EP1018855A2 - Chauffe-eau revêtu d'or et son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents

Chauffe-eau revêtu d'or et son procédé de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1018855A2
EP1018855A2 EP99310506A EP99310506A EP1018855A2 EP 1018855 A2 EP1018855 A2 EP 1018855A2 EP 99310506 A EP99310506 A EP 99310506A EP 99310506 A EP99310506 A EP 99310506A EP 1018855 A2 EP1018855 A2 EP 1018855A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
water heater
heater element
layer
gold
self
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP99310506A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1018855A3 (fr
Inventor
Holding Company Aos
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AOS Holding Co
Original Assignee
AOS Holding Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AOS Holding Co filed Critical AOS Holding Co
Publication of EP1018855A2 publication Critical patent/EP1018855A2/fr
Publication of EP1018855A3 publication Critical patent/EP1018855A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/021—Heaters specially adapted for heating liquids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to heating elements utilized within water heaters.
  • a water heater element which minimizes or prevents scale growth or formation would be desirable.
  • the present invention provides a self-cleaning water heater element.
  • the water heater element is plated with a noble metal, such as gold, having low surface roughness. It has been found that plating a water heater element with gold having a low surface roughness dramatically effects the ability of the water heater element to inhibit scale formation. If the gold surface is too rough, the heating element will not adequately inhibit scale formation. However, if the gold surface is sufficiently smooth, scale formation is inhibited.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a self-cleaning water heater element comprising a water heater element, and a layer of gold at least partially coating the water heater element.
  • the invention also provides a process for the preparation of a self-cleaning water heater element.
  • the process comprises providing a water heater element, and electroplating a layer of gold onto the water heater element.
  • the Figure shows a graph of weight gain (in grams of scale) versus total power (in watt hours) for water heater elements having various surface characteristics.
  • the present invention is a self-cleaning water heater element which comprises a water heater element having a cross-sectional diameter of at least about 1/8 inch; a strike layer of nickel chloride disposed on the water heater element; a layer of bright nickel having a thickness of at least about 200 microinches disposed on the nickel chloride layer, and a gold layer having a thickness of at least about 10 microinches disposed on the layer of bright nickel.
  • Applying a gold layer to a water heater element provides a method of inhibiting scale formation on the water heater element.
  • the gold layer has a surface roughness less than about 30 microinches Ra. Ra is the arithmetic mean of the departure of the roughness profile from the mean line.
  • the water heater element of the invention may be manufactured like a customary water heater element, except a layer of gold is electroplated on the surface.
  • the gold layer is preferably hard 24 karat gold plate which may be electroplated using customary electroplating techniques. Gold electroplating baths and processes are well-known, for example, as described in U.S. Patents No. 4,168,214, 4,207,149 and 4,238,300, which are herein fully incorporated by reference.
  • the resulting gold layer is at least about 0.00001 inches (10 microinches) thick.
  • the surface roughness of the gold layer is preferably less than about 30 microinches Ra; more preferably, less than about 20 microinches Ra; most preferably, less than about 15 microinches Ra.
  • the roughness of the surface may be measured using a surface roughness tester such as a PROFILOMETER® (Trademark of the Warner & Swasey Company).
  • the smoothness of the gold surface layer may be controlled by applying an adhesion layer to the water heater element before electroplating gold on top.
  • the adhesion layer preferably contains a "strike" layer of nickel chloride followed by a layer of bright nickel finish.
  • the nickel chloride may be applied using a Woods Nickel electroplating bath.
  • the bright nickel plate may be applied using a Watts bath.
  • Nickel plating and plating baths are well-known. See, for example, pages 199-206 of the Metals Handbook Ninth Edition, Volume 5, Surface Cleaning, Finishing, and Coating (1982), which is herein fully incorporated by reference.
  • the bright nickel layer is preferably about 0.0002 to 0.0004 inches (200 to 400 microinches) thick.
  • Bright nickel finish contains known additives which result in a smooth finish.
  • the water heater element Prior to electroplating, the water heater element may be lightly blasted (for example with glass beads) in order to remove oxides and scale which could inhibit adhesion of the electroplated layers to the element.
  • Standard water heater elements have a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 1/4 to 1/2 inches.
  • the cross-sectional diameter of the water heater element is at least about 1/8 or 1/4 inches.
  • the element is disposed in a water heater.
  • water heaters have an anode attached thereto which helps to decrease corrosion of the water heater tank. Isolating the heating element from the anode may decrease scale formation on the element.
  • the element may be suitably isolated, for example, through the use of a resistor as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,848,616 to Nozaki which is herein fully incorporated by reference.
  • the Figure shows data from element scale tests in which the quantity of scale formed on various water heater elements is measured as a function of total power. The tests were carried out by inserting each element individually into a 20 gallon open top water heater filled with a saturated calcium carbonate solution, running the water heater, and periodically measuring the total power expended and the weight of the element. Five water heater elements were tested, each having different surface characteristics. Gold-52 and Gold-22 represent gold-plated water heater elements in which the surface roughness is 52 microinches Ra (rough gold) and 22 microinches Ra (smooth gold), respectively. Water heater elements are customarily made of incoloy. On the Figure, Incoloy 20, Smooth Incoloy, and Rough Incoloy represent incoloy elements having surface roughnesses of 20, 13, and 40 microinches Ra, respectively. Data for the incoloy elements are shown for purposes of comparison.
  • the Figure shows that a standard incoloy water heater element (which contains approximately 50% nickel) has approximately the same scale formation in weight gain whether the incoloy surface is rough (40 microinches Ra surface roughness) or smooth (13 microinches Ra surface roughness).
  • a gold-plated element has approximately the same weight gain as the incoloy elements when the surface is rough (shown as Gold-52 with a surface roughness of 52 microinches Ra).
  • the scale formation in weight gain is dramatically reduced when the gold surface is smooth (shown as Gold-22 with a surface roughness of 22 microinches Ra).
  • the Gold-22 gold-plated water heater element is prepared as follows. A 0.375 inch diameter tubular element made of incoloy is coated with an adhesion layer of nickel chloride using a Woods nickel electroplating bath. A bright nickel layer having a thickness of 0.0002 to 0.0004 inches is electroplated on the nickel chloride layer using a bright Watts nickel electroplating bath. Finally, a layer of hard 24 karat gold having a minimum thickness of 0.00001 inches is electroplated onto the bright nickel layer.

Landscapes

  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
EP99310506A 1998-12-30 1999-12-23 Chauffe-eau revêtu d'or et son procédé de fabrication Withdrawn EP1018855A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11413598P 1998-12-30 1998-12-30
US114135P 1998-12-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1018855A2 true EP1018855A2 (fr) 2000-07-12
EP1018855A3 EP1018855A3 (fr) 2002-04-10

Family

ID=22353545

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99310506A Withdrawn EP1018855A3 (fr) 1998-12-30 1999-12-23 Chauffe-eau revêtu d'or et son procédé de fabrication

Country Status (1)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1018855A3 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0353740A1 (fr) * 1988-08-02 1990-02-07 Norton-Alcoa Proppants Agents de soutènement à basse densité et méthodes pour les fabriquer et les utiliser
WO2015026304A1 (fr) * 2013-08-21 2015-02-26 Ozyegin Universitesi Nanostructures permanentes induisant le polissage mécano-chimique de nanostructures pour empêcher la formation de tartre sur les éléments chauffants

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2713432B1 (fr) * 1993-12-03 1996-02-02 Seb Sa Résistance électrique de chauffage pour récipient destiné à recevoir de l'eau à chauffer, en particulier bouilloire.
GB2319950A (en) * 1996-12-06 1998-06-10 Strix Ltd Electroplating a stainless steel electric heating plate to prevent corrosion

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0353740A1 (fr) * 1988-08-02 1990-02-07 Norton-Alcoa Proppants Agents de soutènement à basse densité et méthodes pour les fabriquer et les utiliser
WO2015026304A1 (fr) * 2013-08-21 2015-02-26 Ozyegin Universitesi Nanostructures permanentes induisant le polissage mécano-chimique de nanostructures pour empêcher la formation de tartre sur les éléments chauffants
CN105874102A (zh) * 2013-08-21 2016-08-17 安兹耶因大学 用于加热元件上的水垢防止的纳米结构化学机械抛光引起的活性纳米结构
CN105874102B (zh) * 2013-08-21 2019-08-20 安兹耶因大学 用于加热元件上的水垢防止的纳米结构化学机械抛光引起的活性纳米结构

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Publication number Publication date
EP1018855A3 (fr) 2002-04-10

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