EP0939207B1 - Neue katalytische Einheit zur Behandlung von Abgasen einer Brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Neue katalytische Einheit zur Behandlung von Abgasen einer Brennkraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0939207B1
EP0939207B1 EP19990400418 EP99400418A EP0939207B1 EP 0939207 B1 EP0939207 B1 EP 0939207B1 EP 19990400418 EP19990400418 EP 19990400418 EP 99400418 A EP99400418 A EP 99400418A EP 0939207 B1 EP0939207 B1 EP 0939207B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
catalytic
catalytic converter
tube
converter element
element according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19990400418
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0939207A1 (de
Inventor
Franck Castagna
Jean Favennec
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ROSI SA
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Original Assignee
ROSI SA
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0939207A1 publication Critical patent/EP0939207A1/de
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2839—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration
    • F01N3/2842—Arrangements for mounting catalyst support in housing, e.g. with means for compensating thermal expansion or vibration specially adapted for monolithic supports, e.g. of honeycomb type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion
    • F01N3/2053—By-passing catalytic reactors, e.g. to prevent overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
    • F01N3/2885—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices with exhaust silencers in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
    • F01N3/2892—Exhaust flow directors or the like, e.g. upstream of catalytic device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/089—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using two or more expansion chambers in series

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of gas treatment exhaust from an internal combustion engine.
  • the invention relates to the catalytic depollution of these exhaust gas.
  • a first way consists in equipping the exhaust line with two catalysts.
  • US Patent 5,377,486 is an example.
  • a main monolith in which the gas will constantly pass exhaust is preceded by a monolith called "light-of" or “priming” in which the gases will pass when the engine starts, so when they do not are not yet very hot.
  • the monolith “of light off” is however effective from the first moments of system operation.
  • a winnowing pilot will allow to bypass this first catalyst to send gas directly in the main monolith.
  • the gaseous mixture although containing a lot of oxygen, may however not contain enough of it to oxidize both the carbon monoxide and the hydrocarbons (to CO 2 and H 2 O). Part of the hydrocarbons is then only partially oxidized to form carbon monoxide in the catalyst. The catalytic efficiency with respect to CO will therefore be a compromise between the CO oxidized to CO 2 and the CO reformed by this partial oxidation of the hydrocarbons. This process is favored at high temperature.
  • This known arrangement has the disadvantage not only of not not being able to control the exothermicity of the catalytic elements but also to require a long time before the second element is operational.
  • the present invention notably represents a solution to problem of monoliths placed at the exhaust of two-stroke engines; the temperature rise is favorably reduced according to the invention; of the more the space constraints are respected; moreover the present invention can be added to an existing exhaust, quick and easy.
  • the present invention makes it possible to use certain characteristics of metal monoliths known to eliminate problems of excessive exothermicity. It also helps maintain sustainably catalytic performance.
  • the subject of the invention is a catalytic element intended to eliminate pollutants from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, comprising at least one monolith wrapped in a ferrule, said monolith comprising first and second catalytic elements separated by an empty volume delimited by said ferrule and a face of each of said elements, characterized in that the shell comprises openings placed at the level of the empty volume and through which is introduced a coolant of the exhaust gases having passed through the first catalytic element and in that said empty volume is also coated internally with a catalytic layer.
  • At least one of the elements protrudes over part of its length, outside the shell.
  • none of the said elements does not protrude from the shell.
  • the volumes of each of said elements may be different.
  • the cell density of each of the monoliths can be different.
  • each of the monoliths can be different. Without departing from the scope of the invention, it can also be the same.
  • the openings may have inclined edges so as to guiding the gas flow inside said empty volume.
  • the shell includes, at the empty volume and downstream of said openings, at least one circumferential groove hollowed out towards inside the shell.
  • the element catalytic is placed inside a silencer that is part of the line exhaust.
  • the invention further relates to a silencer comprising an element catalytic and further comprising at least one inlet and at least an outlet for the exhaust gases, a double envelope delimiting a intermediate volume and the interior volume of the silencer, a wall intended to separate said interior volume into two parts, upstream and downstream and on which the catalytic element is mounted in such a way that the first catalytic element is located in the upstream part and that the second catalytic element is located in the downstream part, said openings of the catalytic element being located on the side downstream ; the internal envelope has openings located on the downstream side of so that a fluid flowing in the intermediate volume can penetrate in said downstream volume through said openings and then through the second catalytic element.
  • the fluid in the intermediate volume can be air and / or gases exhaust to be treated.
  • Figure 1 is a diagram of an exhaust line which includes a pipe 1 having a first end 2 connected to the outlet of the engine (not shown); at its second end 3 the pipe opens, according to what embodiment of the invention, in a casing 4 which is usually used silent. More precisely, the pipe 1 exceeds for a certain length inside the housing 4.
  • the casing 4 contains a partition wall 6 which defines two volumes:
  • the first 7 contains the end 3 of the pipe.
  • the second volume 8 of the casing 4 includes an opening 9 for the outlet of the exhaust gases decontaminated towards the atmosphere.
  • the catalytic element 10 is shown in more detail in Figure 2 where we can see that it includes a ferrule 11 which surrounds the monolith itself. This includes two catalytic elements 12, 13 separated by a empty 14. The empty volume 14 is thus delimited by a part of the shell 11 and by one face of each of the catalytic elements 12, 13.
  • the internal wall of the empty volume 14 is coated with a catalytic layer.
  • This so-called “combi” concept allows gases to pass successively through a catalytic channel and then through a multi-channel honeycomb monolith, also with activity Catalytic. This concept is very interesting for the treatment of gases during operating at low speed since it promotes the initiation of reactions catalyst.
  • FIGs 3 and following relate to an embodiment of the invention which differs from the previous one in that the shell 11 comprises lights 15 at the empty volume 14.
  • the shell 11 comprises lights 15 at the empty volume 14.
  • part of the gases exhaust does not pass through the first catalytic element 12 since it arrives directly in the empty volume.
  • This proportion of gases exhaust system cools the exhaust gases that have passed through the first catalytic element.
  • FIGS 5A, 5B and 5C show variants of the invention.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment with lights 15 which occupy a large area; thus the gas penetration rate directly into volume 14 is relatively large.
  • this permeability will be adapted to the envisaged flow.
  • FIG. 5B shows curvatures around the openings 15, which allow to better direct the gas flow inside the shell 11, in the volume 14.
  • the shell 11 has a specific profile with at least minus a circumferential groove 16 hollowed inwards. Groove 16 is located downstream of the openings 15 relative to the direction of circulation of the gas. This venturi type profile therefore makes it possible to accelerate the gases as soon as they introduction into volume 14 and / or promoting the mixing of the two flows gaseous.
  • each element catalytic 12, 13 will be calculated to optimize the gas temperatures obtained at the output of each of them, in particular to avoid peaks of temperatures detrimental to their integrity.
  • the distance between the monoliths can be defined so that obtain sufficient cooling of the gases leaving the first element catalytic 12 until the entry of the second 13, and to prevent again excessively high temperatures in the second catalytic element.
  • Temperature, overall catalytic efficiency and ratio CO / HC emissions can be optimized by making holes on the ferrule 11, which allow part of the gas to bypass the first element catalytic 12.
  • the number, size and shape of the orifices is adapt according to the proportion of gas that one wishes to deviate from first catalytic element 12.
  • the catalyst element is placed in the exhaust line silencer.
  • Figure 6 partially shows a silencer that looks like the one shown schematically in Figure 3. The differences lie in the presence of a double envelope 4, 4 ′ delimiting an annular space 24 in which transits a fluid: air and / or exhaust gases. This fluid flows according to arrows B and enters volume 8 through holes 17 of the inner envelope 4.
  • the catalytic element 10 here being provided with openings 15 located at the orifices 17, the fluid coming from the annular space 24 can flow into the empty volume 14 by venturi effect and then into the second monolith 13. This is particularly interesting in engines where the dynamic aspect is very important.
  • the catalytic element can be integrated into a tubular zone of the exhaust line or even to the outlet of the diffuser.
  • the preferred applications of the invention relate to engines 2 times of transport vehicles, but also lawn mowers, chainsaws, or other motorized vehicles.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Katalytisches Element, vorgesehen zum Entfernen der Schadstoffe der Verbrennungsmotor-Auspuffgase, umfassend wenigstens einen Monolithen (10) eingehüllt in einem Ringmantel (11), wobei der Monolith ein erstes (12) und ein zweites (13) katalytisches Element umfasst, getrennt durch ein Hohlvolumen (14) das durch den Ringmantel und einer Fläche von jedem der Elemente begrenzt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, der Ringmantel (11) Öffnungen (15) umfasst, die auf dem Niveau des Hohlvolumens (14) angeordnet sind und entlang derer ein Kühlfluid der Auspuffgase eingeführt wird, welches das erste katalytische Element (12) durchquert hat, und darin bestehend, dass das Hohlvolumen innen auch mit einer katalytischen Lage ausgekleidet ist.
  2. Katalytisches Element nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, wenigstens eines der Elemente (12, 13) einen Teil seiner Länge außerhalb des Ringmantels (11) durchschreitet.
  3. Katalytisches Element nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, jedes der Elemente (12, 13) nicht nach außerhalb des Ringmantels (11) hervorragt.
  4. Katalytisches Element nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, die Volumina jedes der Elemente (12, 13) unterschiedlich sind.
  5. Katalytisches Element nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, die Zellendichte von jedem der Elemente (12, 13) unterschiedlich ist.
  6. Katalytisches Element nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, die Zusammensetzung von jedem der Elemente (12, 13) unterschiedlich ist.
  7. Katalytisches Element nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, die Öffnungen (15) des Ringmantels (11) derart geneigte Krempen aufweisen, dass die Gasströme in das Hohlvolumen (14) geleitet werden.
  8. Katalytisches Element nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, der Ringmantel (11) auf dem Niveau des Hohlvolumens (14) und stromabwärts der Öffnungen (15) wenigstens eine Umfangsrille (16) umfasst, die zum Inneren des Ringmantels (11) ausgehöhlt ist und zur Verwirklichung eines Venturi-Effekts vorgesehen ist.
  9. Verwendung eines katalytischen Elements nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche in einem Schalldämpfer, der Teil der Auspuffleitung ist.
  10. Schalldämpfer, umfassend ein Katalytisches Element nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8 und im übrigen umfassend wenigstens einen Eingang (3) und wenigstens einen Ausgang (9) für die Auspuffgase, eine Doppelhülle (4, 4') die ein Zwischenvolumen (24) und das Volumen des Schalldämpfers begrenzt, eine Wand (6), die dazu vorgesehen ist, das Innenvolumen in zwei Teile stromaufwärts (7) und stromabwärts (8) zu teilen, und auf der ein katalytisches Element (10) derart angebracht ist, dass das erste katalytische Element (12) in dem Teil stromaufwärts (7) angeordnet ist, und dass das zweite katalytische Element (13) in dem Teil stromabwärts (8) angeordnet ist, und dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Öffnungen (15) des katalytischen Elements auf der stromabwärts Seite (8) angeordnet sind und dadurch, dass die Innenhülle (4) gleichermaßen Öffnungen (17) aufweist, die auf der Stromabwärtsseite (8) so angeordnet sind, dass ein in dem Zwischenvolumen (24) fließendes Fluid in das Volumen stromabwärts (8) entlang der Öffnungen (17) und dann entlang des zweiten katalytischen Elements (13) durchdringen kann.
  11. Schalldämpfer, nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, das Fluid aus Luft besteht.
  12. Schalldämpfer, nach einem der Ansprüche 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass, das Fluid aus Auspuffgasen besteht.
EP19990400418 1998-02-27 1999-02-22 Neue katalytische Einheit zur Behandlung von Abgasen einer Brennkraftmaschine Expired - Lifetime EP0939207B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9802440 1998-02-27
FR9802440A FR2775497B1 (fr) 1998-02-27 1998-02-27 Nouvel element catalytique destine au traitement des gaz d'echappement d'un moteur a combustion interne

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0939207A1 EP0939207A1 (de) 1999-09-01
EP0939207B1 true EP0939207B1 (de) 2003-05-21

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EP19990400418 Expired - Lifetime EP0939207B1 (de) 1998-02-27 1999-02-22 Neue katalytische Einheit zur Behandlung von Abgasen einer Brennkraftmaschine

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EP (1) EP0939207B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH11294153A (de)
ES (1) ES2200477T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2775497B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2003155926A (ja) * 2001-11-21 2003-05-30 Cataler Corp 排気ガス浄化装置
FR2856730A1 (fr) * 2003-06-24 2004-12-31 Jean Claude Fayard Dispositif de postraitement de gaz d'echappement de moteur a allumage commande ou de bruleur par catalyse en deux etapes reduction puis oxydation
JP4922589B2 (ja) * 2005-09-15 2012-04-25 川崎重工業株式会社 排気浄化装置
EP3498995B1 (de) 2014-01-31 2020-09-09 Donaldson Company, Inc. Dosier- und mischanordnung zur verwendung bei der abgasnachbehandlung
DE102014209381A1 (de) * 2014-05-16 2015-11-19 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren und modulares System zum Aufbau einer Abgasnachbehandlungsvorrichtung
DE102017101923A1 (de) * 2017-02-01 2018-08-02 Eberspächer Exhaust Technology GmbH & Co. KG Abgasanlage
EP3346103B1 (de) 2017-01-05 2019-05-22 Eberspächer Exhaust Technology GmbH & Co. KG Abgasanlage
DE102018203066A1 (de) * 2018-03-01 2019-09-05 Continental Automotive Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Abgasnachbehandlung

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2097624A5 (de) 1970-07-16 1972-03-03 Peugeot & Renault
JPS6318123A (ja) * 1986-07-10 1988-01-26 Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd 触媒コンバ−タ
GB2220150A (en) * 1988-07-08 1990-01-04 Piaggio & C Spa Exhaust system with catalytic converter for two-stroke engines
US5033264A (en) * 1989-06-16 1991-07-23 Tecogen Inc. Compact cogeneration system
JPH04140413A (ja) * 1990-10-01 1992-05-14 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 内燃機関の排気ガス浄化装置
FR2687431B1 (fr) 1992-02-14 1995-07-13 Inst Francais Du Petrole Tubulure d'echappement a paroi catalytique pour moteurs a combustion interne.
JPH05340234A (ja) * 1992-06-05 1993-12-21 Kubota Corp エンジンの排気浄化消音装置
US5285640A (en) * 1992-07-21 1994-02-15 Olivo John R Integrated post-engine emissions heater, catalytic converter and muffler
DE4244614A1 (de) * 1992-12-31 1994-07-07 Eberspaecher J Abgasanlage für Verbrennungsmotoren
US5377486A (en) 1993-05-17 1995-01-03 Ford Motor Company Catalytic converter system
JPH07328452A (ja) * 1994-06-13 1995-12-19 Showa Aircraft Ind Co Ltd 触媒装置用金属担体
JPH08189344A (ja) 1995-01-12 1996-07-23 Fuji Oozx Inc 排気ガスの浄化制御装置

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Publication number Publication date
EP0939207A1 (de) 1999-09-01
FR2775497B1 (fr) 2000-05-05
ES2200477T3 (es) 2004-03-01
FR2775497A1 (fr) 1999-09-03
JPH11294153A (ja) 1999-10-26

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