EP1002143B1 - Passivation alcaline de bande - Google Patents

Passivation alcaline de bande Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1002143B1
EP1002143B1 EP98942626A EP98942626A EP1002143B1 EP 1002143 B1 EP1002143 B1 EP 1002143B1 EP 98942626 A EP98942626 A EP 98942626A EP 98942626 A EP98942626 A EP 98942626A EP 1002143 B1 EP1002143 B1 EP 1002143B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ions
free
passivation
alkaline
points
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98942626A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1002143A1 (fr
Inventor
Jörg Riesop
Heike Krautbauer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Original Assignee
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
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Publication date
Application filed by Henkel AG and Co KGaA filed Critical Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Publication of EP1002143A1 publication Critical patent/EP1002143A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/60—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH greater than 8
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
    • C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
    • C23C22/60—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using alkaline aqueous solutions with pH greater than 8
    • C23C22/66—Treatment of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/73—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals characterised by the process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C22/82—After-treatment
    • C23C22/83—Chemical after-treatment

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the alkaline passivation of galvanized and galvanized steel surfaces as well as aluminum and its Alloys in conveyor systems. This passivation creates a Corrosion protection layer, which is the basis for subsequent painting can serve.
  • Alkaline passivation processes are used to treat the above Metal surfaces have been known for a long time.
  • the treatment solutions usually toxic heavy metals such as nickel ions and / or Cobalt ions.
  • nickel ions and / or Cobalt ions By suitable complexing agents, these ions are among the alkaline conditions kept in solution. Examples of such Passivation solutions are given in EP-A-405 340.
  • the invention therefore has as its object a method for to provide alkaline passivation of suitable metal surfaces, which has a similar performance to processes containing nickel or cobalt has, but no toxic heavy metals used.
  • GB-A-1 042 108 describes an alkaline, chromate-free treatment bath for galvanized or coated with a zinc alloy surface, which preferably has a pH in the range from 12.6 to 13.3.
  • the bath contains 0.002 to 0.5% of a metal from the group Mg, Cd, Al, Sn, Ti, Sb, Mo, Cr, Ce, W, Mn, Co, Fe and Ni as well as an amount of an organic complexing agent to the metal to keep complex solutions.
  • the surfaces are treated for 20 to 60 seconds at a temperature of 90 to 200 ° F.
  • the bath contains 3% NaOH, 0.2% sodium hexahydroxyheptoate, 0.008% Fe 3+ and 0.042% Mg. Baths which hold two or more metals in solution in complex form are preferred; preferred metals are iron and cobalt.
  • Aluminum alloys which contain more than 50% by weight of aluminum.
  • Alkaline means that the treatment solutions have a pH from above 9.5, preferably in the range from 10 to 13. to In practice, the characterization of the treatment baths serves less the pH values, but the levels of free alkalinity and total alkalinity.
  • the free Alkalinity is determined by diluting 2 ml bath solution, preferably to 50 ml, with a 0.1 N acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid titrated to a pH of 8.5. The consumption of acid solution in ml gives the Score of free alkalinity.
  • the overall alkalinity is determined accordingly, by adding 2 ml of treatment solution, diluted to 50 ml, with 0.1N acid up to titrated to a pH of 4.0. This inevitably means that the total alkalinity is higher than the free alkalinity.
  • the treatment solution can contain additional active substances that have a positive effect on the formation of layers and corrosion protection.
  • contents from about 0.001 to about 20 g / l of finely divided SiO 2 , for example pyrogenic silica, may be mentioned.
  • BET specific surface area
  • Aqueous suspensions of such silicas are commercially available.
  • Another optional component of the treatment solution is about 0.001 to about 10 g / l of monomeric or oligomeric acrylate and / or methacrylate ions.
  • This can be as soluble salts, for example sodium salts, or in the form of the free Acid can be added to the treatment solution.
  • Drying step at the latest when baking an applied lacquer, polymerize these ions and thereby improve the layer properties.
  • the amino or hydroxy carboxylate ions serve to prevent the precipitation of iron and magnesium compounds at the alkaline pH of the treatment solution to prevent.
  • all amino or hydroxy carboxylate ions are for this suitable that produce this effect. They can be in the form of soluble salts such as for example sodium salts or as free acids in the treatment solution be introduced.
  • Monobasic hydroxycarboxylic acids are preferred with at least 4 carbon atoms and at least 2 alcoholic hydroxyl groups.
  • Gluconate ions or those longer by one carbon atom are particularly preferred Glucoheptanationen.
  • the treatment solutions also contain the anions of the salts than that of the magnesium and iron (III) ions in the treatment solution have been introduced.
  • the nitrates are preferably used here, since Nitrate ions have no negative influence on corrosion protection.
  • the process is designed for the treatment of running metal strips, so that the treatment time depending on the belt speed and length of the Treatment zone is in the range of a few seconds.
  • the Treatment time is about 3 to about 30 seconds and is preferably in Range from 5 to 15 seconds.
  • aqueous treatment solution becomes the end of the desired exposure time rinsed.
  • the corrosion protection effect can be further improved if the undergoes post-passivation of alkaline passivated metal surfaces.
  • Post-passivation after an alkaline passivation is state of the art Processes containing chromium are widely used.
  • a post passivation containing chrome is also as an aftertreatment after the alkaline passivation according to the invention suitable.
  • chrome-free Post-passivation solutions are particularly suitable for aqueous solutions, the titanium and / or zirconium compounds, in particular complex fluorides thereof Contains items.
  • such a post-passivation solution a total of 0.4 to 10 g / l complex fluorides of titanium and / or zirconium contain.
  • the pH of this chrome-free post-passivation solution is preferably in the range of about 2 to about 4.
  • the alkaline passivation step according to the invention thus represents a Treatment stage of a multi-stage treatment chain, in which the metal strips are usually first degreased and rinsed. This is followed by the Alkaline passivation according to the invention, usually followed by the steps Rinsing, re-passivation, usually rinsing again, drying (at about 60 up to about 100 ° C object temperature), painting.
  • the procedure is preferably such that first magnesium and iron salts, preferably nitrates, until the required Dissolves the concentration in water, then adds the complexing carboxylic acid and only then by adding lye, for example sodium hydroxide solution, the alkaline pH established.
  • the following exemplary embodiments show that the alkaline passivation process according to the invention leads to similar corrosion protection results as comparison processes according to the prior art which contain toxic nickel and / or cobalt ions.
  • the galvanized and alloy-galvanized steel sheets listed in Table 2 were alkaline passivated according to Table 1, rinsed for 5 seconds with water, re-passivated with chrome-containing or chrome-free rinse solutions (treatment time: 5 seconds spraying), rinsed for 2 seconds with deionized water and in a circulating air Drying cabinet dried at a cabinet temperature of 70 ° C.
  • 5 ⁇ m primer and 18 ⁇ m top coat, each based on polyester, were applied and baked at 216 and 249 ° C, respectively.
  • test panels were then subjected to a 42-day salt spray test in accordance with the German standard DIN 50 021 SS.
  • the results (paint infiltration in mm at the cut or at the edge) are shown in Table 2.
  • the paint adhesion was examined after a T-Bend test. There were no significant differences between the method according to the invention and the nickel and / or cobalt-containing comparison methods.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de passivation de surfaces en acier galvanisées ou munies d'un alliage, ainsi que d'aluminium dans des systèmes de bandes. Selon ce procédé, les surfaces métalliques sont mises en contact avec une solution aqueuse alcaline, contenant des agents complexants et du fer. Cette solution présente une alcalinité libre comprise entre 5 et 20 points et une alcalinité totale comprise entre 7 et 30 points et contient entre 0,1 et 1 g/l d'ions de magnésium, entre 0,1 et 1 g/l d'ions ferriques et entre 0,5 et 5 g/l d'ions amino ou hydroxycarboxylate. Il est possible pour finir, de procéder à une passivation subséquente à base de chrome ou exempte de chrome.

Claims (7)

  1. Procédé de passivation alcaline de surfaces en acier zinguées et zinguées par application d'alliage, ainsi qu'en aluminium ou en alliages de celui-ci renfermant plus de 50 % en poids d'aluminium, dans des installations à bandes, où l'on met les surfaces métalliques en contact avec une solution aqueuse alcaline contenant des complexants et du fer, laquelle solution est exempte d'ions de nickel et de cobalt ajoutés, présente une alcalinité libre dans l'intervalle de 5 à 20 points et une alcalinité totale dans l'intervalle de 7 à 30 points, et contient 0,1 à 1 g/l d'ions de magnésium, 0,1 à 1 g/l d'ions de fer(III) et 0,5 à 5 g/l d'ions d'amino- ou d'hydroxycarboxylate.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la solution aqueuse renferme en plus 0,001 à 20 g/l d'acide silicique pyrogène.
  3. Procédé selon une des deux ou les deux revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que la solution aqueuse renferme en plus au total 0,001 à 10 g/l d'ions d'acrylate et/ou de méthacrylate.
  4. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que les ions d'hydroxycarboxylate sont sélectionnés parmi les ions de gluconate et de glucoheptanate.
  5. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les surfaces métalliques sont mises en contact avec la solution de traitement aqueuse, qui présente une température comprise dans l'intervalle de 40 à 70 °C, durant une période comprise entre 3 et 30 secondes.
  6. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'après le contact avec la solution de traitement aqueuse, les surfaces métalliques sont rincées à l'eau puis traitées par une solution de passivation postérieure sans chrome, qui renferme au total 0,4 à 10 g/l de fluorures complexes de titane et/ou de zirconium.
  7. Concentré aqueux, qui donne, dans des installations à bandes, par dilution à l'eau avec un facteur compris dans l'intervalle de 7 à 15, une solution de traitement aqueuse pour la passivation alcaline des surfaces en aciers zinguées et zinguées par addition d'alliage, ainsi qu'en aluminium ou en alliages de celui-ci renfermant plus de 50 % en poids d'aluminium, laquelle solution est exempte d'ions de nickel et de cobalt ajoutés, présente une alcalinité libre dans l'intervalle de 5 à 20 points et une alcalinité totale dans l'intervalle de 7 à 30 points, et contient 0,1 à 1 g/l d'ions de magnésium, 0,1 7 à 1 g/l d'ions de fer(III) et 0,5 à 5 g/l d'ions d'amino- ou d'hydroxycarboxylate.
EP98942626A 1997-08-06 1998-07-25 Passivation alcaline de bande Expired - Lifetime EP1002143B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19733972 1997-08-06
DE19733972A DE19733972A1 (de) 1997-08-06 1997-08-06 Alkalische Bandpassivierung
PCT/EP1998/004670 WO1999007917A1 (fr) 1997-08-06 1998-07-25 Passivation alcaline de bande

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1002143A1 EP1002143A1 (fr) 2000-05-24
EP1002143B1 true EP1002143B1 (fr) 2002-04-03

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98942626A Expired - Lifetime EP1002143B1 (fr) 1997-08-06 1998-07-25 Passivation alcaline de bande

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6346295B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1002143B1 (fr)
AR (1) AR015142A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU730256B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2300275A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19733972A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2175763T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999007917A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA987032B (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005045034A1 (de) * 2005-09-21 2007-03-29 Rasselstein Gmbh Verfahren zur Passivierung der Oberfläche von beschichteten Metallbändern und Vorrichtung für das Aufbringen der Passivschicht auf ein metallisch beschichtetes Stahlband

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DE102007006450A1 (de) 2007-02-05 2008-08-07 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Verfahren zur Gewinnung von entsalztem Wasser aus Zirkoniumhaltigem Spülwasser
DE102007021364A1 (de) 2007-05-04 2008-11-06 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Metallisierende Vorbehandlung von Zinkoberflächen
DE102010001686A1 (de) 2010-02-09 2011-08-11 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40589 Zusammensetzung für die alkalische Passivierung von Zinkoberflächen
EP2673394B1 (fr) * 2011-02-08 2019-11-06 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Procédés et compositions d'amélioration de la performance de résistance à la corrosion de l'oxyde de zirconium sur des surfaces en zinc prétraitées
ES2428290T3 (es) * 2011-03-22 2013-11-06 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Tratamiento anticorrosivo de varios pasos para componentes metálicos, que por lo menos parcialmente presentan superficies de cinc o de aleaciones de cinc
EP2532769A1 (fr) * 2011-06-10 2012-12-12 Amcor Flexibles Kreuzlingen Ltd. Procédé de production dune couche de conversion sur une surface dune bande d'aluminium ou d'alliage d'aluminium
MX353928B (es) 2011-10-24 2018-02-06 Chemetall Gmbh Metodo para recubrir superficies metalicas con una composicion acuosa con multiples componentes.
DE102012000414B4 (de) 2012-01-12 2014-03-20 Thyssenkrupp Rasselstein Gmbh Verfahren zur Passivierung von Weißblech, sowie verzinntes Stahlband oder -blech
EP2631333A1 (fr) 2012-02-24 2013-08-28 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Prétraitement de surfaces en zinc avant une passivation
DE102012215679A1 (de) 2012-09-04 2014-05-15 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Verfahren zur korrosionsschützenden Oberflächenbehandlung von metallischen Bauteilen in Serie
EP3569734A1 (fr) 2018-05-18 2019-11-20 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Composition de passivation à base de chrome trivalent
EP3663435B1 (fr) 2018-12-05 2024-03-13 Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Composition de passivation basée sur des mélanges d'acides phosphorique et phosphonique
WO2021139955A1 (fr) 2020-01-06 2021-07-15 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Composition de passivation appropriée pour des surfaces internes de réservoirs d'acier revêtus de zinc stockant des hydrocarbures
CN116670236B (zh) 2021-01-06 2026-03-17 汉高股份有限及两合公司 用于涂锌铝钢的基于Cr(III)的改善钝化
GB2603194A (en) 2021-02-01 2022-08-03 Henkel Ag & Co Kgaa Improved cr(iii) based dry-in-place coating composition for zinc coated steel
CN119411113A (zh) * 2024-11-01 2025-02-11 凯密特尔有限责任公司 一种金属卷材表面预处理用的含水碱性组合物及其用途

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102005045034A1 (de) * 2005-09-21 2007-03-29 Rasselstein Gmbh Verfahren zur Passivierung der Oberfläche von beschichteten Metallbändern und Vorrichtung für das Aufbringen der Passivschicht auf ein metallisch beschichtetes Stahlband

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU9069398A (en) 1999-03-01
DE59803640D1 (de) 2002-05-08
ZA987032B (en) 1999-02-08
EP1002143A1 (fr) 2000-05-24
AR015142A1 (es) 2001-04-18
ES2175763T3 (es) 2002-11-16
CA2300275A1 (fr) 1999-02-18
US6346295B1 (en) 2002-02-12
DE19733972A1 (de) 1999-02-11
AU730256B2 (en) 2001-03-01
WO1999007917A1 (fr) 1999-02-18

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