EP1044877A2 - Siège pour passagers d'avion - Google Patents

Siège pour passagers d'avion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1044877A2
EP1044877A2 EP00107574A EP00107574A EP1044877A2 EP 1044877 A2 EP1044877 A2 EP 1044877A2 EP 00107574 A EP00107574 A EP 00107574A EP 00107574 A EP00107574 A EP 00107574A EP 1044877 A2 EP1044877 A2 EP 1044877A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
seat
passenger
passenger seat
seat according
area
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00107574A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1044877A3 (fr
Inventor
Frank-Heinrich Schoenenberg
Thomas König
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
FAST AG
Original Assignee
Aida Development GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aida Development GmbH filed Critical Aida Development GmbH
Publication of EP1044877A2 publication Critical patent/EP1044877A2/fr
Publication of EP1044877A3 publication Critical patent/EP1044877A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
    • B64D11/06—Arrangements of seats, or adaptations or details specially adapted for aircraft seats
    • B64D11/0639—Arrangements of seats, or adaptations or details specially adapted for aircraft seats with features for adjustment or converting of seats
    • B64D11/064—Adjustable inclination or position of seats
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/02—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable
    • B60N2/22—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable the back-rest being adjustable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/02—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable
    • B60N2/22—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable the back-rest being adjustable
    • B60N2/23—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable the back-rest being adjustable by linear actuators, e.g. linear screw mechanisms
    • B60N2/231—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable the back-rest being adjustable by linear actuators, e.g. linear screw mechanisms by hydraulic actuators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/62—Thigh-rests
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60N3/00—Arrangements or adaptations of other passenger fittings, not otherwise provided for
    • B60N3/001—Arrangements or adaptations of other passenger fittings, not otherwise provided for of tables or trays
    • B60N3/002—Arrangements or adaptations of other passenger fittings, not otherwise provided for of tables or trays of trays
    • B60N3/004—Arrangements or adaptations of other passenger fittings, not otherwise provided for of tables or trays of trays of foldable trays mounted on the back-rest
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
    • B64D11/06—Arrangements of seats, or adaptations or details specially adapted for aircraft seats
    • B64D11/0638—Arrangements of seats, or adaptations or details specially adapted for aircraft seats with foldable tables, trays or cup holders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
    • B64D11/06—Arrangements of seats, or adaptations or details specially adapted for aircraft seats
    • B64D11/0647—Seats characterised by special upholstery or cushioning features
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
    • B64D11/06—Arrangements of seats, or adaptations or details specially adapted for aircraft seats
    • B64D11/0649—Seats characterised by special features for reducing weight

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a passenger seat with a support frame, the one Has pivot axis on which a seat part consisting of a seat and a backrest is pivotally arranged.
  • Such a passenger seat is known from DE 42 22 222 C2.
  • the known passenger seat is the seat part as a seat shell made of plastic educated.
  • the seat part In the area of the front edge, the seat part is on one Fixed pivot axis mounted on the support frame.
  • an adjustment element is provided, which with an adjusting device of the support frame cooperates.
  • the seat part in the area of his Front edge is stored, the front edge of the seat retains each Swivel position their height at. Impairment of seating comfort this does not result from increased thigh stress on.
  • a disadvantage of the known seat that the passenger Do not support the upward movement of the seat part from its lowest position can. This makes a relatively complex lifting device required.
  • the invention is based on the object Propose passenger seat of the type mentioned, in which one Upward movement of the seat is supported by the passenger and the pressure on the thigh of the passenger is low is held.
  • the entrance to a passenger seat mentioned type proposed that the pivot axis in a middle Area of the seat is arranged and that in a front In the area of the seat, a means is provided that the thigh pressure in the front area of the seat when lowering the seat part decreased.
  • the pivot axis in one middle area is arranged, the upward movement of the Seat part supported by the passenger from its lowest position.
  • the front area of the seat acts as a lever that prevents the upward movement supported.
  • the thigh pressure kept low by the means provided, so that none Impairment of seating comfort occur.
  • the invention Passenger seat has an overall simple and therefore inexpensive Building on.
  • the pivot axis near the seat point of the passenger is advantageous, preferably located behind the seat of the passenger. This ensures that the front area of the seat acts as a lever that prevents the upward movement of the seat part from its lowest position supported.
  • the pivot axis can range from 0.30 to 0.70 Depth of the seat can be arranged.
  • the seat has a foam pad, especially made of flexible PU foam. It is useful Removable foam pad and therefore replaceable on the seat part fixed.
  • the seat and / or the Foam pad in the front area sloping forward Have an outer contour. This occurs when lowering the seat part only a very slight increase in the front area of the Seat on.
  • the seat and / or the Foam pad one starting from the swivel axis first rising and then sloping forward contour on.
  • the foam pad can lower Shore hardness in the front area of the seat than in the back of the seat.
  • a foam material in the front area be provided with a lower Shore hardness.
  • the foam pad in the cuts in the front area to reduce the Shore hardness. This can, for example, by a plurality of transverse Incisions are made.
  • the seat surface has Front part on that via a hinge on the rear part of the seat is arranged and fed to a backdrop guide.
  • the seat is provided with a cushion element, the volume of which can be changed is.
  • the passenger can control the volume of the cushion element adjust automatically.
  • the seat part advantageously has an adjustment device for changing the seating position.
  • the adjusting device can have at least one lifting device have on the one hand on the support frame and on the other hand on the seat part, articulated in particular in the area of the main pressure point of the passenger is.
  • the lifting device advantageously has at least two hinged to one another connected joint members on the one hand with the seat part and on the other hand, are connected to the support frame, at a connection point the articulated elements attack an actuator.
  • the two articulated members In the normal Position of the seat part are the two articulated members with angular inclusion arranged to each other.
  • the occurring Loads are transferred to the support frame essentially without loss, whereby the actuator is almost unloaded.
  • the actuator when loaded in the right direction.
  • a pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical actuator can be used are used.
  • the actuator is on the one hand on a front bracket of the support frame and on the other Connection point of the articulated links articulated.
  • a foldable table is provided on two spaced support arms is held, which is pivotable on the pivot axis of the seat part are stored. This ensures that the table is extended Position does not take part in the adjustment movement of the seat part. Farther there is no relative movement between the seat part and the Table in the folded position.
  • At least one of the support arms of the table advantageously has a support element on that in the unfolded position of the table supports the support frame.
  • the support element can have a peg-shaped extension, which engages in an associated recess on the support frame.
  • the seat part is advantageously designed as a one-piece seat shell made of plastic.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of the passenger seat 10, especially in the case of so-called shuttle aircraft (commuter aircraft) is used.
  • the passenger seat 10 has one on the floor of the passenger compartment fixed support frame 14 that from Light metal is made.
  • the support frame 14 has spaced Support frame 18a, 18b, each designed as a light metal casting are.
  • the spaced support frames 18a, 18b are over a front one Cross tube 15 and a rear cross tube 16 connected to each other.
  • On the inside of the support frames 18a, 18b each project horizontally aligned bolt 39 from a pivot axis 17 for a Form seat part 11.
  • the seat part 11 of the passenger seat 10 is made as a one-piece seat shell Made of plastic.
  • the seat part 11 has a seat surface 12 and a backrest 13 connected thereto.
  • the backrest 13 is fixed to the seat surface 12 connected.
  • it can also be a pivoting arrangement the backrest can be provided with respect to the seat surface 12.
  • the seat part 11 is arranged pivotably with respect to the support frame 14.
  • the seat part 11 is supported on the support frame 14 via the pivot axis 17, which is arranged in the central region of the seat surface 12 is.
  • FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of section II of Figure 1. From this illustration it can be seen that the pivot axis 17 in middle region of the seat surface 12 is arranged. Here is the pivot axis 17 advantageously behind the seat of the passenger thus its body weight from the upward movement of the seat part the lowered position.
  • the pivot axis 17 is in one Range from about 0.30 to 0.70 of the depth of the seat 12 is arranged.
  • the seat surface 12 can be in a front area 12a and in a rear area Area 12b can be divided.
  • the front extends Area 12a from the front edge 19 of the seat 12 to one Zenith area 20.
  • the rear area 12b extends from the zenith area 20 to a backrest root 21.
  • the seat surface 12 has a sloping forward Outer contour 22 on.
  • the outer contour 22 increases starting from the pivot axis 17 to the zenith area 20 and then falls obliquely towards the front edge 19 to the front.
  • the outer contour sloping forward leads to the front Area 12a only slight increases in the seat surface 12, whereby the pressure exerted on the thighs of the passenger is not significant is increased.
  • the seat part 11 When lowering the seat part 11 occur no impairment of seating comfort.
  • FIG. 2 also shows an adjustment device 23 for the seat part 11, which has a lifting device 24.
  • the lifting device 24 has an actuator 25, which in the embodiment shown in Figure 2 is designed as a one-sided pneumatic actuator. Alternatively, you can a hydraulic or electrical actuator 25 may be provided.
  • the actuator 25 is fixed on the one hand on a bearing block 26 which is in turn attached to the front cross tube 15.
  • a piston rod 28 of the actuator 25 at a connection point 35 two articulated members 27a, 27b articulated.
  • the joint member 27a is hingedly connected to a bearing block 29, which on the rear Cross tube 16 is set.
  • the joint member 27b is in the range of Main pressure point articulated on the underside of the seat part 11.
  • FIGS. 3 to 7 Different design variants are shown in FIGS. 3 to 7, which when the seat part is lowered the thigh pressure in the Reduce the front area 12a of the seat surface 12.
  • Figure 3 shows an embodiment in which the outer contour 22 of the Seat 12 in the front area 12a sloping forward is trained.
  • a foam pad applied to the seat 12 30 made of soft PU foam essentially has one constant strength.
  • the seat surface 12 shows an essentially linear course.
  • the undesirable increase in thigh pressure in the front area 12a of the seat surface 12 when lowering the seat part 11 can also by using a foam material with lower Shore hardness in the front area 12a of the foam pad 30 prevented become.
  • Figure 6 shows another embodiment in which the front Area 12a of the seat surface 12 via a joint 32 with its main part 12b is connected.
  • the pivotally arranged front part 12a is guided over a link guide 33. This will when lowering the seat part 11 in the lowered position shown in dashed lines a targeted Lowering of the front part 12a reached.
  • FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment variant in a schematic side view, in which a cushion element 34 is provided in the front region 12a whose volume can be changed.
  • the volume of the Upholstery element 34 can be adjusted by the passenger.
  • FIG. 8 shows an individual illustration of the lifting device 24 from FIG. 2.
  • the lifting device 24 has a pneumatic actuator 25, whose piston rod 28 at the connection point 35 of the joint members 27a, 27b is articulated.
  • Figure 8 shows the lifting device 24 in the Normal position of the seat part 11.
  • the articulated members 27a, 27b arranged at an angle to each other.
  • FIG. 9 shows the passenger seat 10 according to FIG. 1 with the table mounted 36.
  • the table 36 which can be folded down in the area of the backrest is supported at the ends on two spaced-apart support arms 38a, 38b.
  • a joint 37 at the free end of the support arms 38a, 38b provided.
  • the spaced apart areas are Support arms 38a, 38b each hinged to support bolts 39, which also form the pivot axis 17 for the seat part 11. This takes the table 36 in the extended position on the pivoting movement of the Seat part 11 not part.
  • FIG. 11 shows a vertical section through the foldable table 36 and the support arms 38a, 38b.
  • Figure 12 shows a rear view of the row of seats according to Figure 10. Also from this illustration it can be seen that the foldable table 36 on Support arms 38a, 38b is arranged on the pivot axis 17 of the Seat part 11 are pivotally mounted.
  • the variants of the passenger seat described above 10 are characterized by a simple structure made up of a few parts from what results in inexpensive manufacture. All embodiments is common that by the special design of the front area 12a of the seat surface 12 in the lowered position there is only a slight thigh pressure. This will make a high one Seating comfort guaranteed in all seating positions.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Seats For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Chair Legs, Seat Parts, And Backrests (AREA)
EP00107574A 1999-04-13 2000-04-07 Siège pour passagers d'avion Withdrawn EP1044877A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19916593A DE19916593C2 (de) 1999-04-13 1999-04-13 Fluggastsitz
DE19916593 1999-04-13

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1044877A2 true EP1044877A2 (fr) 2000-10-18
EP1044877A3 EP1044877A3 (fr) 2002-08-14

Family

ID=7904364

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00107574A Withdrawn EP1044877A3 (fr) 1999-04-13 2000-04-07 Siège pour passagers d'avion

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US6402244B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1044877A3 (fr)
DE (1) DE19916593C2 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002096700A1 (fr) * 2001-05-25 2002-12-05 Weber Aircraft Lp Sieges reglables
WO2003064207A1 (fr) * 2002-01-29 2003-08-07 Weber Aircraft Lp Tables escamotables
WO2004074039A1 (fr) * 2003-02-24 2004-09-02 Recaro Aircraft Seating Gmbh & Co. Kg Siège, notamment siège d'avion ou de véhicule à moteur
CN112357093A (zh) * 2020-10-29 2021-02-12 赵汉卿 一种航空座椅缓降系统
CN115315391A (zh) * 2020-03-05 2022-11-08 齐姆飞机座椅有限责任公司 具有插接连接装置的飞机乘客座椅

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US20050151407A1 (en) * 2004-01-12 2005-07-14 Johnny Tai Beach chair
US7201349B2 (en) * 2004-09-09 2007-04-10 Airbus Medical unit in an aircraft
JP4260124B2 (ja) 2005-03-01 2009-04-30 小糸工業株式会社 航空機用座席
DE102007049864B4 (de) * 2007-01-31 2017-08-03 Adient Luxembourg Holding S.à.r.l. Sitzgestell eines Kraftfahrzeugsitzes mit einem Sitzträger, der zwei Seitenteile hat
US7871039B2 (en) * 2007-05-22 2011-01-18 The Boeing Company Modular passenger seat for an aircraft
DE102007028542A1 (de) * 2007-06-21 2008-12-24 Recaro Aircraft Seating Gmbh & Co. Kg Sitzvorrichtung
WO2010117920A1 (fr) 2009-04-08 2010-10-14 C&D Zodiac, Inc. Tubulure de siège de véhicule ayant une épaisseur de paroi variable
US8042867B2 (en) * 2009-11-02 2011-10-25 B/E Aerospace, Inc. Seat pan drop down link
US8931847B2 (en) * 2010-10-18 2015-01-13 Zodiac Seats France Passenger seating assemblies and aspects thereof
US20120139302A1 (en) * 2010-12-03 2012-06-07 Jcedesign Airplane passenger seat
FR2973336A1 (fr) * 2011-03-30 2012-10-05 Expliseat Sas Siege d'aeronef a dossier flexible
US9592914B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2017-03-14 Bombardier Inc. Aircraft seat
US9714862B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2017-07-25 Bombardier Inc. Aircraft seat
US9073453B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2015-07-07 Bombardier Inc. Aircraft seat
US9714095B2 (en) 2011-10-07 2017-07-25 Bombardier Inc. Aircraft seat
EP3089910B1 (fr) 2013-12-30 2022-02-02 Bombardier Inc. Siège d'avion
US10583926B2 (en) 2014-09-25 2020-03-10 Bombardier Inc. Aircraft seat
GB2530556A (en) 2014-09-26 2016-03-30 Bombardier Inc Aircraft seat
GB2530554A (en) 2014-09-26 2016-03-30 Bombardier Inc Aircraft seat
US10194750B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2019-02-05 Steelcase Inc. Seating arrangement
US10021984B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2018-07-17 Steelcase Inc. Seating arrangement
WO2016166131A1 (fr) * 2015-04-13 2016-10-20 Zodiac Seats France Siege d'aeronef a assise renforcee
US10966527B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2021-04-06 Steelcase Inc. Seating arrangement and method of construction
US11259637B2 (en) 2015-04-13 2022-03-01 Steelcase Inc. Seating arrangement
FR3039793B1 (fr) * 2015-08-05 2017-09-15 Expliseat Siege deformable pour vehicule
DE102015122830A1 (de) * 2015-12-23 2017-06-29 Recaro Aircraft Seating Gmbh & Co. Kg Flugzeugsitzvorrichtung
US9994135B2 (en) * 2016-03-30 2018-06-12 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Independent cushion thigh support
EP3538439B1 (fr) * 2016-11-10 2024-03-06 Safran Seats USA LLC Cadre de base avec tube avec des sections transversales non circulaires
GB2560996B (en) * 2017-03-31 2021-04-14 Ipeco Holdings Ltd Seating apparatus
US10899456B2 (en) * 2017-10-06 2021-01-26 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Dynamically tilted seat pan
CA181984S (en) 2018-01-05 2019-04-11 Ipeco Holdings Ltd Armrest for a vehicle seat
US10246193B1 (en) * 2018-02-08 2019-04-02 B/E Aerospace, Inc. Passenger seat with articulated pneumatic seat cushion
USD927207S1 (en) 2018-06-29 2021-08-10 Ipeco Holdings Limited Vehicle seat
USD909782S1 (en) 2018-06-29 2021-02-09 Ipeco Holdings Limited Back support for a vehicle seat
US20260062126A1 (en) * 2024-08-30 2026-03-05 B/E Aerospace, Inc. Passenger seating utilizing common pivot point for backrest recline and table deployment
EP4566878A1 (fr) * 2024-09-23 2025-06-11 Inmuebles Molí, SL Siège léger pour configuration à haute densité et groupe de sièges adjacents pour configurations à haute densité

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002096700A1 (fr) * 2001-05-25 2002-12-05 Weber Aircraft Lp Sieges reglables
US6742840B2 (en) 2001-05-25 2004-06-01 Weber Aircraft Lp Adjustable seats
US6761398B2 (en) 2001-05-25 2004-07-13 Weber Aircraft Lp Stowable tables
WO2003064207A1 (fr) * 2002-01-29 2003-08-07 Weber Aircraft Lp Tables escamotables
WO2004074039A1 (fr) * 2003-02-24 2004-09-02 Recaro Aircraft Seating Gmbh & Co. Kg Siège, notamment siège d'avion ou de véhicule à moteur
JP2006518684A (ja) * 2003-02-24 2006-08-17 レカロ エアークラフト シーティング ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツング ウント コンパニー コマンディト ゲゼルシャフト 特には航空機又は自動車等の座席
US7806476B2 (en) 2003-02-24 2010-10-05 Recaro Aircraft Seating Gmbh & Co. Kg Seat, especially an airplane or vehicle seat
CN115315391A (zh) * 2020-03-05 2022-11-08 齐姆飞机座椅有限责任公司 具有插接连接装置的飞机乘客座椅
CN112357093A (zh) * 2020-10-29 2021-02-12 赵汉卿 一种航空座椅缓降系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6402244B1 (en) 2002-06-11
DE19916593A1 (de) 2000-10-26
DE19916593C2 (de) 2003-06-12
EP1044877A3 (fr) 2002-08-14

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