 to about 500 mg of oligopeptide per ml of solution, and most preferably from about 20 to about 200 mg per ml.
  • the mixture is heated to a temperature between about 20° C and about 60° C, preferably about 40°C, until the oligopeptide dissolves. Particulates remaining in the solution may be filtered out by conventional means such as gravity filtration over filter paper.
  • compositions may optionally contain additives such as stabilizing additives.
  • additives such as stabilizing additives.
  • the presence of such additives promotes the stability and dispersability of any active agent in solution.
  • the stabilizing additives may be employed at a concentration ranging between about 0.1 and 5% (w/v), preferably about 0.5% (w/v).
  • Suitable, but non-limiting examples of stabilizing additives include buffer salts, gum acacia, gelatin, methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and polylysine.
  • the preferred stabilizing agents are gum acacia, gelatin, and methyl cellulose.
  • the oligopeptides may be used directly as an active agent carrier by simply mixing one or more oligopeptides with the active agent(s) prior to administration.
  • compositions of the present invention may be formulated into dosage units by the addition of one or more excipient(s), diluent(s), disintegrant(s), lubricant(s), plasticizer(s), colorant(s), or dosing vehicle(s).
  • Preferred dosage unit forms are oral dosage unit forms. Most preferred dosage unit forms include, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, or liquids.
  • the dosage unit forms can include biologically, pharmacologically, therapeutically, or chemically effective amounts of the active agent or can include less than such an amount if multiple dosage unit forms are to be used to administer a total dosage of the active agent. Dosage unit forms are prepared by methods conventional in the art.
  • compositions of the present invention may also include one or more enzyme inhibitors.
  • enzyme inhibitors include, but are not limited to, compounds such as actinonin or epiactinonin and derivatives thereof. These compounds have the formulas below:
  • R' 2 is sulfoxymethyl or carboxyl or a substituted carboxy group selected from carboxamide, h ⁇ drox ⁇ aminocarbon ⁇ l and alkoxycarbonyl groups; and R' 3 is hydroxyl, alkoxy, hydroxyamino or sulfoxyamino group.
  • Other enzyme inhibitors include, but are not limited to, aprotinin (Trasylol) and Bowman-Birk inhibitor.
  • compositions of the subject invention are useful for administering biologically active agents to any animals such as birds; mammals, such as primates and particularly humans; and insects.
  • the system is particularly advantageous for delivering chemical or biologically active agents which would otherwise be destroyed or rendered less effective by conditions encountered before the composition reaches its target zone (i.e. the area in which the active agent of the delivery composition are to be released) and within the body of the animal to which they are administered.
  • target zone i.e. the area in which the active agent of the delivery composition are to be released
  • the compositions of the present invention are useful in orally administering active agents, especially those which are not ordinarily orally deliverable.
  • the following standards were used to calibrate the partition coefficients of the oligopeptides: pyridine, aniline, benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, benzene.
  • L-Glutamic acid 150 mmol 22.07 g
  • p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, 32 g 162.8 mmol
  • the mixture was heated to reflux (1 10-120°C) and the water formed in the reaction was trapped in a Dean-Stark receiver. When no more water appeared in the distillate (about 5 h) the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature and precipitated with either ( 1000 ml).
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 10.
  • the IR spectrum is shown in Figure 1 1.
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 13.
  • the IR spectrum is shown in Figure 14.
  • the product was obtained by following the procedures in Examples 2A and 2B.
  • the amount of product obtained was 19 g, 70%.
  • reaction mixture was kept between 5°C and 10°C by the rate of the reactants addition during 1 1 /_ hours.
  • the ice-water bath was replaced and the stirring was continued for 1 hour at room temperature.
  • the alkaline solution was extracted with ether (4 X 50 mL).
  • the aqueous layer was removed and then acidified to pH 2-3 by the addition of 5N HCl.
  • An oil was separated, washed with water, and dried in vacuo.
  • the 'H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 26
  • the 1 H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 29.
  • the IR spectrum is shown in Figure 30.
  • the ⁇ NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 31 .
  • the IR spectrum is shown in Figure 32.
  • Pyroglutamylglutamyl- -phenylalanine (PyGlu-Glu- ⁇ -Phe) was obtained by condensation of PyGlu-Glu and TsOH-Phe-Bz at a molar ratio of 1 : 1 using DPPA as a catalyst, followed by the removal of the protecting group by hydrogenation.
  • the 'H NMR spectra are shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34.
  • trimer PyGlu-Gly- -Gly was synthesized following the schemes disclosed in Figures 1 and 2.
  • trimer PyGlu-Glu- -Leu was synthesized following the schemes disclosed in Figures 1 and 2.
  • the trimer, PyGlu-Asp-/?-Gly, was synthesized following the schemes disclosed in Figures 1 and 2.
  • Tetrapeptides may be classified as linear (all ⁇ -bonding) and branched ( ⁇ - and side chain bonding) tetrapeptides.
  • the structures are illustrated in Table 2.
  • Linear tetrapeptides were obtained by sequentially repeating the condensation and deprotection procedures.
  • the following linear ⁇ -tetrapeptides were prepared: pyroglutamylphenylalanyltyrosyl tyrosine (Py- Glu- ⁇ -Phe- ⁇ -Phe- ⁇ -Tyr); pyroglutamylphenylalanylphenylalanyl glutamic acid
  • Tetrapeptides such as a, ⁇ and a, ⁇ , with identical amino acids were obtained by the condensation of PyGlu-Glu or PyGlu-Asp, respectively, with TsOH-Phe-Bz, TsOH-Ala-Bz, and TsOH-Glu-Bz at a molar ratio of 1 :2.3.
  • DPPA DPPA was used as a catalyst. The condensation was followed by the removal of the protecting group by hydrogenation. The following compounds were synthesized: PyGlu- ⁇ -Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe; PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Phe- ?-Phe; PyGlu- Glu- ⁇ -Ala- -Ala; PyGlu- ⁇ -Glu- ⁇ -Gly- -Gly; PyGlu-Glu- ⁇ ,D-Phe- ,D-Phe, PyGlu- ⁇ ,D-Glu- ⁇ -Phe-y-Phe, and PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Tyr-/?-Tyr.
  • Tetrapeptides such as a,y and a, ⁇ , with different amino acids in positions a, ⁇ or a, ⁇ , were obtained from tripeptide and a benzyl ester tosylate of the corresponding amino acid.
  • Tetrapeptide PyGlu-Glu-y-Phe- ⁇ -Gly was synthesized by the condensation of PyGlu-Glu- -Phe-Bz with TsOH-GlyBz, followed by hydrogenation. The similar procedure was used to obtain PyGlu- ⁇ -Glu- -Phe- ⁇ -Ala and PyGlu-Asp- ? -Tyr- ⁇ -Phe.
  • Tetrapeptides such as ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ , ⁇ , were obtained by condensation of PyGlu-Glu and PyGlu-Asp with Phenylalanyl phenylalanine benzyl ester hydrobromide at a molar ratio of 1 : 1 , using DPPA as a catalyst.
  • the following oligopeptides were synthesized: PyGlu-Glu-y-(Phe-Phe), and PyGlu-Asp-/_ * -(Phe-Phe) .
  • the Hexapeptide PyGlu-Asp-/?-(Tyr-Phe)- ⁇ -(Tyr-Phe) was obtained by the condensation of PyGlu-Asp- ⁇ -Tyr-£-Tyr with TsOH-PheBz, followed by the removal of the protecting groups.
  • the 1 H NMR is shown in Figures 70.
  • the oligopeptides prepared using PyGlu initiation according to the procedures described above are tabulated in Tables 1 and 2, below.
  • the oligopeptides in table 1 have had molecular weights of the products determined by GPC using a low molecular weight column (M w . range, 50- 1500); Ultrastyragel Column 100A° (Waters). TABLE 1
  • N-hydroxysuccinimide (4.2 g, 0.036 mol) was added to a solution of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-proline (9.1 5 g, 0.0366 mol, prepared in Example 5B) in THF. The mixture was cooled in an ice-water bath, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (7.6 g, 0.0368 mol) was added, with stirring for 24 hours. The separated N,N'-dicycIohexylurea was removed by filtration and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was recrystallized from isopropanol.
  • L-Prolinyl glutamic acid (L-Pro-Glu) was obtained by condensation of z-Pro with diBz-Glu-TsOH using DPPA as a condensation agent, followed with reduction with H 2 , Pd/C.
  • the 'H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 75.
  • the IR spectrum is shown in Figure 74.
  • Pro-Asp- .-Phe was synthesized using the ester activating procedure, DPPA and TEA, followed by removal of the protecting groups as depicted in the reaction scheme in Figure 4.
  • EXAMPLE 7D Syntheses of L-Prolyl L-Glutamyl y-Phenylanaline acid (L-Pro-L-Glu-y-Phe) Trimer: L-Pro-L-Glu- -Phe was obtained by condensation of z-Pro with -phenylalanine benzyl ester of glutamic acid bromohydride (HBr ⁇ NH 2 - Glu- -Phe-Bz) using DPPA as a condensation agent followed by the removal of the protecting groups by hydrogenation (Pd/C) following the procedure in Figure 3. The 'H NMR spectra are shown in Figures 71 and 72.
  • oligopeptides initiated using proline were prepared following the procedures described herein.
  • the oligopeptide structures were determining using 'H-NMR and IR.
  • BzOCONPhe-PheBz was prepared by condensation of N-benzyloxycarbonyl L-phenylalanine with TsOH-PheBz in DMF and TEA with DPPA as a catalyst (yield 84%, M.P. 1 54.5-155°C) following the procedure illustrated in the scheme in Figure 2.
  • L-Aspartyl .-Glutamic Acid (L-Asp-/?-Glu) was obtained by condensation of N-(carbobenzyloxy)-L- aspartic acid with DiBzOCO-Glu-TsOH with DPPA as a catalyst followed by the removal of the protecting groups by hydrogenation.
  • Glu-y-L-Asp and L-G utamy - ⁇ -Phenylalanine-y-L-Aspar tic acid
  • L-Glu- ⁇ -Phe-,'- L-ASP L-Glutamyl- -aspartic acid
  • L-Glu- -L-Asp was obtained in a mixture with L-glutamyl- ⁇ -phenylalanine- -L-aspartic acid (L-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -L- Asp) by condensation of N-(carbobenzyloxy)-L-glutamic acid with DiBzOCO- Asp-TsOH with DiBzOCO-Glu-TsOH with DPPA as a catalyst.
  • L-Glutamyl- ⁇ -Phenylalanine- -Phenylalanine (L-Glu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe) was obtained by two procedures. (a) N-(carbobenzyloxy)-L-glutamic acid was reacted with
  • the oligopeptide, PyGlu-Glu-y-Phe was dissolved in distilled water and adjusted to pH 7.2-8.0.
  • a solution containing heparin was prepared. Heparin was dissolved in a solution of 1 .7 N citric acid and 0.5% gum arabic. The solutions were warmed to about 40°C and mixed. Two samples were prepared the first sample had a carrier concentration of 100 mg/mL. The heparin concentration was 33.3 mg/mL.
  • Example 1 F For each sample a group of fasted rats were anesthetized. The rats were administered, by oral gavage, one of the heparin/carrier dosages prepared in Example 1 F. In the first group each rat was administered a dosage of 100 mg/kg of heparin and 300 mg/kg of carrier. In the second group each rat was administered a dosage of 100 mg/kg of heparin and 600 mg/kg of carrier. Blood samples were collected serially from the tail artery.
  • Heparin activity was determined by utilizing the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) according to the method of Henry, J.B., Clinical Diagnosis and Management bv Laboratory Methods: Philadelphia, PA; WB Saunders ( 1 979). The results of the test are illustrated in Figure 99.
  • APTT activated partial thromboplastin time
  • the oligopeptides of the invention are capable of delivering active agents to a target preferably through the Gl tract.
  • oligopeptide series were synthesized according to the procedures described herein and the synthesis routes were optimized. (The numbers in the brackets represent the code number of the oligopeptides.) These groups of peptides were tested to determine their binding affinities with heparin.
  • glutamic acid is hydrophilic, it is essential to have hydrophobic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, leucine as the terminal amino acid for the oligopeptides to balance the hydrophobicity in order to enhance delivery of the active agents.
  • hydrophobic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, valine, leucine
  • These oligopeptides were purified on a preparative reversed-phase HPLC column (Delta-Pak C 18 , Waters). The relative purity of the oligopeptides was measured on an analytical reversed-phase HPLC column (Delta-Pak C 18 , Waters).
  • the heparin fraction #1 solution with constant concentration was contained inside the membrane, which is immersed into the oligopeptide solution at specific concentrations.
  • [P] is the concentration of unbound or free oligopeptides
  • Inbound is tne difference of total oligopeptide concentration and free oligopeptide concentration
  • [D] t01al is the total heparin concentration.
  • the binding number is n and Kd is the dissociation constant.
  • the partition coefficient P oct between octanol and water is one of the most effective physical parameters of bioactive compounds for predicting their biological activities in the study of quantitative structure-activity relations, K. Miyake et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. , 1987, 35(1 ), 377-388. It was reported that P oct has a linear relationship with reversed phase HPLC index K'.
  • the hydrophobicity of these oligopeptides, evaluated by analytical RHPL, is shown in Figure 100. It was found that the tetramers have higher hydrophobicity than either the ⁇ -series trimers or the trimers.
  • hydrophobicity tendency for the tetramers is in agreement with the hydrophobicity of the amino acids themselves except that PyGluGlu- ⁇ -Phe- - Tyr has much lower hydrophobicity than PyGluGlu- ⁇ -Phe- -Phe even though Phe and Tyr have almost similar hydrophobicity characteristics.
  • Heparin affinity chromatography was carried out on a SigmaChromTM AF-Heparin affinity HPLC column.
  • the flow rate was 1 .0 mL/min.
  • the binding affinities of oligopeptides to heparin were also evaluated by equilibrium membrane dialysis to estimate the binding parameters.
  • Both natural and commercially available heparin have a broad molecular weight distribution. Therefore, fractionation of commercial heparin was carried out on a Bio-Rad Gel SEC (size exclusion chromatography) column to obtain a high molecular weight fraction which was anticipated to have some degree of secondary structure.

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