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  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to new and improved inhibitors of Dipepudyl Peptidase IV ("DPP IV"), and new and improved treatment methods and related uses.
• DPP IV inhibitors according to the invention are useful for treating a wide variety of diseases and other abnormal conditions, including diseases impacting the central nervous system.
• Dipeptidyl peptidase IV is a membrane-bound peptidase involved in the release of N-terminal dipeptides from proteins and other types or forms of peptides.
• the enzyme is a type ⁇ membrane serine peptidase, and has a preference for removing proline-containing dipeptides from the N-terminus of the protein or peptide.
• the enzyme contains 767 amino acids, and has been found in the kidney, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, small intestine, prostrate, seminal plasma and the brain.
• the physiological roles of DPP IV have not been completely elucidated. It has been thought that DPP IV plays a role in the cleavage of various cytokines, growth factors and neuropeptides.
• the enzyme also can cleave neuropeptides such as substance P and neuropeptide Y.
• DPP IV is involved in cell adhesion and with the T-cell activation marker CD26.
• DPP IV has been implicated in disease states such as HTV infection, diabetes, arthritis and certain cancers.
• a DPP IV presence has been implicated in prostate and lung cancer, and DPP IV also has been found in patients having benign prostate hyperplasia.
• DPP IV also is being investigated for its role in type II diabetes because the glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) can be a substrate for DPP IV cleavage, and some DPP IV inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in animal models for diabetes.
• GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide
• DPP IV has been implicated in HTV infection due to its association with CD 26. DPP IV also has been identified as a "research front" in an article about Alzheimer's disease. Shvaloff et al. , DIALOG FILE NO. 05335738/5.
• DPP IV inhibition has been shown to increase release of TGF- ⁇ , a protein having neuroprotective properties. DPP IV inhibition itself, however, has not been implicated in a neuroprotective context.
• DPP IV inhibition has been studied in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, arthritis and multiple sclerosis (a demyelination disease of the peripheral nerves). See PCT publications WO 97/40832 and WO 98/19998. Additionally, PCT publication WO 94/03055 discusses increasing production of hematopoietic cells with DPP IV inhibitors. PCT publication WO 95/11689 discloses the use of DPP IV inhibitors to block the entry of HIV into cells. U.S. Patent No. 5,543,396 discloses the use of inhibitors (certain proline phosphonate derivatives) to treat tumor invasion.
• PCT publication WO 95/34538 mentions the use of certain serine protease inhibitors (such as certain DPP IV and PEP inhibitors) to treat peripheral neurological/autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.
• DPP IV inhibitors based upon molecules that bear a resemblance to proline have been investigated in the field.
• PCT publication WO 95/11689 discloses c - amino boronic acid analogs of proline.
• PCT publication WO 98/19998 discloses N- substituted 2-cyanopyrrolidines as DPP IV inhibitors.
• PCT publication WO 95/34538 also discloses various proline containing compounds. Alexander et al., BIOSIS NO.
• U.S. Patent Nos. 6,011,155; 6,110,949; and 6,124,305 discloses various N-substituted cyanopyrrolidines and cyanothiazolidines to inhibit DPP IV for the treatment of diabetes, and "conditions mediated by dipeptidyl peptidase- V inhibition. " The field, however, lacks appreciation of the usefulness of DPP IV inhibition for treating disease states, injuries and other abnormal conditions involving the central nervous system and other parts of the body, such as in the treatment of prostate.
• inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV can include a proline mimetic and preferably possess an IC J0 of no more than about 1 ⁇ m, preferably no more than 100 nm, and have molecular weights of no more than 700, preferably no more than about 500.
• the inhibitors are reversible.
• the inhibitors preferably are sufficiently neutral and non-polar such that they can cross the blood-brain barrier via passive diffusion. In many cases, inhibitors that cannot cross by passive diffusion instead cross by active transport.
• Inhibitors for use according to the invention include c-KPG and inhibitors according to Core Structures I, II , HI or IV, as shown below.
• reversible inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV wherein the inhibitor is preferably reversible and preferably has a core structure of selected from the group consisting of Core Structure I, Core Structure II, Core Structure HI and Core Structure IV.
• a given core structure can have functional and substitution groups, such as X, X,, A, Z and R, wherein X (if present) is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4; X, (if present) is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4 with the optional proviso that X and Xj cannot both be a heteroatom; A is H, COOH, or isosteres of carboxylic acids, such as one selected from the group consisting of CN, SO 3 H, CONOH, PO 3 R5R6, SO 2 NHR7, tetrazole, amides, esters, and acid anhydrides; Z (if present) is O or S; and the various R groups that are present are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C r C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl,
• the inhibitors for use in such methods preferably should be reversible and preferably be able to cross the blood-brain barrier in amounts sufficient to treat the disorder.
• the compounds according to the invention can be administered concurrently or sequentially with other compounds.
• different compounds according to the invention e.g. , different compounds of one core structure group or compounds of two or more of the core structure groups
• Uses of the compounds disclosed herein are provided (1) for treating disorders of the central nervous system and (2) for preparing compositions, formulations and medicaments for treating disorders of the central nervous system.
• the inhibitors for use in such methods should be reversible and be able to penetrate or act upon the prostate.
• the compounds according to the invention can be administered concurrently or sequentially with other compounds.
• different compounds according to the invention e.g. , different compounds of one core structure group or compounds of two or more of the core structure groups
• Uses of the compounds disclosed herein are provided (1) for treating disorders of the prostate and (2) for preparing compositions, formulations and medicaments for treating disorders of the prostate.
• FIGURE 1 graphically depicts an assay employing organotypic spinal motor neurons and threohydroxyaspartate ("THA"). Exposure of neurons with THA alone resulted in death of 55-60% of the neurons. When the neurons were exposed to THA in combination with 10 ⁇ M c-KPG, the c-KPG spared greater than 50% of the neurons that would have otherwise been killed.
• THA threohydroxyaspartate
• the present invention provides DPP IV inhibitors that are useful for treating various disorders, including those of the central nervous system, among others.
• the DPP IV inhibitors are pyrrolidine-based compounds, and more preferably constitute or include proline or proline mimetics.
• the compounds according to the present invention preferably have sufficient stability, potency, selectivity, solubility and availability to be safe and effective in treating diseases, injuries and other abnormal conditions or insults to the central nervous system, the peripheral nerves and the prostate, for example.
• treat in its various grammatical forms as used in relation to the present invention refers to preventing, curing, reversing, attenuating, alleviating, minimizing, suppressing, ameliorating or halting the deleterious effects of a disease state, disease progression, injury, wound, ischemia, disease causative agent (e.g. , bacteria, protozoans, parasites, fungi, viruses, viroids and/or prions), surgical procedure or other abnormal or detrimental condition (all of which are collectively referred to as "disorders,” as will be appreciated by the person of skill in the art).
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of an inhibitor according to the invention is an amount that can achieve effective treatment, and such amounts can be determined in accordance with the present teachings.
• DPP IV exhibits a preference for causing the removal of proline-containing dipeptides from the N-terminus of a protein or a peptide. Accordingly, proline has a structure that likely is recognized by or acted upon by the active site of DPP IV. Proline is unique among the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids in that it contains a cyclic secondary amino group, which as a result causes it to create interruptions in alpha- helical structures in proteins or peptides.
• the DPP IV inhibitors according to the present invention can constitute or include proline or proline-like moieties, often referred to as "proline mimetics.”
• a proline mimetic is a structure that sufficiently resembles proline such that its charge, polarity, shape and size are sufficiently duplicative of proline so as to participate in many of the molecular interactions involving proline.
• a molecule or other compound that includes a proline moiety can itself be considered a proline mimetic. Accordingly, molecules that constitute or include proline or proline mimetics can interact with the natural interaction partners of proline, such as DPP IV.
• a DPP IV inhibitor has the same or greater affinity for DPP IV than does the natural substrate of DPP IV, such as a protein containing a proline residue at its N-terminal end.
• the inhibitor will have an equal or greater affinity to permit it to more effectively compete for the active site of DPP IV.
• Inhibitors with lower affinities are still within the scope of the invention, and effective competition, and thus inhibition, can be ensured through dosing considerations.
• the DPP IV inhibitor is used to treat disorders of the prostate, including, but not limited to, prostate cancer and post- prostatectomy nerve recovery.
• erectile and voiding disorders are extremely common clinical conditions that result from diseases, injuries and trauma including complications associated with pelvic surgery. It is believed that local nerve injury during major pelvic surgeries account for complications such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence. These complications might be caused by the trauma or the injury of the nerves (e.g. cavernous nerve) innervating the area during the surgery. Appropriate administration of a DPP IV inhibitors prior to, during or after surgery may be effective in blocking the nerve degeneration caused by pelvic surgery.
• the inhibitor of the invention can be administered in the manner used with other prostate therapeutics, and can be combined with other products or methodologies for treating the prostate.
• the DPP IV inhibitor can be used to treat disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nerves.
• CNS central nervous system
• the DPP IV inhibitors according to the present invention can be used to treat CNS maladies such as strokes, tumors, ischemia, Parkinson's disease, memory loss, hearing loss, vision loss, migraines, brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (which has a CNS component).
• the DPP IV inhibitors can be used to treat disorders having a more peripheral nature, including multiple sclerosis and diabetic neuropathy.
• the blood-brain barrier prevents many compounds in the circulation from crossing to the brain.
• the brain is a complex biological structure that is susceptible to a variety of toxins. Additionally, being that the brain is composed primarily of nerves and related tissues, the brain lacks the natural regenerative capabilities of other organs and tissues. For example, the skin has extensive regeneration and restorative capabilities, and thus can withstand encounters with toxins and other physical insults, which it can be expected to encounter in daily life.
• the brain itself is quite susceptible to toxins, and thus it is thought that the blood-brain barrier was an evolutionary development to protect the integrity of the brain.
• the blood-brain barrier also can prevent the entry of beneficial compounds, such as drugs, that are needed to treat a disease, injury or other abnormal condition. Accordingly, the blood-brain barrier can be a complicating factor in developing therapeutics for the CNS.
• a compound that crosses the blood-brain barrier via passive diffusion should have a log P between about 1 and about 4.
• the log D which takes into consideration the charge of the compound.
• polar and charged compounds are less amenable to crossing the blood-brain barrier by passive diffusion. Accordingly, a log D greater than about -2 is preferred.
• the concepts of log P and log D are discussed in Waterbeemed, STRUCTURAL-PROPERTY CORRELATIONS IN DRUG RESEARCH (Academic Press).
• the compound preferably has a molecular weight of about 700 or less, preferably about 500 or less.
• a compound that is to cross the blood-brain barrier by passive diffusion should be "sufficiently neutral and non-polar" for its size that it can cross the blood-brain barrier in a therapeutically effective amount
• potency of the compound as an inhibitor Besides efficiency of a compound in crossing the blood-brain barrier, another important consideration is the potency of the compound as an inhibitor.
• potent inhibitors can have a lower efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier, but nevertheless can be effective due to their higher potencies. Conversely, a less potent inhibitor may require greater efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier in order to have a beneficial effect.
• a therapeutically effective amount for treating a CNS disorder depends upon the potency of the inhibitor and its efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier or the administration route and approach employed to circumvent the blood-brain barrier.
• the DPP IV inhibitors preferably have an IC 50 (for inhibition concentration where 50% of DPP IV is inhibited) value of less than about 1 ⁇ m, and preferably less than 100 ran.
• IC 50 for inhibition concentration where 50% of DPP IV is inhibited
• DPP IV inhibitors can have higher IC 50 values as long as their efficiency in crossing the blood-brain barrier is sufficient to treat the disease, injury or other abnormal condition.
• the DPP IV inhibitor according to the invention is a reversible inhibitor. That is, the DPP IV inhibitor should be able to interact with the inhibitor without becoming permanently bound thereto in a manner that would denature or inactivate the DPP IV enzyme. The need for reversibility is due to the fact that DPP IV is a naturally- occurring enzyme that has normal physiologic functions.
• An irreversible inhibitor can effectively eliminate functions of the enzyme, and thus result in cessation of normal physiologic processes.
• the present invention utilizes the inhibition of DPP IV in certain contexts, such as in treating an ischemic event, for definite periods of time, such as during and after reperfusion in the ischemic area.
• a reversible inhibitor would permit inhibited DPP IV molecules to resume normal function once the need for inhibition is gone.
• the compounds according to the invention can be administered by a variety of systemic and CNS-targeted routes.
• intra-arterial, intravenous intraventricular, intracavitary and intracranial administration routes can be employed.
• Exemplary injection modalities can be by way of bolus, periodic injection and/or constant infusion.
• the following routes can be employed for the compounds according to the invention, including parenteral, oral, nasal, inhalation spray, buccally, topically, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, via implanted reservoir or other routes available to the skilled person.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intrasternal, intracranial or intraosseous injection and infusion techniques.
• the compounds of the present invention preferably penetrate the blood-train barrier when peripherally administered. Compounds which cannot sufficiently penetrate the blood-brain barrier can be effectively administered by an intraventricular route. It also is important to note that during the active phase of certain CNS disorders, blood-brain lineage is known to occur and will permit entry of the compounds of the invention to the central nervous system. Moreover, there are several other techniques that either physically break through the blood-brain barrier or circumvent it to deliver therapeutic agents. Examples of these techniques include intrathecal injections, surgical implants, and osmotic techniques. Invasive techniques often are employed, particularly direct administration to damaged neuronal tissue. One or more of the above can be employed according to the invention.
• One embodiment for the administration of the compounds of the invention is by intrathecal injection, i.e., directly into the cerebrospinal fluid by puncturing the membranes surrounding the central nervous system is usually by lumbar puncture. Sustained dosages of agents directly into the cerebrospinal fluid can be attained by the use of infusion pumps that are implanted surgically.
• Another embodiment for the administration of the compounds of the invention is by injection directly into the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecally) or by injection intravenously.
• the compounds according to the invention can be formulated with pharmaceutically- acceptable carriers and diluents, and can be used with methods and uses according to the invention.
• the formulation will depend upon the disease state being treated and the administration route. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,874,449, which is incorporated by reference.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include aqueous solutions, non-toxic excipients, including salts, preservatives, buffers, such as phosphate buffers, and the like, as described in UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA AND NATIONAL FORMULARY (USP 24-NF 19); REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES; HANDBOOK ON PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS (2d edition, Wade and Weller eds. 1994), the each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil and injectable organic esters such as ethyloleate.
• Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, saline solutions, parenteral vehicles, such as sodium chloride and Ringer's dextrose.
• Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers.
• Preservatives include antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents and inert gases.
• the pH and exact concentration of the various components of the binding composition are adjusted according to routine skills in the art. See GOODMAN AND GILMAN'S THE PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THERAPEUTICS (9th edition), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• Exemplary approaches include those where the compounds are to be administered in the form of sterile injectable preparations, for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. These suspensions can be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparations may also be sterile injectable solutions or suspensions in non- toxic parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, for example, as solutions in 1,3- butanediol.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile fixed oils are conventionally employed as solvents or suspending mediums.
• any blank fixed oil such as a synthetic mono- or di-glyceride may be employed.
• Fatty acids such as a oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, including olive oil and castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated forms, are useful in the preparation of injectables.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain long-chain alcohol diluents or dispersants.
• the compounds may be administered orally in the form of capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions; Tablets may contain carriers such as lactose and corn starch, and/or lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate.
• Capsules may contain diluents including lactose and dried corn starch.
• Aqueous suspensions may contain emulsifying and suspending agents combined with the active ingredient.
• the oral dosage forms may further contain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents.
• compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with suitable non-irritating excipients which are solid at room temperature, but liquid at rectal temperature such that they will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipients include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• the compounds may be administered topically, especially when the conditions addressed for treatment involve areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including neurological disorders of the eye, the skin or the lower intestinal tract.
• the compounds can be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline or, preferably, as a solution in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the compounds may be formulated into ointments, such as petrolatum.
• the compounds can be formulated into suitable ointments containing the compounds suspended or dissolved in, for example, mixtures with one or more of the following: mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the compounds can be formulated into suitable lotions or creams containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in, for example, a mixture of one or more of the following: mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl ester wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered by a single dose, multiple discrete doses or continuous infusion. Because the compounds preferably are small, easily diffusible and relatively stable, they can be well-suited to continuous infusion. Dose levels on the order of about 0.1 mg to about 10,000 mg of the active ingredient are useful in the treatment of the above conditions, with preferred levels being about 0.1 mg to about 1,000 mg.
• the specific dose level, and thus the therapeutically- effective amount, for any particular patient will vary depending upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed and its bioavailability at the site of drug action; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; drug combination; the severity of the particular disease being treated; and the form of administration.
• in vitro dosage-effect results provide useful guidance on the proper doses for patient administration. Studies in animal models also are helpful. The considerations for determining the proper dose levels are available to the skilled person. See Example 5 below.
• Certain compounds can administered in lyophilized form.
• 1 to 100 mg of a compound of the present invention may be lyophilized in individual vials, together with a carrier and a buffer, such as mannitol and sodium phospshate.
• the compound may be reconstituted in the vials with bacteriostatic water before administration.
• the compounds of the present invention are preferably administered orally, rectally, parenterally or topically at least 1 to 6 times daily, and may follow an initial bolus dose of higher concentration.
• Administration Regimen and Timing are preferably administered orally, rectally, parenterally or topically at least 1 to 6 times daily, and may follow an initial bolus dose of higher concentration.
• any administration regimen regulating the timing and sequence of drug delivery can be used and repeated as necessary to effect treatment.
• Such regimen may include pretreatment and/or co- administration with additional therapeutic agents.
• the compounds should be administered to the affected cells as soon as possible. In situations where nervous insult is anticipated, the compounds should be administered before the expected nervous insult.
• Such simations of increased likelihood of nervous insult include surgery (for example, carotid endarterectomy, cardiac, vascular, aortic, orthopedic); endovascular procedures such as arterial catherization (for example, carotid, vertebral, aortic, cardia, renal, spinal, Adamkiewicz); injections of embolic agents; coils or balloons for hemostasis; interruptions of vascularity for treatment of brain lesions; and predisposing medical conditions such as crescendo transient ischemic attacks, emboli and sequential strokes.
• any compound for the treatment of stroke should adequately cross the blood-brain barrier and obtain sufficiently therapeutic levels within the brain and cerebral spinal fluid.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered (i) prior to surgery or radiation treatment to reduce the risk of metastasis; (ii) during surgery or in conjunction with radiation treatment; and/or (iii) after surgery or radiation therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence and to inhibit the growth of any residual tumorous cells.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered as a continuous supplement to, or as a replacement for, homonal ablation in order to slow tumor cell growth in both the untreated primary tumor and the existing metastatic lesions.
• the compounds, methods and uses of the present invention are particularly useful where shed cells could not be removed by surgical intervention. After post-surgical recovery, the compounds, methods and uses of the present invention would be effective in reducing the chances of recurrence of a tumor engendered by such shed cells.
• the compounds, methods and uses of the present invention also to provide combined preparation for simultaneous, separate, or sequential use which contain other biologically active agents.
• biologically active agent can be either another compound of the present invention; steroids, for example hydrocortisomers such as methylprednisolone; anti- inflammatory or anti-immune drugs, such as methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide or cyclosporin A; interferon- ⁇ ; antibodies, such as anti-CD4 antibodies; agents which can reduce the risk of a second ischemic event, such as ticlopidine; chemotherapeutic compositions; immunotherapeutic compositions; morphine for treating pain; or mixtures thereof.
• the compounds according to the invention include various substitutions available to the skilled person and are to be employed in accordance with the teachings contained herein.
• the Core Structures which constitute or include proline mimetics, can include a variety of functional groups as taught herein.
• the inventions include isosteres of the compounds or the function groups contained therein. Guiding principles and illustrative examples of functional groups and isosteres are set forth in Smith et al. , INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF DRUG DESIGN (John Wright & Sons, Ltd.), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the compounds used according to the invention preferably are or contain moieties that resemble proline within their core strucmres. That is, these compounds are or contain proline mimetics.
• One such compound that can be used according to the invention contains a proline mimetic and has the following structure:
• c-KPG This compound, referred to as "c-KPG,” was tested in an assay employing organotypic spinal motor neurons and threohydroxyaspartate (“THA”), which is an inhibitor of the glutamate reuptake receptor. Synthesis protocols for c-KPG are disclosed in Nguyen et al., J. Med. Chem. 41: 2100-10 (1998).
• Core structures which are DPP IV inhibitors and constitute or contain proline mimetics, are set forth below.
• Exemplary core structures are depicted schematically, and the functional/substitution groups are set forth in text. All substitutions contemplated herein are permissive for various provisos, either alone or in any combination, such that if one group is included in a given position another group at the same or different position can be excluded.
• Core Structure I is:
• X is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4; optional proviso 1 that if X is S, then A cannot be CN; optional proviso 2 that if X is CH 2 and R is H, then A cannot be C; optional proviso 3 that if X is S, then Rl cannot be amino-substimted alkyl; optional proviso 4 that if X is CH 2 , then A cannot be COOH; optional proviso 5 that if X is S, or if X and XI are both CH 2 , and Z is O, and A is CN, and Rl is H, then R is not NH substituted with C1-C9 straight or branched chain alkyl, or NH substituted with C3-C7 cycloalkyl;
• X is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4 with optional proviso 6 that X and XI cannot both be a heteroatom; optional proviso 7 if X and XI are both CH 2 , and Z is O, and Rl is NH 2 , then R is not 1-methylpropyl if A is COOH, and R is not cyclopentyl if A is CN.
• A is H, COOH, or isosteres of carboxylic acids, such as one selected from the group consisting of CN, SO 3 H, CONOH, PO 3 R5R6, SO 2 NHR7, tetrazole, amides, esters, and acid anhydrides with optional proviso 8 that if A is CN, and Rl is NH 2 , and Z is O, and R is 1-methylpropyl, then X and XI are not both CH 2 , X and XI are not S, X is not O, and Z is O or S;
• R and Rl are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C r C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of C r C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C r C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R and Rl can be the same or different; and
• R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C r C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of - C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C t -C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, can be the same or different.
• core strucmres are provide according to the invention, such as those having ring modifications (II and HI): .
• X is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4;
• A is H, COOH, or isosteres of carboxylic acids, such as one selected from the group consisting of CN, SO 3 H, CONOH, PO 3 R5R6, SO 2 NHR7, tetrazole, amides, esters, and acid anhydrides;
• R and Rl are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C,-C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of C r C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C r C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R and Rl can be the same or different; and
• R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C,-C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of C r C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C,-C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, can be the same or different.
• Core Structure in is:
• A is H, COOH, or isosteres of carboxylic acids, such as one selected from the group consisting of CN, SO 3 H, CONOH, PO 3 R5R6, SO 2 NHR7, tetrazole, amides, esters, and acid anhydrides;
• R, Rl, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C r C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of C C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C r C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R, Rl, R2 and R3 can be the same or different; and
• R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C,-C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substimted with one or more of C r C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C r C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, can be the same or different.
• X is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4;
• X is CR2R3, O, S, or NR4 with the proviso that X and XI cannot both be a heteroatom;
• A is H, COOH, or isosteres of carboxylic acids, such as one selected from the group consisting of CN, SO 3 H, CONOH, PO 3 R5R6, SO 2 NHR7, tetrazole, amides, esters, and acid anhydrides;
• R and Rl are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C r C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 - C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of C r C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R and Rl can be the same or different; and
• R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, are independently selected from the group of functional groups consisting of H, C r C 9 branched or straight chain alkyl, C 2 -C 9 branched or straight chain alkenyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and amino, wherein any of the functional groups can be substituted with one or more of C r C 9 straight or branched chain alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, amino, halo, carbonyl, C r C 9 alkoxy, C 2 -C 9 alkenyloxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, cyano, amido, thiol, trifluromethyl, or hydroxy, wherein each of R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, if present, can be the same or different.
• the compounds of the core structures according to the present invention can administered in ester or salt forms according to the teachings provided herein. Acceptable formulations, dosages and administration regimens can be determined in accordance with the teachings contained herein.
• R is NH-R 1 ;
• R 1 is: C t - C 12 straight or branched chain alkyl; C 3 - C 7 cycloalkyl; CH 2 - CH 2 -NH-R U ;
• R" is a pyridine ring optionally substimted in one or two positions with halo, trifluoromethyl, cyano or nitro; or a pyrimidine ring optionally substimted in one position with halo, trifluromethyl, cyano or nitro;
• R ⁇ is a phenyl ring optionally substimted in one to three positions with halo or C, - C 3 alkoxy;
• Each R w is independently a phenyl ring optionally substimted in one position with halo or C, - C 3 alkoxy; and R v is a 2-oxopyrrolidine group or a C 2 - C 4 alkoxy group.
• R is NH-R 1 ;
• R 1 is: Cj - C 12 straight or branched chain alkyl optionally substimted with hydroxy, acetyl,
• adamantyl indanyl; piperidyl optionally substimted with benzyl; pyrrolidine optionally substimted with benzyl; bicycloheptyl optionally substituted in one to three positions with methyl; phenyl optionally substimted with in one to three positions with halo, methoxy, trifluoromethyl; pyridyl optionally substimted in one to three positions with halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro; or pyrimidyl optionally substimted with halo, trifluoromethyl, nitro;
• R m is phenyl optionally substituted with CN, or pyridyl optionally substimted with CN;
• R w is a group selected from phenyl, naphthyl, cyclohexenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, adamantyl, phenoxy, wherein the group is optionally substimted in one to two positions with ethoxy, methoxy, halo, phenylsulfide, or phenylsulfide substimted with hydroxymethyl.
• Prlnclpal Group carboxylic acid
• Prlncloal Group carboxylic acid
• Parent Hvdride pyrrolidine
• EXAMPLE 5 EXEMPLARY NEURO ACTIVITY TESTING PROTOCOLS
• DRG dorsal root ganglion
• the spinal cord with attached DRGs from an adult mouse (15-10g) is removed.
• Spinal nerves are cut away using micro-dissection scissors and any excess material is trimmed until the DRG is free.
• Using sharp micro-dissecting scissors a transverse cut is made in the peripheral nerve, leaving 1-2 mm attached, and the explant is placed into Petri dish and covered with plating media.
• the spinal nerve is trimmed to about ImM in length. Then, embed the explant in 30 ⁇ L of reduced growth factor Matrigel on a circular coverslip, and place in a 35 mM culture dish.
• Primary antibody for example, Beta tubulin, Sigma Chemical Co.
• secondary antibody Alexa 488 Goat Anti-Mouse
• Cultures are derived from postnatal day 8 (P8) Sprague-Dawley rat lumbar spinal cord slices of 325 micron thickness. Each experiment consists of two 6- well plates with 5 slices from 4 different animals per well. Media changes are performed every 3 to 4 days. Cultures are treated with THA [L(-)-threo-3-hydroxyaspartic acid; Tocris Cookson Inc., Ballwin, Missouri] at 200 ⁇ M + compound (lO ⁇ M) after one week in culture.
• the control is an untreated sample with 0.1 % DMSO as vehicle.
• the THA control is a THA treated sample with 0.1 % DSMO as vehicle. Two wells are used per condition. One media change with new THA and compounds is performed.
• the experiment is stopped 6 to 8 days following drug treatment (13-15 total days in vitro, DIV) as dictated by visual assessment of lesion, by fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde/0.1 M phosphate buffer for 30 minutes.
• Slices are permeabilized with 100% cold methanol forlO minutes. Slices are transferred to staining wells. The slices are blocked with 10% HS/TBS. Primary antibody incubation is overnight at 4°C with SMI-32 antibody 1:5000 in 2% HS/TBS. SMI-32 was specific towards unphosphorylated H neurofilament subunit.
• Vectastain ABC Elite Kit with rat absorbed anti-mouse secondary antibody is used with DAB to stain the slices.
• the slices are mounted onto a slide and a coverslip is sealed with DPX mounting solution.
• Quantification of surviving neurons is performed on a Ziess Axiovert microscope. Neuronal survival is determined by observing an intact neuronal cell body with processes located ventrally of the central canal in each hemisphere. This correlates to laminae VII, VIII and IX. Each hemisphere is counted individually. The statistics can be performed with StatView software on a minimum of three different experiments per condition and significance should be determined as compared to THA control. The percent of protection can be determined from the average number of living neurons by the following equation:
• EXAMPLE 6 EXEMPLARY TESTING PROTOCOLS FOR PROSTATE
• Protocols for testing efficacy, dosing, and administration schedules for post- prostatectomy nerve recovery can be performed in accordance with the teachings of Example 5.
• DPP IV inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer, there are several cancer cell lines available of conducting in vitro assays. Appropriate cell lines include LNCaP, PC3, DU-145 and TSUPrl for use in cell proliferation assays.
• a cell line can be propagated in a standard medium, such as RPMI

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