EP0971990A1 - Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique - Google Patents

Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique

Info

Publication number
EP0971990A1
EP0971990A1 EP98912803A EP98912803A EP0971990A1 EP 0971990 A1 EP0971990 A1 EP 0971990A1 EP 98912803 A EP98912803 A EP 98912803A EP 98912803 A EP98912803 A EP 98912803A EP 0971990 A1 EP0971990 A1 EP 0971990A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
proteinaceous material
protein
paint
solvent
formulation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP98912803A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Leontine Anna De Graaf
Peter Kolster
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Stichting Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek
Original Assignee
Stichting Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stichting Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek filed Critical Stichting Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek
Priority to EP98912803A priority Critical patent/EP0971990A1/fr
Publication of EP0971990A1 publication Critical patent/EP0971990A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D189/00—Coating compositions based on proteins; Coating compositions based on derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/65—Additives macromolecular
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L89/00—Compositions of proteins; Compositions of derivatives thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of liquid paint formulations which comprise proteinaceous material .
  • Liquid paint formulations are composed of a resin or binder and a volatile dispersion medium (solvent or non- solvent) .
  • the dispersion medium will be referred to as the "solvent”.
  • These formulations can contain additives such as pigments and fillers. In that case, a suspension of finely divided pigment and filler particles is formed in a liquid binder system.
  • the volatile solvent evaporates from the drying film after application, while the binder holds the pigment in the dry film and causes it to adhere to the substrate.
  • paint also encompasses lacquers, varnishes and spars, or similar coatings for all kinds of substrates.
  • paint formulations can be subdivided in organic solvent containing systems and water-based systems .
  • alkyd formulations which comprise synthetic resins made from fatty acids or fatty oils, polybasic acids and polyhydric alcohols.
  • the present invention relates to water-based paint compositions, including latexes and poly (meth) acrylate, poly (meth) acrylics and acrylic resin type compositions.
  • Such compositions use water as volatile solvent or dispersion medium. Water tends to evaporate rapidly from drying paint films. This makes that application of the paint, e.g., by using a brush, may rather easily leave marks.
  • water-based paints generally have short open times. To solve this problem, it is proposed to add more slowly evaporating additives, e.g. glycols, to the aqueous phase. Such additives maintain the film open for a prolonged time.
  • proteinaceous material can be used to influence the drying time of paint formulations and to adjust the open time of paint formulations.
  • open time is defined as the period of time wherein an applied paint layer is fluid enough to make a stripeless touch up.
  • scratch resistance of paint coatings can be improved by the incorporation of proteinaceous material in the paint formulation.
  • the present invention hence, relates to a process for the preparation and the use of a scratch resistant paint formulation, and/or formulation having an improved open time or drying time, comprising combining a resinous binder, proteinaceous material, conventional additives and a solvent, and dispersing the combination obtained, so that the proteinaceous material swells and/or dissolves in the solvent.
  • proteinaceous material can be used as a dispersion, a solution or a dry powder. If the proteinaceous material is used in powder form, it will interact with the solvent during the dispersing with the other components of the formulation. As a result, the protein particles will swell, or even dissolve, and a dispersion or (colloidal) solution will be formed.
  • EP-A-0 665 262 relates to the use of a powder of natural organic substance in, among others, coatings and paints.
  • the powder may be selected from pulverized silk, keratin, collagen, wool, cotton and the like.
  • the purpose of the powder in the coatings is to facilitate writing on the surface thereof. In the coating or the paint, the powder form of the pulverized substance is maintained which is necessary to obtain the desired writing facilitating effect. There is no or hardly any interaction between the substance of the powder and the components of the coating or paint .
  • the Japanese patent application 4304242 discloses a synthetic leather coating comprising a resin chosen from the group of polyurethanes , poly (aminoacid urethane) and PVC, and a vegetable protein.
  • the protein is present in the coating in the form of macroscopic particles. Also for this use, the protein material should not have any or should hardly have any interaction with the binder.
  • the essential differences between these known applications, wherein protein powder particles are used to give the coatings or paint layer a certain three dimensional structure, and the present invention is that in the present invention, the protein material must interact with the solvent, and must have film forming capacity in the presence of or with the already present binder. The interaction with the solvent, which means that the protein material swells or is dissolved is especially important for improvements in open time. The film forming capacity is important to obtain scratch resistance.
  • proteinaceous material comprises polymers essentially consisting of amino acid residues.
  • This broad definition encompasses natural proteins as well as processed or modified proteins that may have modified characteristics, e.g., different solubilities or viscosities, such as partially hydrolyzed proteins, denaturated proteins or proteins containing certain substituents , as well as synthetic polypeptides and synthetic oligopeptides, comprised of one or more types of amino acids.
  • modified characteristics e.g., different solubilities or viscosities, such as partially hydrolyzed proteins, denaturated proteins or proteins containing certain substituents , as well as synthetic polypeptides and synthetic oligopeptides, comprised of one or more types of amino acids.
  • synthetic oligomers and polymers is that such materials can have a very high purity.
  • the various proteins differ from each other in functional properties such as water solubility, film forming properties, adhesion, emulsifying and foaming properties. Further, the various proteins differ in price. The person skilled in the art will primarily take into account both the inherent properties of the proteins and their price in order to find an economical interesting protein source.
  • proteins are built up from many different reactive amino acids e.g. containing (pending) amino, carboxylic, hydroxyl, amide, mercapto moieties, there are many possibilities to adjust the functional properties of a protein to the demands of an application by means of chemical and/or enzymatic modifications.
  • chemical modification reactions include reaction with anhydrides, ethylene imine, acid chloride/aldehyde, diamine/carbodiimide, as well as deamidation, esterification and thiolation reactions. These reactions and the reaction conditions are known to the skilled person.
  • the solubility of a protein will increase if charged groups are incorporated.
  • asparagine, and glutamine amide residues
  • wheat gluten the amount of asparagine and glutamine is about 40%, so for this protein deamidation is very efficient to increase the water solubility and the stability of the dispersion/solution.
  • hydrolysis and the attachment of hydrophilic groups increase the solubility.
  • hydrophobic groups can make a protein more lipophilic.
  • Commercially available reagents exist which contain both an alkyl/branched alkyl segment which differs in chain length (generally ranging from C 6 -C 20 although longer and shorter chains are possible) and a reactive group, e.g. acid, acid chloride, sulfonyl chloride, aldehyde or epoxide .
  • Another route to hydrophobize proteins is to polymerize (hydrophilic, charged or hydrophobic) monomers (e.g. acrylics) to the protein backbone, resulting in a polymer grafted to the protein.
  • the grafted product can be the desired by-product in the (emulsion) polymerization of monomers onto or in the presence of proteins.
  • the reactions and reaction conditions are known to the skilled person.
  • proteins can be coupled to a polymer by first blending the protein and the binder, followed by a chemical or physical attachment of the synthetic binder to the protein.
  • the scratch resistance of the paint coatings appears to be importantly increased when at least 2 wt.%, preferably at least 5 wt.%, more preferably at least 10 wt.%; and most preferably at least 20 wt.% of the resinous binder is replaced by proteinaceous material.
  • the weight ratio of resinous binder to proteinaceous material is between 1/99 and 95/5.
  • the proteinaceous material is added in an amount of between 1 and 20 wt.% drawn to the weight of the total composition.
  • the solvent system used in the paint formulations prepared in accordance with the present invention can be an aqueous system, an organic solvent, or a mixture of solvents .
  • the resinous binder is of the polyacrylate, polyacetate or polyurethane type, or a combination thereof.
  • Resinous binders of this type encompass (meth) acrylates, (meth) acrylics, acrylic resins, and various random, alternating, block or tapered copolymers and interpolymers containing (meth) acryl monomers.
  • Polyurethanes are condensation polymers of polyalcohols and polyisocyanates . However, polyamines can also be incorporated.
  • Both aliphatic, aromatic and cycloaliphatic polyalcohols and polyisocyanates, or combinations of different types of these monomders can be used.
  • the monomer types present can be distributed in the polymer in a random, block or alternating fachion with linear or branched chains.
  • resinous binders inclusive of alkyd resins, and other polymers based on copolymerizable vinyl monomers, such as vinylaryl substances, nitriles and/or dienes, can be used in combination with the proteinaceous material as well.
  • Polyacrylate homo-, co- and interpolymers are used in the coating industry on a large scale, for instance as binder in water-based paint and ink formulations.
  • Polyacrylate containing paint formulations form good coatings that meet most of the requirements set to a coating. Such coatings have, e.g., a good film appearance, a good resistancy to water and organic solvents, and a sufficient weather resistance.
  • polyacrylate coatings have two well-recognized imperfections, which make that painters still prefer to apply alkyd resin containing, commonly organic solvent based, paint formulations.
  • Acrylate resin containing formulations have a short open time as compared with alkyd resin containing compositions; and acrylate containing formulations give coatings having a relatively low scratch resistance, esp. when compared with polyurethane resin containing formulations .
  • a general formulation of protein containing paint formulations based on total formulation weight may comprise :
  • additives e.g. pigments and fillers
  • processing acids such as stabilizers, wetting agents, preservatives, plasticizers for binder and protein; and
  • the present invention relates to the use of proteinaceous material for increasing the scratch resistance of paint films.
  • Scratch resistance is a very important characteristic of paint formulations, for instance and especially for wood lacquers, floor polishes, car top coatings, furniture coatings, overprint varnishes and do-it-yourself paints.
  • the proteinaceous material has a good film- forming capacity in the solvent system or dispersion medium used. Compared with known paint formulations, especially good results are obtained for water-based paint formulations. However, improved scratch resistance can be obtained in organic solvent systems and/or high solids compositions, as well. In the solvent system used, the proteinaceous material preferably forms good films to give improvements in scratch resistance.
  • This film forming activity is dependent on the protein material used in combination with the solvent system used. It is important for a good, uniform scratch resistance that the proteinaceous material is well-soluble or well-dispersible in the (solvent system of the) paint formulation. During and after drying of the point formulation, the proteinaceous material will be incorporated into the resin matrix. Thus, the resin and the proteinaceous material are selected to have the required interaction with each other, which is within the scope of a skilled artisan.
  • the proteinaceous material can be modified, derivatized or mixed with other proteins to obtain a good film forming capacity in the paint formulation, while, if needed, surfactants can be added to obtain a good solubility/dispersibility.
  • proteins used and the polymers e.g. by grafting monomers onto the protein, or by reaction of the protein with the polymer binder.
  • plasticizers for the proteinaceous material and/or the resinous binder may be suitable to add plasticizers for the proteinaceous material and/or the resinous binder.
  • Useful plasticizers are e.g. glycerols for the proteinaceous material, and e.g. butylglycol acrylate resins .
  • the present invention is also directed to the use of proteinaceous material for adjusting, and preferably prolonging, the open time of a paint formulation film.
  • the open time of paint formulations is regulated or controlled by the swelling behaviour or solvent absorption of the proteinaceous material and, to a lesser extent, the binder material.
  • the amount of proteinaceous material suitably be used in the formulations of the inventions to obtain the effects found in accordance with this invention, is governed by the possibility to absorb solvent .
  • the drying time of paint formulations esp. of water-based formulations, can increase considerably, e.g. up to 400%, dependent on the type of protein, the percentage of protein and the modification of the protein, of course in combination with the solvent system used.
  • drying time and "open time” are related; however, it cannot be said that the relation between these terms is directly proportional.
  • the relation depends on the nature of the protein and the binder, and may depend on the solvent system used.
  • additives can be present. These additives may be pigments (both inorganic and organic), and binders. The pigment confers the hiding (covering) and coloring power of the paint. Normally, it also contributes to the durability of dry film.
  • acrylates/urethanes and proteins When combinations of acrylates/urethanes and proteins were used, either solid protein or a protein solution were added to a diluted acrylate/urethane dispersion. For instance, a formulation containing 80% acrylate/urethane and 20% protein on solids basis, was prepared by addition of 2 g protein to a dispersion of 8 g acrylate/urethane binder in 79.6 mL water. Subsequently, 0.4 g glycerol was added as plasticizer for protein. If necessary, butylglycol was added as a plasticizer for the acrylate/urethane binder. The formulations were used
  • Application Films were applied by means of a doctor blade or a wire bar. Film thickness of the applied wet films ranged from 30 ⁇ m up to 300 ⁇ m. Films were conditioned for 24 hours at 52 °C before characterization.
  • Substrates Films were applied on Leneta 2-C opacity testcards and on glass substrates.
  • Film appearance 100 ⁇ m wet film on Leneta 2-C opacity testcard.
  • the coating should form a film (no cracks) and be transparent on both coated and uncoated surface of testcard.
  • Drying time A 30 ⁇ m wet film was applied on Leneta testcard by a doctor blade. All dispersion had equal solid contents. The time needed to dry the complete film was measured as the drying time. All measurements were carried out in three- fold.
  • the normalized drying time is defined as the drying time of the protein-acrylate/urethane dispersion divided by the drying time of the neat acrylate/urethane dispersion (equal solids content) .
  • Scratch resistance Films of 100 ⁇ m wet thickness on Leneta 2-C opacity testcard were dried and tested after first conditioning at 52°C (24 hours) and subsequently at 23°C/60% RH (24 hours) and judged by nail scratching. The resulting gloss difference and surface damage were judged. High scratch resistance was denoted as 5, low scratch resistance as 1.
  • Example 1 shows the influence of the type of protein on the drying time of Joncryl 8300 after addition of 10 wt.% protein based on acrylate binder.
  • the protein equal weight percentage in all formulations
  • a film with the highest transparency was formed with gelatin.
  • Example 2 shows the influence of the type of protein on the drying time of SCX 8085. Drying time depends both on the type of acrylate resin (compare with Example 1) and on the protein type. SWP and casein films had very good film appearance, showing smooth, transparent films containing no cracks.
  • Example 3 The influence of the protein content on drying time of Joncryl 8300 is shown in Example 3. After addition of only 10% protein, an increase of 140 and 250% can be obtained with gelatin and SWP, respectively. In the case of gelatin, at all protein concentrations transparent films were formed. SWP films containing 10 wt.% protein had a good film appearance, films containing 50 wt.% SWP were slightly hazy.
  • Example 4 The influence of the protein content on the drying time of XK55 is shown in Example 4. Drying time depends both on the protein and on the type of resin compare Examples 1-3. Both soy and casein increase the drying time by >200% upon addition of 10 wt.% or more protein. Casein containing films were transparent at all protein concentrations .
  • XK 55 The influence of the protein content on the drying time of XK55 is shown in Example 4. Drying time depends both on the protein and on the type of resin compare Examples 1-3. Both soy and casein increase the drying time by >200% upon addition of 10 wt.% or more protein. Casein containing films were transparent at all protein concentrations . XK 55
  • Example 5 shows the influence of modification of casein (attachment of polar amine groups) on the drying time of SCX 8222.
  • the incorporation of additional functional groups to the protein creates the possibility to perform subsequent reactions such as crosslinking. Thereby, coating properties can be varied and improved if necessary. Attachment of polar groups increases the drying time of the protein solution, and of the protein/acrylate blend.
  • Example 6 The influence of the binder type in a paint formulation on both the drying time and scratch resistance is shown in Example 6.
  • the paint formulation contained 48 wt.% binder and 50 wt.% pigments.
  • the scratch resistance of the dry films increases significantly if the synthetic binder is completely replaced by the (non-modified) casein binder in exactly the same formulation.
  • the drying time is not affected if casein is used. Thus, it is possible to adjust the scratch resistance independently of the drying time.
  • Example 7 shows the influence of addition of proteins on the drying time and scratch resistance of a commercial formulated wall paint.
  • Films containing 10 wt.% SWP and 90% resin were white but slightly less shiny than the pure paint.
  • the films contained no cracks.
  • Casein containing films were glossy and contained no cracks.
  • the water resistance of the films containing 10 wt.% protein decreased slightly as compared to the neat paint.
  • Example 8 The influence of SWP and casein content on scratch resistance of Joncryl 8300 is shown in Example 8. Protein coatings have a higher scratch resistance than acrylate coatings. Upon addition of > . 5 wt.% protein to acrylates, the scratch resistance increases . Casein containing acrylate films appear homogeneous at all compositions. Due to phase separation in SWP films upon addition of 50% SWP, the scratch resistance equals that of the pure protein film.
  • Example 9 shows the influence of addition of proteins on the drying time and scratch resistance of a commercial furniture lacquer, based on an aqueous polyurethane/polyacrylate dispersion. Films containing 20 wt.% SWP or casein and 80% resin, had exactly the same appearance (slightly hazy) as the pure varnish. The films contained no cracks. The water resistance of the films containing 10-20 wt.% protein decreased slightly (water spottest 60 minutes from 5 to 4) as compared to the neat lacquer .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de préparation et d'utilisation d'une formulation de peinture résistante aux égratignures. Ce procédé consiste à combiner un liant résineux, une matière protéinique, des additifs classiques et un solvant, puis à disperser la combinaison ainsi obtenue de façon que la matière protéinique gonfle et/ou se dissolve dans le solvant. Dans un autre aspect de l'invention, on décrit l'utilisation de la matière protéinique pour augmenter la résistance aux égratignures des films de peinture. Dans un autre aspect encore de l'invention, on décrit l'utilisation de matière protéinique pour régler, et de préférence pour prolonger, le temps ouvert d'un film à base de cette formulation de peinture.
EP98912803A 1997-04-01 1998-04-01 Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique Withdrawn EP0971990A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98912803A EP0971990A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1998-04-01 Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US4230097P 1997-04-01 1997-04-01
EP97200959A EP0869159A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1997-04-01 Peinture contenant de matière protéinique
US42300P 1997-04-01
EP97200959 1997-04-01
PCT/NL1998/000183 WO1998044056A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1998-04-01 Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique
EP98912803A EP0971990A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1998-04-01 Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0971990A1 true EP0971990A1 (fr) 2000-01-19

Family

ID=8228162

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97200959A Withdrawn EP0869159A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1997-04-01 Peinture contenant de matière protéinique
EP98912803A Withdrawn EP0971990A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1998-04-01 Formulations de peinture comprenant une matiere proteinique

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97200959A Withdrawn EP0869159A1 (fr) 1997-04-01 1997-04-01 Peinture contenant de matière protéinique

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0869159A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU6749898A (fr)
WO (1) WO1998044056A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1067160A1 (fr) * 1999-07-09 2001-01-10 Coöperatieve Verkoop- en Productievereniging van Aardappelmeel en Derivaten 'AVEBE' B.A. Revêtements à base de protéines
SE521375C2 (sv) * 2002-09-04 2003-10-28 Mikael Haeffner Självpolerande båtbottenfärg
US7618536B2 (en) 2003-09-03 2009-11-17 Ekomarine Ab Method of treating a marine object
TR200605600A2 (tr) * 2006-10-09 2008-05-21 Taş Ali̇ Gündüz-gece zifiri karanlıkta tüm tonlarda görünebilme özelliğinde boya
FR2998576B1 (fr) * 2012-11-29 2017-03-10 Felor Composition de peinture ecologique a base d'algues ou d'extraits d'algues

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2216527B (en) * 1988-03-03 1992-07-29 Sadao Nishibori Method for pulverising gelatin and its use in paint, coating layers, films and finished cloth
JPH04304242A (ja) * 1991-03-29 1992-10-27 Ajinomoto Co Inc 樹脂組成物及びそれを用いた成形品
EP0875523B1 (fr) * 1993-05-24 2004-03-31 Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. Ltd. Procédé de production de poudre fine de fibroine

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9844056A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0869159A1 (fr) 1998-10-07
AU6749898A (en) 1998-10-22
WO1998044056A1 (fr) 1998-10-08

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