EP1250729B1 - Antenne mit anisotroper verbundstoff - Google Patents

Antenne mit anisotroper verbundstoff Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1250729B1
EP1250729B1 EP00990097A EP00990097A EP1250729B1 EP 1250729 B1 EP1250729 B1 EP 1250729B1 EP 00990097 A EP00990097 A EP 00990097A EP 00990097 A EP00990097 A EP 00990097A EP 1250729 B1 EP1250729 B1 EP 1250729B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composite
layers
antenna
slot
conductive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP00990097A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1250729A1 (de
Inventor
Olivier Acher
François DUVERGER
Gérard LEFLOUR
Hervé JAQUET
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Commissariat A L'energie Atomique En Dassault Avia
Original Assignee
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Dassault Aviation SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA, Dassault Aviation SA filed Critical Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Publication of EP1250729A1 publication Critical patent/EP1250729A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1250729B1 publication Critical patent/EP1250729B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
    • H01Q13/18—Resonant slot antennas the slot being backed by, or formed in boundary wall of, a resonant cavity ; Open cavity antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/26—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength
    • H01Q9/27—Spiral antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
    • H01Q9/285—Planar dipole
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49016—Antenna or wave energy "plumbing" making

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an anisotropic composite antenna. It finds application in telecommunications, particularly in the frequency band from about 50 MHz to about 4 GHz.
  • the antenna of the invention can be used both in transmission and reception.
  • the so-called “skin” antennas generally consist of a metal casing above which is disposed an element capable of radiating or receiving an electromagnetic field.
  • the length of this element is generally close to the half-wavelength of the field to be emitted or received. It may consist of a slot pierced in a metal plate or a metal pattern (strand or ribbon).
  • FIG. 1 thus shows an antenna with an element 10 capable of radiating or receiving, a conductive plane 12, cylindrical or parallelepipedic conducting walls 13, a dielectric layer 14 placed on the front face of the assembly and serving as protection and finally a conductor 16 connecting the element 10 to transmission or reception means not shown.
  • the radiated or received electromagnetic field is symbolically represented by the arrows R.
  • This type of antenna imposes severe constraints on the distance D to be arranged between the radiating element and the conductive plane constituting the bottom of the housing. This distance must be large enough so that there is no destructive interference between the incident wave and the wave reflected by the housing, without being excessive which would be detrimental to the gain and the bandwidth of the 'antenna.
  • Ferrite magnetic substrates have also been thought to be used to tune the antenna over a certain frequency band. But the particular nature of this material (usually ceramic), as well as its mass and its radioelectric properties limit its use, especially for large surfaces. Another important limitation is related to the demagnetizing field of a ferrite substrate. Indeed, a parallelepipedal ferrite substrate are associated demagnetizing coefficients significantly different from zero. This results in a dynamic demagnetizing field, which is the product of a demagnetizing coefficient by the saturation magnetization of ferrite. This field increases the resonance frequency while decreasing the permeability of the ferrite substrate.
  • the static demagnetizing field reduces the interest of the ferrite substrate in the case where an external magnetic field is applied to match the properties of the substrate. 'antenna.
  • the field to be applied to the substrate is equal to the sum of the internal field and the demagnetizing field, and increasing the value of the field to be applied amounts to increasing the power of the magnet system, or the consumption of an electromagnet.
  • US Pat. No. 5,563,616 recommends placing an anisotropic material in layers between the element capable of radiating or receiving, this material having a high relative permittivity.
  • the present invention is intended to remedy all these disadvantages.
  • the invention recommends adding, between the conductive plane and the element capable of radiating or receiving, an anisotropic composite formed of a stack of alternately ferromagnetic and electrically insulating layers. These layers are perpendicular to the conductive plane. If they rest directly on this plan, they rest there by their slice. Moreover, these layers are oriented or configured to be perpendicular (or substantially perpendicular) to the electrical component of the radiated or received field component taken in the plane of the antenna.
  • the composite used in the invention is in itself known and sometimes called "LIFT" for "Ferromagnetic Insulating Lamella on the Slice". It is described in document FR-A-2 698 479. A method for measuring its electromagnetic characteristics is described in FR-A-2,699,683. Such a composite has a high permeability and a low permittivity in the microwave range, for a plane wave arriving at normal incidence, with a rectilinear polarization (magnetic field parallel to the layers and electric field perpendicular to the layers). It is possible to adjust the frequency response of these materials by combining several ferromagnetic materials.
  • the composite in question is anisotropic, that is to say that its electromagnetic properties are very different depending on the orientation of the magnetic and electrical fields with respect to the layers. If the electric field is perpendicular to the ferromagnetic layers, the material allows the electromagnetic wave to penetrate. If, on the contrary, the electric field is parallel to the conductive lamellae, it is totally reflected by the material, which then behaves like a metal.
  • the surface impedance it presents corresponds to a short circuit seen through the line formed by the composite and that for the favorable polarization (magnetic field parallel to the lamellae and electric field perpendicular to the layers).
  • the impedance of the composite is close to that of a metal, that is to say close to zero.
  • the materials constituting an anisotropic composite are light and easy to form. In addition, one can easily obtain particular frequency responses by varying the permeability of the materials. On the other hand, the conductive nature of the composite for a particular direction of the field may be an advantage.
  • an anisotropic composite antenna according to the invention can therefore be used to use an external magnetic field, either to modify the frequency tuning or to adjust the permeability level (by means of permanent magnets) to the desired frequency.
  • an external magnetic field may be useful for decreasing magnetic losses at the working frequency.
  • the present invention therefore relates to an antenna as defined in claim 1. It comprises an element capable of radiating or receiving an electromagnetic field, this element being disposed in front of a conductive plane, this antenna further comprises, between the element capable of radiating or receiving and the conductive plane, an anisotropic composite formed of a stack of alternately ferromagnetic and electrically insulating layers, these layers being perpendicular to the conductive plane and to the electrical component of the radiated or sensed field. 'antenna.
  • the composite can be placed directly on the driver's plane; but not necessarily.
  • the element capable of radiating or receiving it can be of any known shape: straight or spiral slot, straight or spiral strands or ribbons.
  • the layers of the composite must be oriented accordingly to always be perpendicular (or substantially perpendicular) to the electrical component of the radiated or received field.
  • This component is the component in the plane of the antenna (it does not take into account the component of the electric field oriented perpendicularly to the plane of the antenna).
  • the composite used according to the invention plays, in particular, the role of impedance transformer. It must be designed so that the efficiency of the antenna is as great as possible.
  • e is the height of the composite and ⁇ is the wavelength in vacuum.
  • the composite placed on a conductive plane must have a sufficiently large normalized surface impedance (greater than 0.5) at the frequency considered so that the efficiency E is not too low.
  • the typical thickness of the composite will be less than ⁇ / 20.
  • the composite may optionally be surmounted by a layer of dielectric or air, located between it and the radiating element. The thickness of this layer does not exceed, in general, ⁇ / 10.
  • a favorable case is one where the level of loss remains low ( ⁇ '' / ⁇ ' ⁇ 0.15 where ⁇ ' 'is the imaginary part of the permeability and ⁇ ' the real part) so that the stationary waves penetrating in the material and participating in the radiation of the antenna are not too quickly attenuated.
  • ferromagnetic material having a gyromagnetic resonance frequency greater than half the operating frequency of the antenna and for example less than 1.2 times this frequency.
  • the volume fraction of ferromagnetic material may be at least 5%.
  • the permeability of an anisotropic composite depends on the properties of the ferromagnetic material. Dependence laws can be found in the article titled “Demonstration of anisotropic composites with tuneable microwave permeability manufactured from ferromagnetic thin films" by O. ACHER, P. LE GOURRIEREC, G. PERRIN, P. BACLET and O. ROBLIN, published in "IEEE Trans., Microwave Theory and Techniques", vol. 44, 674, 1996.
  • the frequency range of use of the antenna of the invention is the band from about 50 MHz to about 4 GHz. Above 4 GHz, the permeability levels obtained with the thin layers make them less attractive and the thicknesses necessary for the production of the antennas become less than one centimeter, so that to reduce this thickness again is of little use.
  • Figure 2 shows an example of an antenna emitting around 1.9 GHz.
  • the element capable of radiating or receiving is a slot 20 pierced in a conductive plate 21.
  • the conductive plane 22 supports the anisotropic composite 24.
  • the electrical connection is referenced 26.
  • the electrical component of the field is denoted E.
  • the slot 20 may have a length of 79 mm and a width of 2 mm.
  • the metal plate 21 may be a square plate of 300x300 mm 2 .
  • Several heights D were tested, namely 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm and 5 mm, which correspond respectively to ⁇ / 4, ⁇ / 8, ⁇ / 16, ⁇ / 32.
  • the composite 24 is formed of flat slats and is arranged in such a way that these slats are all parallel to the longitudinal edges of the slit 20.
  • the composite can be made from a ferromagnetic layer of composition Co 82 Zr 8 Nb 10 deposited on a film of mylar (trademark).
  • the thickness of the ferromagnetic was 1.3 microns and that of the mylar of 10 microns.
  • the layers rest by their edge on the metal plane. The electric field at the slot is perpendicular to it and is therefore perpendicular to the lamellae.
  • the electromagnetic characteristics of the composite, for the favorable polarization ie the permittivity perpendicular to the plane of the layers ( ⁇ ' ⁇ , ⁇ '' ⁇ ) and the permeability in the plane of the layers ( ⁇ ' ⁇ , ⁇ '' ⁇ ) are given in figure 3 for the material defined above
  • the thickness of the composite plate is 1.9 mm, which gives it an impedance with a modulus close to 1.5 to 1.9 GHz It is recalled that the permittivity of the compositions parallel to the plane of these layers is very large and can be considered infinite.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 The experimental characteristics of the antenna thus produced are given in FIGS. 4 and 5 as a function of the distance D, which is expressed in fractions of the wavelength.
  • Figure 4 gives the stationary wave ratio (TOS) and
  • Figure 5 the gain, G expressed in dB.
  • TOS stationary wave ratio
  • G the gain
  • the TOS at the input of the antenna increases considerably in the metal configuration of the prior art (curve 25 ), while it remains very low (of the order of 1.5) in the configuration of the invention (curve 26).
  • Figures 4 and 5 show that for a thickness D less than 10 mm, all the performance of the antenna of the invention are greater than those of a conventional antenna.
  • Figures 8A and 8B further illustrate a slot antenna but in the case of a spiral slot.
  • a spiral slot 30 is pierced in a conductive plate 31.
  • Figure 8B which is a section along AA, better shows the conductive plane 32, the composite 34 and the connection 36. This composite is shown in plan view in Figure 9 (the radiating element having been removed). The circles of the composite are thus seen in the spiral slot 30 (FIG. 8A).
  • the electrical component of the radiated or received field is marked E.
  • the ferromagnetic and insulating layers are cylindrical.
  • the spiral of the radiating gap and the layers of the composite are therefore not strictly parallel, but the deviation from the parallelism is small (less than 10 °) and does not affect the performance of the antenna.
  • the composite can be made from CoFeNiSiB with a thickness of 1.3 ⁇ m and a glue thickness of 2.5 ⁇ m. The density of the material is then 2.3. Thicknesses as low as 1 mm making it possible to obtain impedances greater than 1.5, hence good properties for cavity depths of the order of ⁇ / 10 or less.
  • the realization of a spiral layer composite substantially parallel to the slot can be done by winding strips on preforms, or by any other means.
  • the area of radiation of the spiral slit is a function of the radius thereof, this value being related to the frequency.
  • the optimization of the thickness of the composite material must be a function of the radius of the cavity.
  • Another variant which is easier to produce, consists in producing a composite toroid by winding and placing the spiral slit in a concentric manner. This solution is less respectful of the geometry of the fields, but is acceptable if the opening of the spiral is less than 30 °.
  • Figure 10 further illustrates a slot antenna but in a variant where the slot is wide and excited at its center.
  • the slot is referenced 40, the conductive plane 42, the composite 44 and the power connection 46.
  • the lamellae of the composite are still oriented parallel to the longitudinal edges of the slot, that is to say perpendicular to the component E.
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate, respectively in plan view and in section along AA, an embodiment in which the antenna is of the dipole type.
  • the element able to radiate or receive is constituted by two conductive strands 50.
  • the conductive plane 52 supports the composite 54 and a dielectric layer 55 can support the two strands.
  • the connection 56 is double.
  • the lamellae of the composite 54 are oriented perpendicularly to the strands. For operation at 2 GHz, the length of each strand may be close to 75 mm for operation in ⁇ / 2.
  • the material whose characteristics have been illustrated in FIG. 3 with a thickness of 1.5 to 3 mm can be used.
  • the thickness of the dielectric layer 56 does not exceed ⁇ / 16.
  • the strands may be replaced by conductive ribbons as shown in FIG. 12. These ribbons bear the reference 60, the conductive plane the reference 62 and the composite the reference 64. The layers of the composite are still lamellae perpendicular to the large dimension of the ribbons 60.
  • FIGS. 13A and 13B which are respectively views from above and in section along AA, the conductive strands 70 are no longer rectilinear but have a spiral shape.
  • the composite 74 is then formed of radial strips substantially perpendicular to the conductive strands.
  • the connection 76 is double and feeds the spiral strands.

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  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Support Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Antenne mit einem Element (10), fähig ein elektromagnetisches Feld abzustrahlen und zu empfangen, einer leitfähigen Fläche (12) und, zwischen dem zum Abstrahlen und Empfangen fähigen Element (20, 30, 40, 50, 70) und der leitfähigen Fläche (22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72), einem anisotropen Substrat,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dieses Substrat ein anisotroper Verbund (24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74) ist, gebildet durch einen Stapel aus abwechselnd ferromagnetischen und elektrisch isolierenden Schichten, wobei diese Schichten senkrecht sind zu der leitfähigen Fläche und zu der elektrischen Komponente (E) des abgestrahlten oder empfangenen Felds, und dieser Verbund dabei eine zur Ebene der Schichten senkrechte Permittivität mit einem reellen Teil niedriger als fünf und einem imaginären Teil im Wesentlichen gleich null besitzt.
  2. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der der anisotrope Verbund (24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74) direkt auf der leitfähigen Fläche (22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72) ruht.
  3. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der das Element zum Abstrahlen und Empfangen ein geradliniger Schlitz (20, 40) ist, vorgesehen in einer leitfähigen Platte (21), wobei die Schichten des anisotropen Verbunds (24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74) dann plane und zu dem genannten Schlitz parallele Lamellen sind.
  4. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der das Element zum Abstrahlen und Empfangen wenigstens einen spiralförmigen Schlitz (30) umfasst, vorgesehen in einer leitfähigen Platte (31), wobei die Schichten des Verbunds dann gewickelt sind, im Wesentlichen parallel zu dem genannten Schlitz.
  5. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der das Element zum Abstrahlen und Empfangen durch zwei leitfähige geradlinige Stränge (50) oder Streifen (60) gebildet wird, wobei die Schichten des Verbunds dann plane und zu den beiden Strängen (50) oder Streifen (60) senkrechte Lamellen sind.
  6. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der das Element zum Abstrahlen und Empfangen wenigstens einen spiralförmig gewickelten leitfähigen Strang oder Streifen (70) umfasst, wobei die Schichten des Verbunds dann zu dem Strang oder Streifen (70) radial und im Wesentlichen senkrecht sind.
  7. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der die ferromagnetischen Schichten eine Gyroresonanzfrequenz haben, die niedriger ist als das 1,2fache der Arbeitsfrequenz der Antenne.
  8. Antenne nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Volumenanteil des ferromagnetischen Materials wenigstens gleich 5 % ist.
EP00990097A 1999-12-22 2000-12-21 Antenne mit anisotroper verbundstoff Expired - Lifetime EP1250729B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9916228 1999-12-22
FR9916228A FR2803107B1 (fr) 1999-12-22 1999-12-22 Antenne a composite anisotrope
PCT/FR2000/003641 WO2001047064A1 (fr) 1999-12-22 2000-12-21 Antenne a composite anisotrope

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1250729A1 EP1250729A1 (de) 2002-10-23
EP1250729B1 true EP1250729B1 (de) 2006-09-06

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EP00990097A Expired - Lifetime EP1250729B1 (de) 1999-12-22 2000-12-21 Antenne mit anisotroper verbundstoff

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6759985B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1250729B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE339020T1 (de)
DE (1) DE60030592T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2803107B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2001047064A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8114489B2 (en) * 2001-05-23 2012-02-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Composite material having low electromagnetic reflection and refraction
US6753814B2 (en) * 2002-06-27 2004-06-22 Harris Corporation Dipole arrangements using dielectric substrates of meta-materials
AU2003268291A1 (en) * 2002-08-29 2004-03-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Indefinite materials
US7391383B2 (en) * 2002-12-16 2008-06-24 Next-Rf, Inc. Chiral polarization ultrawideband slot antenna
JP2005236672A (ja) * 2004-02-19 2005-09-02 National Institute Of Information & Communication Technology ボータイ型スロットアンテナ
EP2933225A1 (de) * 2004-07-23 2015-10-21 The Regents of The University of California Metamaterialien
JP4328783B2 (ja) * 2006-05-17 2009-09-09 日本電気株式会社 折り曲げ広帯域アンテナ及びその使用方法
US7595765B1 (en) 2006-06-29 2009-09-29 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Embedded surface wave antenna with improved frequency bandwidth and radiation performance
KR100992405B1 (ko) * 2008-04-08 2010-11-05 주식회사 이엠따블유 유전체와 자성체의 격자형 주기 구조를 갖는 복합 구조체를이용한 안테나
KR100992407B1 (ko) * 2008-04-08 2010-11-05 주식회사 이엠따블유 유전체와 자성체의 수직 주기 구조를 갖는 복합 구조체를이용한 안테나
US8736502B1 (en) 2008-08-08 2014-05-27 Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. Conformal wide band surface wave radiating element
US10620334B2 (en) * 2014-12-31 2020-04-14 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Modifying magnetic tilt angle using a magnetically anisotropic material
US9865925B2 (en) * 2015-01-09 2018-01-09 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Low-profile cavity broadband antennas having an anisotropic transverse resonance condition
US9912060B2 (en) * 2015-01-09 2018-03-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Low-profile, tapered-cavity broadband antennas
US9407010B1 (en) * 2015-01-16 2016-08-02 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Slotted antenna with anisotropic covering
US10777879B2 (en) * 2017-07-24 2020-09-15 Arizona Board Of Regents On Behalf Of Arizona State University Optimal permeable antenna flux channels for conformal applications
US12573763B1 (en) 2022-12-05 2026-03-10 Bae Systems Space & Mission Systems Inc. Extended bandwidth embedded surface wave antenna incorporating a frequency selective surface

Family Cites Families (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2698479B1 (fr) * 1992-11-25 1994-12-23 Commissariat Energie Atomique Composite hyperfréquence anisotrope.
US5563616A (en) * 1994-03-18 1996-10-08 California Microwave Antenna design using a high index, low loss material
US6075485A (en) * 1998-11-03 2000-06-13 Atlantic Aerospace Electronics Corp. Reduced weight artificial dielectric antennas and method for providing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE60030592T2 (de) 2007-09-13
EP1250729A1 (de) 2002-10-23
DE60030592D1 (de) 2006-10-19
WO2001047064A1 (fr) 2001-06-28
FR2803107B1 (fr) 2004-07-23
FR2803107A1 (fr) 2001-06-29
ATE339020T1 (de) 2006-09-15
US6759985B2 (en) 2004-07-06
US20020180654A1 (en) 2002-12-05

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