EP1085105B1 - Alliage de décolletage - Google Patents

Alliage de décolletage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1085105B1
EP1085105B1 EP20000118990 EP00118990A EP1085105B1 EP 1085105 B1 EP1085105 B1 EP 1085105B1 EP 20000118990 EP20000118990 EP 20000118990 EP 00118990 A EP00118990 A EP 00118990A EP 1085105 B1 EP1085105 B1 EP 1085105B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mass
content
including zero
alloy
free cutting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP20000118990
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1085105A3 (fr
EP1085105A2 (fr
Inventor
Kiyohito Ishida
Katsunari Oikawa
Takashi c/o Tohoku Tokushuko K.K. Ebata
Takayuki Inoguchi
Tetsuya Shimizu
Michio Okabe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ISHIDA, KIYOHITO
OIKAWA, KATSUNARI
Daido Steel Co Ltd
Tohoku Tokushuko KK
Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd
Japan Research Industries and Industrial Technology Association (JRIA)
Original Assignee
Daido Steel Co Ltd
Tohoku Tokushuko KK
Tohoku Steel Co Ltd
Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd
Japan Research Industries and Industrial Technology Association (JRIA)
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP2000070257A external-priority patent/JP3425114B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2000221433A external-priority patent/JP3425124B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2000251602A external-priority patent/JP3425128B2/ja
Priority claimed from JP2000251626A external-priority patent/JP3425129B2/ja
Priority to EP04004046A priority Critical patent/EP1431412B1/fr
Priority to EP04004045A priority patent/EP1431411B1/fr
Priority to EP04004044A priority patent/EP1431410B1/fr
Application filed by Daido Steel Co Ltd, Tohoku Tokushuko KK, Tohoku Steel Co Ltd, Tohoku Techno Arch Co Ltd, Japan Research Industries and Industrial Technology Association (JRIA) filed Critical Daido Steel Co Ltd
Priority to EP04004043A priority patent/EP1431409B1/fr
Publication of EP1085105A2 publication Critical patent/EP1085105A2/fr
Publication of EP1085105A3 publication Critical patent/EP1085105A3/fr
Publication of EP1085105B1 publication Critical patent/EP1085105B1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
    • C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
    • C22C19/057—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being less 10%
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/058—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium without Mo and W
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/004—Very low carbon steels, i.e. having a carbon content of less than 0,01%
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
    • C22C38/105—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt containing Co and Ni
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur

Definitions

  • a free cutting alloy excellent in machinability is, in a case, selected for improvement of productivity.
  • free cutting alloy containing an element improving machinability such as S, Pb, Se or Bi (hereinafter referred to as machinability-improving element) is widely used.
  • machinability-improving element an element improving machinability such as S, Pb, Se or Bi
  • a free cutting alloy constituted as stainless steel of the present invention is to be more detailed, ferrite containing stainless steel (hereinafter referred to as a first selection invention), wherein a composition of the free cutting alloy of the present invention is as follows:
  • the free cutting alloy contains: 2 mass % or lower, including zero, Ni; 12 to 35 mass % Cr; and 0.005 to 0.4 mass % C.
  • C is an important element forming a compound improving machinability. When a content thereof is lower than 0.005 mass %, however, an effect exerting sufficient machinability can not be imparted to the alloy, while when in excess of 0.4 mass %, much of a single carbide not effective for improving machinability is formed.
  • Addition of C is preferably set in the range of 0.01 to 0.1 mass %, wherein it is preferable that addition of C is adjusted so properly that the effect of imparting machinability on the alloy is optimized depending on an amount of a constituting element of a compound improving machinability such as a (Ti,Zr) based compound.
  • a P content is preferably set as low as possible and to 0.05 mass % or lower, including zero. Although the P content is more desirably set to 0.03 mass % or lower, including zero, reduction in content more than necessary has a chance to be reflected on increased production cost.
  • Te, Bi and Pb can further improve machinability, the elements may add if necessary.
  • the lower limits thereof at which the respective effects are exerted to clearness are as follows: 0.005 mass % Te; 0.01 mass % Bi and 0.01 mass % Pb, respectively.
  • the upper limits are set as follows: 0.1 mass % Te; 0.2 mass % Bi; and 0.3 mass % Pb.
  • Evaluation of cold workability was performed by measuring a threshold compressive stain in a compression test on specimens Nos. 1 to 5 and 13.
  • Test pieces for compression each had the shape of a cylinder of 15 mm in diameter and 22.5 mm in height and each piece was compressed by a 600 t oil hydraulic press to obtain a threshold compressive strain, wherein the threshold compressive strain is defined as In (H0/H) or a natural logarithm of H0/H, H0 being an initial height of the test piece and H being a threshold height which is a maximum height at which no cracking has occurred.
  • First selection inventive alloys of the specimens Nos. 1 to 5 were confirmed to have high threshold compressive ratios almost equal to comparative steel specimen No. 15 and higher than comparative steel specimen No. 16 by about 20 %, and have a good cold workability as well.
  • Evaluation of corrosion resistivity was performed by a salt spray test. Test pieces each were prepared so to have the shape of a cylinder of 10 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height. The entire surface of each test piece was polished with No. 400 emery paper and cleaned. A test piece was exposed to a fog atmosphere of 5 mass % NaCl aqueous solution at 35°C for 96 hr. Final evaluation was visually performed with the naked eye. As a result, the inventive steel of the present invention was confirmed to maintain good corrosion resistivity. The results are shown in Table 2.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Alliage de décolletage constitué de ferrite contenant un acier inoxydable comprenant :
    2 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de Ni ; de 12 à 35 % en masse de Cr ; et de 0,005 à 0,4 % en masse de C ;
    un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi Ti et Zr de sorte que WTi + 0,52WZr = 0,03 à 3,5 % en masse, dans WTi et WZr représentant respectivement les teneurs en % en masse de Ti et Zr ;
    et un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi S et Se dans les plages respectives de 0,01 à 1 % en masse pour S et de 0,01 à 0,8 % en masse pour Se ; et
    un composé de (Ti,Zr) contenant un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi Ti et Zr en tant que composant de type élément de métal ;
    et dans lequel C est un élément indispensable en tant que composant de liaison avec le composant de type élément de métal, et un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi S, Se et Te sont dispersés dans une phase métallique formant matrice ; contenant en outre éventuellement :
    2 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de Si ; 2 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de Mn ; 2 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de Cu ; 2 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de Co ;
    un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi Mo et W dans les plages respectives de 0,1 à 4 % en masse pour Mo et de 0,1 à 3 % en masse pour W ;
    0,05 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de P ; 0,03 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de O ; 0,05 % en masse ou moins, zéro inclus, de N ;
    un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi Te, Bi et Pb dans les plages respectives de 0,005 à 0,1 % en masse pour Te ; de 0,01 à 0,2 % en masse pour Bi ; et de 0,01 à 0,3 % en masse pour Pb ;
    un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi le groupe consistant en Ca, Mg, B et les éléments de métal de terre rare (REM) (un ou plusieurs des éléments de métal classés en tant que groupe 3A dans le tableau périodique des éléments) dans la plage de 0,0005 à 0,01 % en masse pour un élément ou en tant que teneur totale de plus d'un élément associé ;
    un ou plusieurs éléments choisis parmi le groupe consistant en Nb, V, Ta et Hf chacun dans la plage de 0,01 à 0,5 % en masse, le reste consistant en Fe et en impuretés inévitables.
  2. Alliage de décolletage selon la revendication 1, dans lequel WS/(WTi + 0,52WZr) est de 0,45 ou moins, et dans lequel Ws, WTi et WZr représentent respectivement la teneur en S, la teneur en Ti et la teneur en Zr.
  3. Alliage de décolletage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 et 2, la valeur WSO représentant la quantité de S libéré, est inférieure à 0,0 35 % en masse lorsque l'essai suivant est effectué :
    une éprouvette d'alliage du dit alliage de décolletage est préparée de façon à avoir la forme d'un prisme rectangulaire d'une taille de 15 mm de longueur, de 25 mm de largeur et de 3 mm d'épaisseur dont la totalité de la surface est polie avec du papier d'émeri N° 400 ;
    on prévoit une feuille d'argent d'une taille de 10 mm de longueur, de 5 mm de largeur et de 0,1 mm d'épaisseur, ayant une pureté de 99,9 % ou plus, en tant que piège pour S ;
    on enferme hermétiquement 0,5 cm3 d'eau pure dans un récipient d'un volume intérieur de 250 cm3 ensemble avec ladite éprouvette ;
    la température du dit récipient est accrue jusqu'à 85 °C, et ladite température est ensuite maintenue pendant 20 h ; et
    la teneur en S exprimée en % en masse dans ladite pièce de feuille d'argent, est ensuite analysée, la teneur en S obtenue étant alors définie comme étant ladite valeur WSO.
  4. Alliage de décolletage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel la taille particulaire du composé de (Ti,Zr) observé dans la structure d'une section polie de l'alliage, est dans la plage de 0,1 à 30 µm en moyenne, et dans lequel le taux de surface du composé dans la structure est dans la plage de 1 à 20 %.
EP20000118990 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage Expired - Lifetime EP1085105B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04004043A EP1431409B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004046A EP1431412B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004044A EP1431410B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004045A EP1431411B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP25090299 1999-09-03
JP25090299 1999-09-03
JP2000070257 2000-03-14
JP2000070257A JP3425114B2 (ja) 2000-03-14 2000-03-14 Ｐｂフリー型フェライト系快削ステンレス鋼
JP2000221433A JP3425124B2 (ja) 2000-07-21 2000-07-21 フェライト系快削ステンレス鋼
JP2000221433 2000-07-21
JP2000251602 2000-08-22
JP2000251626A JP3425129B2 (ja) 1999-09-03 2000-08-22 快削合金材料
JP2000251602A JP3425128B2 (ja) 2000-08-22 2000-08-22 快削合金材料
JP2000251626 2000-08-22

Related Child Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04004044A Division EP1431410B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004043A Division EP1431409B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004045A Division EP1431411B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004046A Division EP1431412B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1085105A2 EP1085105A2 (fr) 2001-03-21
EP1085105A3 EP1085105A3 (fr) 2001-05-16
EP1085105B1 true EP1085105B1 (fr) 2006-06-28

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Family Applications (5)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04004045A Expired - Lifetime EP1431411B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004044A Expired - Lifetime EP1431410B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP20000118990 Expired - Lifetime EP1085105B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004046A Expired - Lifetime EP1431412B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004043A Expired - Lifetime EP1431409B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage

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EP04004045A Expired - Lifetime EP1431411B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004044A Expired - Lifetime EP1431410B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04004046A Expired - Lifetime EP1431412B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage
EP04004043A Expired - Lifetime EP1431409B1 (fr) 1999-09-03 2000-09-01 Alliage de décolletage

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (5) EP1431411B1 (fr)
DE (5) DE60029364T2 (fr)

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JP2003049241A (ja) * 2001-06-01 2003-02-21 Daido Steel Co Ltd 快削鋼
JP2003049240A (ja) * 2001-06-01 2003-02-21 Daido Steel Co Ltd 快削鋼
JP4895434B2 (ja) 2001-06-04 2012-03-14 清仁 石田 快削性Ｎｉ基耐熱合金
DE60223351T2 (de) * 2002-06-05 2008-08-28 Ishida, Kiyohito, Sendai Hochtemperaturfeste Nickelbasislegierung mit guter Zerspannbarkeit
RU2485200C1 (ru) * 2012-01-30 2013-06-20 Открытое акционерное общество "Тольяттиазот" Жаропрочный хромоникелевый сплав с аустенитной структурой
CN102723158B (zh) * 2012-07-06 2015-12-02 白皞 含稀土的高磁导率Ni-Fe软磁合金及其制备方法和用途
DE102013214464A1 (de) * 2013-07-24 2015-01-29 Johannes Eyl Verfahren zum Herstellen einer chromhaltigen Legierung und chromhaltige Legierung
RU2551328C1 (ru) * 2014-03-12 2015-05-20 Павел Сергеевич Кучин Литейный сплав на основе железа
RU2586949C1 (ru) * 2015-06-08 2016-06-10 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Южно-Уральский государственный университет" (национальный исследовательский университет) (ФГБОУ ВПО "ЮУрГУ" (НИУ)) Мартенситно-ферритная коррозионно-стойкая хромоникелевая сталь с улучшенной обрабатываемостью резанием
RU2600467C1 (ru) * 2015-06-25 2016-10-20 Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт авиационных материалов" (ФГУП "ВИАМ") Высокопрочная бериллийсодержащая сталь
CN105033501B (zh) * 2015-08-03 2017-10-27 合肥通用机械研究院 一种乙烯裂解炉管用微合金化35Cr45NiNb焊丝
CN110438510B (zh) * 2018-05-02 2021-07-06 温州酷乐餐桌用品有限公司 一种减少不锈钢餐刀中重金属含量处理方法
CN109321806A (zh) * 2018-10-16 2019-02-12 李访 一种秸秆颗粒机秆体粉碎头及其制备方法
CN110819918A (zh) * 2019-11-12 2020-02-21 段劲松 一种具有高耐磨耐蚀性的球磨机用耐磨钢球

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JP3489434B2 (ja) * 1998-04-10 2004-01-19 住友金属工業株式会社 高強度快削非調質鋼材

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DE60029063T2 (de) 2007-06-28
DE60030175T2 (de) 2007-08-30
DE60029261T2 (de) 2007-02-01
EP1431410B1 (fr) 2006-07-12
EP1431410A1 (fr) 2004-06-23
EP1431411A1 (fr) 2004-06-23
DE60029063D1 (de) 2006-08-10
EP1085105A3 (fr) 2001-05-16
EP1431412B1 (fr) 2006-08-16
EP1431409A1 (fr) 2004-06-23
EP1431411B1 (fr) 2006-07-05
DE60030175D1 (de) 2006-09-28
EP1431409B1 (fr) 2006-07-05
DE60029261D1 (de) 2006-08-17
DE60029260D1 (de) 2006-08-17
DE60029364D1 (de) 2006-08-24
DE60029260T2 (de) 2007-08-30
DE60029364T2 (de) 2007-08-09
EP1431412A1 (fr) 2004-06-23
EP1085105A2 (fr) 2001-03-21

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