EP0949651B1 - Dispositif de conversion d'une image - Google Patents
Dispositif de conversion d'une image Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0949651B1 EP0949651B1 EP99400822A EP99400822A EP0949651B1 EP 0949651 B1 EP0949651 B1 EP 0949651B1 EP 99400822 A EP99400822 A EP 99400822A EP 99400822 A EP99400822 A EP 99400822A EP 0949651 B1 EP0949651 B1 EP 0949651B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- image
- photocathode
- tube
- local
- target
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium iodide Chemical compound [I-].[Cs+] XQPRBTXUXXVTKB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005136 cathodoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/86—Vessels; Containers; Vacuum locks
- H01J29/89—Optical or photographic arrangements structurally combined or co-operating with the vessel
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/02—Electrodes; Screens; Mounting, supporting, spacing or insulating thereof
- H01J29/10—Screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted or stored
- H01J29/36—Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens
- H01J29/38—Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens not using charge storage, e.g. photo-emissive screen, extended cathode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
- H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
- H01J31/50—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2229/00—Details of cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
- H01J2229/89—Optical components associated with the vessel
- H01J2229/8926—Active components, e.g. LCD's, indicators, illuminators and moving devices
Definitions
- the subject of the present invention is a device for converting a picture.
- the conversion carried out is the conversion of an image, transmitted by electromagnetic radiation, into an electronic image.
- electromagnetic radiation is X-ray. It can nevertheless be a radiation of the visible domain.
- the domain of the invention is mainly that of image intensifiers radiological, IIR. It can also be that of image intensifiers bright, IIL. Such intensifiers, in addition to conversion, realize amplification of the image signal.
- Figure 1 shows an image intensifier device.
- an x-ray tube 1 irradiates the body 2 with patient.
- An anti-diffusing grid 3 eliminates X-rays passing through the body 2 the rays which are not radial.
- a photocathode 5 delivers electrons focused on a target 6.
- the photocathode is excited by the radiation to be converted and produced locally, in each place where it is excited, radiation electronics whose intensity is proportional to the intensity of the radiation electromagnetic incident.
- the photocathode is associated with a scintillator which transforms X-rays, very short wavelength, in electromagnetic rays with length wave which are likely to excite photocathode 5.
- the electrons are attracted towards the target by the presence of an anode.
- the electrons are moreover subjected to deflections imposed by a field electric focusing.
- the electric field is induced by a game of electrodes 7 brought to adequate potentials.
- the focusing device itself brings into the image known deformations, the correction of which has already been envisaged in the state of the technique.
- the most well-known deformation is cushion distortion. She is due to the spherical nature of the entry face of the tube 4. We know with correction electrodes, as well as with electronic devices for target reading correct it accordingly.
- the deformation imposed by the parasitic magnetic influences is a so-called S deformation. Its effect is twofold. It results first, in what concerns a component, transverse to the focusing axis, of the field harmful magnetic, in a substantially homogeneous translation (at the first order) of all points, or pixels, of the image on the target. In addition, in what concerns the axial component of the harmful magnetic field, this is combines with the component transverse to the axis of focus of the speed electrons. It leads to a differential rotation of the image around the focus axis. The amplitude of this rotation depends on the component transverse speed and non-homogeneous attenuation of the shielding magnetic tube. We know that, under these conditions, the distortion in pixels rotation of the image obtained is all the more important as the distance between these pixels in the center of the image is small.
- a first solution consisted in providing a casing 8 of the image intensifier tube of a layer of material magnetic to channel the magnetic fields into this layer disruptors.
- the best known magnetic material used is ⁇ metal.
- This ⁇ metal is a Nickel Iron alloy which concentrates the field lines. he it is also possible to provide the inlet 9 of the tube with such a layer of material magnetic, but very thin, in order to obtain a better protection.
- Target 6 consists of a layer of phosphors which emit of light under the excitation of electronic rays, by effect of cathodoluminescence.
- the image formed on target 6 is then read by different devices. For example it can be read by a camera 11 film. In this case we record a succession of images produced on target 6.
- the image can also be read, if it is unique, by a camera 12.
- the image is read by a television camera 13. In particular the camera 13 digitizes the image.
- the corrected image or the raw image is presented on a monitor 15.
- the principle of the correction consists in taking an image of a test pattern placed on the path of electromagnetic radiation, for example in the plane Entry 9 of IIR.
- the target is known by construction and constitutes the reference of the undistorted image.
- the processor 14 compares the perfect image of the target with the revealed image of the target. This comparison gives a information on the distortion suffered by the image, and which is therefore imposed by the chain 4, 13, 15. From this distortion information, we can calculate a reverse distortion function.
- the inverse distortion function is then applied to the digital image of patient 2's body delivered by the camera 13 to correct it.
- the object of the invention is to remedy this problem by noting that useful images are not permanently acquired by tube 4.
- the invention includes means, permanently mounted in the tube 4, to constitute an image in real time sight.
- this can be done in two ways. On the one first way, a periodic pattern is incorporated into the inlet of the tube, or a grid, which alters all images in a known manner. The alteration produced geographically in places whose position on an image theoretical (without distortion) is known in advance.
- the alteration is not definitive, it can be brought or not, in real time, in the useful image.
- the image of the target is blurred in the useful image during the acquisition of the useful image, then the image of the test pattern is not blurred during the acquisition of the test pattern image.
- the invention therefore relates to an image conversion device transmitted by electromagnetic radiation in an image electronic device comprising, in an electronic tube, a photocathode excited by electromagnetic radiation, a target, and means of focusing on the target of the electron trajectories produced by the photocathode, characterized in that it includes means of alteration, integrated into the tube, to locally alter a conversion rate electromagnetic - electronic and to produce an electronic image with contrasting areas at the location of local alterations, and means of alternative real-time processing of the altered image and the corrected image of the transmitted image.
- FIG. 2 shows the improvement made to the device of the Figure 1 in the context of the invention.
- the tube 4 is mounted in a box 16.
- the entry face 18 is for example made of aluminum or plastic.
- the envelope 4 of the tube is made of stainless steel.
- tube 4 was made of glass.
- the photocathode consisting of a layer of Sb-K2-Cs material is attached to a scintillator 19 which, in a solution preferred is Cesium Iodide, Csl.
- the scintillator 19 is itself carried by a support 20 which, in one example, is made of aluminum.
- the envelope 4 of the tube at the place where this tube receives the radiation electromagnetic has a thickness between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm.
- the support 20 of scintillator 19 also has a thickness of between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. In an example, the thickness of the layer of scintillator 19 is of the order of 0.5 mm.
- the thickness of the photocathode layer 5 is less than a micrometer.
- pellets 22 are insulating and are intended to electrically isolate the photocathode 5 brought to a zero voltage with respect to the envelope of the tube 4 carried, it, to a voltage of 100 to 300 volts.
- the support 20 includes deformations 23.
- deformations 23 are grooves or holes (not through) located on the face of the support 20 which receives the radiation 17.
- the depth of these grooves or holes is of the order of 0.2 mm.
- these hollow deformations 23 are replaced by other hollow deformations 24 produced on the face of the support 20 intermediate between this support 20 and the scintillator 19 (or the photocathode 5 which is curved).
- an inlet window 25 of the tube 4, formed by the part of the casing 4 of the tube opposite the inlet face 18, has grooves or holes 26 playing the same role as the holes or grooves 23 and 24.
- this may result in a parallax error.
- protrusions 27 can be produced on the face of the support 20 which receives the radiation 17. These protrusions can also be produced on the internal face of the window 25 of the tube 4, with in this case the risk parallax error raised. Holes and grooves can be made by tools such as milling cutters or drills. These holes and these grooves as well as the protrusions can also be produced by stamping or stamping. In the latter case the stiffness of the sides of grooves maybe attenuated. We will see later that this defect has no consequences.
- Distortion references can also be obtained by making deposits of materials instead of the protrusions 27 more absorbent, or conversely in other places deposits of material less absorbent.
- These deposits can be paint markings. These can be obtained by printing or filing after engraving chemical layer of a photoresist or polymer deposited on the surface to be treated. The marking can be added to an entry face of the tube, or on the faces of layers of material interposed between it and the photocathode.
- One can also provide for inclusion in the support 20, or the inlet face 25 of tube 4, balls of more or less transparent material to the radiation to be received with the converter.
- a window 28 in the envelope 4 of the tube is out of the radiation field to be converted.
- a laser beam 29 (essentially a single ray, especially if the source is not a laser source), produced for example by a laser source 30, illuminates the rear face of photocathode 5. Under the effect of this illumination it emits electronic radiation 31 indicative of where it was excited by ray 29.
- the emission from source 30 will be pulsed.
- the duration of taking a radiographic image is of the order of 5 ms.
- Each radiographic image is separated from an radiographic image following by a time interval during which one proceeds to the acquisition of the target image.
- the signal delivered by photocathode 5 is in this case far superior to that delivered by photocathode 5 in reservation of X-rays.
- the acquisition time of the distorted image by the target is 5 ms.
- the laser source 30 must therefore be pulsed with a frequency of the order of 80 kHz. Note that in what concerns the position of the source 31, it is possible to do without the window 28 and place it inside the envelope of the tube 4.
- auxiliary light radiation can be provided to allow auxiliary light radiation to pass through holes opening 32 made throughout the thickness of the support 20. These holes are made with the desired density.
- a third embodiment of the invention comprises the realization of a grid 33 whose shape adapts perfectly to the shape spherical of the entry window 25.
- This grid 33 can slide alternately on the entry window 25.
- the principle of acquisition with this third mode consists in mobilizing the grid, for example in making it move during the useful shot.
- bars 34 of grid 33 spread their absorption effect over the entire image: this being affected uniformly.
- this target is constituted by the grid 33 stopped in a particular position.
- of the means symbolized by an arrow 35 for moving the grid 33 may include an electromagnetic vibrating pot.
- Figures 3a and 3b show the shape of the deformations, marks, and luminous spots, of round shapes, recommended in the invention respectively before and after conversion.
- a diameter of these references equivalent to the size, reported on the face input 9 of the IIR, from 2 to 4 pixels.
- Figure 3b shows the electronic image performed on target 6 in correspondence with these references.
- the images of these references are imperfectly distorted on the one hand, and their positions in the picture are distorted on the other hand.
- the position of the center 36 of these spots make it possible to determine the distortions 37 of their alignments.
- the corrections to be assigned to the images are deduced therefrom by interpolation. revealed.
- Figures 4a and 4b show under the same conditions the effects of replacing the holes with grooves.
- the advantage of using grooves is to allow a measurement of all the points 38 of the axes of the grooves and deduce the alignments 39 resulting from the image of these grooves. In this case the intersections 40 of the alignments 39 can be estimated much more precisely.
- FIG. 5 shows the evolution of the amplitude A of a signal 42 electronics detected on target 6 based on an abscissa x on this target.
- This signal which presents an evolution relative to the nature of the body 2 interposed presents on the abscissa x0 a variation of amplitude 41, here positive, due to a decrease in the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at measure.
- a modification 41 of the signal could be negative in the case where there would be extra thicknesses.
- FIG. 6 shows that the determination of the alignments 39 can allow to obtain the locations of intersections 40 with precision greater than a fraction of a pixel.
- Pulse 41 here considerably enlarged gives rise to a Gaussian curve shape which we know how to find the abscissa position of the mean.
- Figure 7 shows the principle of the invention.
- the converter the image intensifier
- the converter is placed in a part completely isolated from the harmful magnetic field, especially terrestrial field.
- the walls of the room are covered with a layer of ⁇ metal which concentrates the magnetic field.
- the picture as well obtained from the test pattern is stored in a memory 43 of the processor of images 14.
- This memorized image is for example a file listing a collection of addresses, abscissa and ordinate, corresponding to grid points constituting the target.
- the useful image that of patient 2 by example, and that of the test chart.
- the grooves 44, 45 made on this target are converted into images 46 and 47 respectively on target 6.
- the resulting deformations are globally deformations in S.
- point 48 of competition of grooves 44 and 45 the position of which is known from memory 43, has moved to position 49.
- the processor 14 is capable of processing the image of Figure 3b or Figure 4b to develop the coordinates of images 49 of the competition points 48.
- This development is of known type, it is implemented in the application to the CT scanners mentioned above. Starting from the perfect image of the test pattern stored in the memory 43 and the image acquired in real time from the target, the processor 14 performs a comparison 50 and produces an inverse function 51 of distortion. This inverse distortion function 51 is then applied to the useful image 52 of patient 2 to produce by correction the corrected image 53. The latter correction is also of type known in the previous application.
- references made in the invention must have a contrast preferably weak so as not to saturate the useful image acquired at the same time them. Indeed, see Figure 6, saturation does not allow find the position of the mean.
- contrast preferably weak so as not to saturate the useful image acquired at the same time them. Indeed, see Figure 6, saturation does not allow find the position of the mean.
- alternative acquisition especially with source 30 or with illumination by an auxiliary source through holes 32, we can accept more contrasted signals.
Landscapes
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
- Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Description
- figure 1 déjà commentée : la représentation d'un intensificateur d'images utilisable dans l'invention comme dispositif de conversion ;
- figure 2 : la représentation du perfectionnement apporté par l'invention au dispositif de la figure 1 ;
- figures 3a à 4b : des exemples de mire utilisables dans le dispositif de l'invention et leurs images distordues ;
- figure 5 : une modification d'un signal d'image due à la présence permanente de la mire ;
- figure 6 : une représentation d'une méthode appropriée pour obtenir des corrections aussi précises qu'une fraction de pixel ;
- figure 7 : une illustration de la mise en oeuvre en temps réel de l'invention.
Claims (11)
- Dispositif de conversion d'une image transmise par un rayonnement (17) électromagnétique en une image électronique comportant, dans un tube (4) électronique, une photocathode (5) excitée par le rayonnement électromagnétique, une cible (6), et des moyens (7) de focalisation sur la cible des trajectoires d'électrons produits par la photocathode, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte des moyens (23) d'altération, intégrés au tube, pour altérer localement un taux de la conversion électromagnétique - électronique et pour produire une image électronique avec des zones contrastées à l'endroit des altérations locales, et des moyens d'élaboration alternative en temps réel, de l'image altérée (44-49, 52) et de l'image corrigée (53) de l'image (17) transmise.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'altération comportent des modifications (23, 27) locales de la transparence aux rayonnements électromagnétiques d'une face (25) d'entrée du tube, ou de couches (19, 20) de matériaux interposés entre celle-ci et la photocathode.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la modification de transparence est positive, par réductions locales d'épaisseur notamment par emboutissage ou gravure, et ou par réalisation de zones avec un pouvoir absorbant moins fort des rayons électromagnétiques.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la modification de transparence est négative, par adjonction de surépaisseurs locales et ou par réalisation de zones avec un pouvoir absorbant local plus fort des rayons électromagnétiques.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un marquage rapporté sur une face d'entrée du tube, ou sur des faces de couches de matériaux interposés entre celle-ci et la photocathode.
- Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la photocathode est courbe, en ce qu'il comporte un scintillateur (19) accolé à la photocathode et porté par un support (20), et en ce que le support du scintillateur possède une surface intermédiaire entre ce support et ce scintillateur, cette surface intermédiaire étant munie de déformations (24) locales formant les moyens d'altération.
- Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'altération comportent des moyens (28-31) d'exciter localement la photocathode avec un rayonnement électromagnétique auxiliaire.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'exciter comportent des percements (32) locaux d'un support (20) supportant un scintillateur accolé à la photocathode.
- Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 7 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'exciter comportent une source (30) d'un rayon lumineux excitant la photocathode par une de ses faces opposées à la face excitée par le rayonnement électromagnétique.
- Dispositif selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que le tube comporte une fenêtre (28) pour y faire pénétrer ce rayon lumineux.
- Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'une fenêtre (25) d'entrée du tube comporte une grille (33) vibrante et des moyens pour, cycliquement l'animer, d'une part, pendant une durée correspondant à une conversion de l'image transmise, et la rendre fixe d'autre part pendant une durée correspondant à un relevé de l'image de la grille.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9804309A FR2777112B1 (fr) | 1998-04-07 | 1998-04-07 | Dispositif de conversion d'une image |
| FR9804309 | 1998-04-07 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0949651A1 EP0949651A1 (fr) | 1999-10-13 |
| EP0949651B1 true EP0949651B1 (fr) | 2004-06-16 |
Family
ID=9524945
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP99400822A Expired - Lifetime EP0949651B1 (fr) | 1998-04-07 | 1999-04-02 | Dispositif de conversion d'une image |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6194700B1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0949651B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP4328408B2 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69917974T2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2777112B1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2803394B1 (fr) | 1999-12-30 | 2003-04-25 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | Systeme de detection d'image radiologique pour generateur de rayons x a balayage |
| FR2824922B1 (fr) * | 2001-05-18 | 2004-10-29 | Thales Sa | Correction de distorsion d'un intensificateur d'image |
| US7114851B2 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2006-10-03 | General Electric Company | Methods and systems for calibrating medical imaging devices |
| FR2873728B1 (fr) | 2004-07-29 | 2008-04-25 | Jean Luc Sandoz | Element plan de construction et agencement forme a partir d'un ou plusieurs elements |
| US7557503B2 (en) * | 2004-09-22 | 2009-07-07 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Streak tube including control electrode having blocking portion between a photocathode and an anode |
| FR2906400B1 (fr) * | 2006-09-26 | 2008-11-14 | Thales Sa | Correction de distorsion d'un tube electronique intensificateur d'image. |
| US9451177B2 (en) * | 2013-06-18 | 2016-09-20 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Methods and apparatus for high speed camera |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3533582A1 (de) * | 1985-09-20 | 1987-04-02 | Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm | Bildsensor zur aufnahme von szenen oder objekten mit tiefenstrukturierter oberflaeche |
| FR2591032B1 (fr) | 1985-11-29 | 1988-01-08 | Thomson Csf | Photocathode a faible courant d'obscurite |
| FR2591033B1 (fr) | 1985-11-29 | 1988-01-08 | Thomson Csf | Photocathode a rendement eleve |
| FR2592217B1 (fr) | 1985-12-20 | 1988-02-05 | Thomson Csf | Photocathode a amplification interne |
| FR2625838B1 (fr) | 1988-01-13 | 1996-01-26 | Thomson Csf | Scintillateur d'ecran d'entree de tube intensificateur d'images radiologiques et procede de fabrication d'un tel scintillateur |
| FR2626106B1 (fr) | 1988-01-15 | 1990-05-04 | Thomson Csf | Procede de fabrication d'une photocathode pour tube intensificateur d'images |
| FR2634057B1 (fr) | 1988-07-08 | 1991-04-19 | Thomson Csf | Procede de fabrication d'un tube perfectionne intensificateur d'images radiologiques, tube intensificateur ainsi obtenu |
| FR2634562B1 (fr) | 1988-07-22 | 1990-09-07 | Thomson Csf | Procede de fabrication d'un scintillateur et scintillateur ainsi obtenu |
| FR2647955B1 (fr) | 1989-05-30 | 1991-08-16 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | Ecran d'entree de tube intensificateur d'image radiologique |
| FR2687007B1 (fr) | 1992-01-31 | 1994-03-25 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | Tube intensificateur d'image notamment du type a focalisation de proximite. |
| FR2688343A1 (fr) | 1992-03-06 | 1993-09-10 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | Tube intensificateur d'image notamment radiologique, du type a galette de microcanaux. |
| FR2698482B1 (fr) | 1992-11-20 | 1994-12-23 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | Dispositif générateur d'images par effet de luminescence. |
| US5567929A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1996-10-22 | University Of Connecticut | Flat panel detector and image sensor |
-
1998
- 1998-04-07 FR FR9804309A patent/FR2777112B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-04-02 EP EP99400822A patent/EP0949651B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-02 DE DE69917974T patent/DE69917974T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-06 US US09/286,443 patent/US6194700B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-04-07 JP JP10067999A patent/JP4328408B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2000059686A (ja) | 2000-02-25 |
| EP0949651A1 (fr) | 1999-10-13 |
| FR2777112A1 (fr) | 1999-10-08 |
| DE69917974T2 (de) | 2005-09-01 |
| DE69917974D1 (de) | 2004-07-22 |
| US6194700B1 (en) | 2001-02-27 |
| JP4328408B2 (ja) | 2009-09-09 |
| FR2777112B1 (fr) | 2000-06-16 |
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