EP1282416A2 - Dehydroascorbinsäure-formulierungen und deren verwendungen - Google Patents

Dehydroascorbinsäure-formulierungen und deren verwendungen

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Publication number
EP1282416A2
EP1282416A2 EP00986812A EP00986812A EP1282416A2 EP 1282416 A2 EP1282416 A2 EP 1282416A2 EP 00986812 A EP00986812 A EP 00986812A EP 00986812 A EP00986812 A EP 00986812A EP 1282416 A2 EP1282416 A2 EP 1282416A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dehydroascorbic acid
composition
concentration
agents
dehydroascorbic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00986812A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
William C. Olson
Robert J. Israel
Thomas A. Boyd
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Progenics Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Progenics Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Progenics Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Progenics Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of EP1282416A2 publication Critical patent/EP1282416A2/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/375—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
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    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis

Definitions

  • the invention relates to compositions containing dehydroascorbic acid of reduced toxicity and methods for using such compositions.
  • Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant which can ameliorate the effects of oxidative free radicals in tissues of the body. Ascorbic acid is poorly transported across cell membrane. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), the oxidized form of ascorbic acid, is transported across the cell membrane by glucose transporter (Vera et al., Nature 364:79-82, 1993). Once in the cell, dehydroascorbic acid is reduced to ascorbic acid and accumulates in the cell as ascorbic acid (Heath et al., Exptl. Eye Res. 5:156-163, 1966; Hammarstr ⁇ m, Acta Physiol. Scand. 70 Suppl. 289, 1966).
  • DHA Dehydroascorbic acid
  • Ascorbic acid typically has a low toxicity regardless of its mode of administration, even at very high doses.
  • Reiser (Arch. F. Exper. Path. u. Pharmakol 190:384-391, 1938) administered ascorbic acid dissolved in 0.9 % unbuffered saline to rabbits (0.2-1.25 g/kg) and cats (2.5 g/kg).
  • the animals were monitored for 25 hours and no toxicities were observed other than a slight increase in blood pressure in the cats. It also has been determined that the LD50 in rats of intravenous ascorbic acid is >4 g/kg (Hayashi et al., Pharmacometrics 12:131, 1976).
  • dehydroascorbic acid is known to have a variety of toxic effects at doses considerably lower than the doses at which ascorbic acid manifests no toxic effects.
  • Patterson J Biol Chem. 183:81-88, 1950
  • the rats had difficulty breathing which slowly subsided. Not all of the rats recovered from the collapse, however, and this effect depended on the dose administered.
  • One of four rats injected with about 0.25 g/kg died after the collapse.
  • Dehydroascorbic acid in aqueous solution is unstable and decomposes at neutral or alkaline pH, but is stable at pH 2-3 (Sjostrand, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 356:1-79, 1970). Sjostrand reported that aqueous dehydroascorbic acid solutions prepared either by oxidation of ascorbic acid as described by Patterson (1950) or from a dehydroascorbic acid-methanol complex had pH values between 2.2 and 2.5.
  • dehydroascorbic acid do not take into consideration the well known toxicity of this compound. There is a need, therefore, for compositions and methods useful in the delivery of dehydroascorbic acid to the brain and other structures of the central nervous system, without the toxicity usually associated with dehydroascorbic acid, for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Other conditions (e.g., those involving oxidative stress) which affect other organs also would benefit from dehydroascorbic acid compositions of reduced toxicity.
  • compositions which include dehydroascorbic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable buffering system.
  • the compositions have a pH greater than about 3, and a concentration of dehydroascorbic acid of at least about 5 mg/mL.
  • the pH is between about 3 and about 7, preferably between about 4 and about 6, more preferably between about 4.5 and about 5.5, or more preferably still between about 4.8 and about 5.2. Most preferably, the pH of the composition is about 5.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable buffering system includes an alkaline or buffering agent selected from the group consisting of acetate, phosphate, citrate, glycine, borate, carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • alkaline or buffering agent is sodium bicarbonate or sodium acetate.
  • compositions additionally include a preservative; preferably the preservative is EDTA or sodium benzoate.
  • the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is between about 10 mg/mL and about 1000 mg/mL.
  • concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is between about 50 mg/mL and about 750 mg/mL, more preferably between about 100 mg/mL and about 500 mg/mL, and still more preferably between about 200 mg/mL and about 300 mg/mL.
  • concentration of dehydroascorbic acid in the compositions is about 250 mg/mL.
  • methods for treating a subject to increase the concentration of ascorbic acid in a tissue of the subject include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an amount of a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition having a pH greater than about 3 effective to increase the concentration of ascorbic acid in the tissue.
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition is administered by a mode selected from the group consisting of topical, intravenous, oral, intracavity, intrathecal, intrasynovial, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal, intravitreal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intrarectal lavage.
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition is administered as a bolus intravenous injection or as an intravenous infusion.
  • the subject has a condition associated with oxidative stress, hi certain of these embodiments the oxidative stress results in damage to an epithelial tissue of the subject, wherein the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition is administered to an apical surface of the epithelial tissue.
  • the condition associated with oxidative stress is congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder, familial adenomatous polyposis, celiac disease, alcoholic liver disease, inflammatory disease, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, ischemic reperfusion injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, prion disease, multiple sclerosis, or hyperthyroidism.
  • the neurodegenerative disorder is Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, presenile dementia, spongiform encephalopathy, or a behavioral disorders.
  • the inflammatory disease is preferably inflammatory bowel disease , rheumatoid arthritis or pancreatitis.
  • the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease or colitis.
  • the prion disease is Creutzfeld- Jakob disease, new variant Creutzfeld- Jakob disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy or scrapie.
  • the ischemic reperfusion injury preferably is stroke.
  • the subject has a coronary heart disease.
  • methods for ex vivo preservation of a tissue or organ include contacting the tissue or organ ex vivo with an amount of a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition having a pH greater than about 3 effective to increase the concentration of ascorbic acid in the tissue or organ.
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition further includes a standard organ perfusion fluid, such as University of Wisconsin solution, Euro-Collins solution, BTOl solution, Ringer's lactate solution and normal saline solution.
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition also includes an organ perfusion agent, such as calcium entry blockers including lidoflazine; cytoprotectors including natriuretic factor, PGI2 and trimetazidine; free radical chelating agents and scavengers including allopurinol, mannitol and glutathione; and substrates for the mitochondrial respiratory chain including aspartate and glutamate.
  • methods for treating a condition involving unwanted free radicals include administering to a cell or tissue of a subject afflicted by such a condition an amount of a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition having a pH greater than about 3 effective to reduce free radicals in the cell or tissue.
  • Preferred conditions include cancer, cardiovascular disease and cataracts.
  • compositions which include dehydroascorbic acid and a non-dehydroascorbic acid therapeutic agent, together in an amount effective for treating a condition.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions also include a pharmaceutically acceptable buffering system, such that the pharmaceutical compositions has a pH greater than about 3.
  • concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is at least about 5 mg/mL.
  • the non-dehydroascorbic agent is one or more antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, analgesics, non- DHA anti-mucositis agents, antistroke agents, anticancer agents or antineurodegenerative agents.
  • the antistroke agent is an antiplatelet agents, an anticoagulation agents, a thrombolytic agent such as plasminogen activators, an antithrombotic, a neuroprotective agent, a platelet activating factor antagonist, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a post-stroke and post-head trauma treatment, a cerebral ischemia agent, a basic fibroblast growth factor or a steroid.
  • a thrombolytic agent such as plasminogen activators, an antithrombotic, a neuroprotective agent, a platelet activating factor antagonist, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a post-stroke and post-head trauma treatment, a cerebral ischemia agent, a basic fibroblast growth factor or a steroid.
  • medical products which include an isolated organ in a perfusion fluid containing dehydroascorbic acid.
  • Other medical products provided include an organ perfusion fluid containing dehydroascorbic acid.
  • methods are provided for reducing the in vivo toxicity of a dehydroascorbic acid pharmaceutical composition. The methods include buffering the dehydroascorbic acid composition to a pH of at least about 3.
  • methods for reducing the side effects of an anticancer therapeutic treatment include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a dehydroascorbic acid composition to reduce the side effects, wherein the dehydroascorbic acid composition is administered in combination with the anticancer therapeutic treatment.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid composition preferably is a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition having a pH greater than about 3.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid composition is administered substantially simultaneously with the anticancer therapeutic treatment.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid composition is administered prophylactically prior to the administration of the anticancer therapeutic treatment.
  • the anticancer therapeutic treatment in preferred embodiments is a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • methods for treating tissue injury associated with ulcers of the mouth, pharynx or gastrointestinal tract of a subject include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an amount of a dehydroascorbic acid composition effective to reduce tissue injury associated with ulcers of the mouth, pharynx or gastrointestinal tract.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid composition is a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition having a pH greater than about 3 and the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is at least about 5 mg/mL.
  • the invention involves in another aspect the s prising discovery that the administration of dehydroascorbic acid is efficacious in the treatment of mucositis.
  • methods for treating mucositis in a tissue of a subject include administering to a subject in need of such treatment an amount of a dehydroascorbic acid composition effective to reduce mucositis in the tissue, h some embodiments the dehydroascorbic acid composition is a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition having a pH greater than about 3.
  • the mucositis is caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
  • the methods are useful for the treatment of oral mucositis.
  • the composition is administered topically.
  • the methods also include administering to the subject at least one compound selected from the group consisting of antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, analgesics and non-DHA anti-mucositis agents.
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition has a pH between about 3 and about 7, more preferably between about 4 and about 6, still more preferably between about 4.5 and about 5.5, yet more preferably between about 4.8 and about 5.2, and most preferably the pH is about 5.
  • the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is between about 5 mg/mL and about 1000 mg/mL, more preferably between about 50 mg/mL and about 750 mg/mL, still more preferably between about 100 mg/mL and about 500 mg/mL, yet more preferably between about 200 mg/mL and about 300 mg/mL, and most preferably the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is about 250 mg/mL.
  • Fig. 1 depicts reduction of infarct volume as measured by an indirect method.
  • Fig. 2 shows reduction of infarct volume as determined by a direct (digital) method.
  • Fig. 3 depicts regional cerebral blood flow following administration of dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid.
  • Fig. 4 shows that dehydroascorbic acid, but not ascorbic acid, improved neurological scores when administered after ischemia.
  • Fig. 5 depicts the reduction in mortality of mice having permanent ischemia when administered dehydroascorbic acid compositions.
  • the invention provides improved dehydroascorbic acid compositions and methods for treatment of medical conditions relating to the administration of dehydroascorbic acid in a buffered composition.
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions are useful in the treatment of a variety of conditions which benefit from increased dehydroascorbic acid or ascorbic acid concentrations in tissues affected by the conditions.
  • a “buffering system” in a composition is defined as a composition containing buffering agents to regulate the pH of the composition (e.g., solution).
  • Buffering agents suitable for preparation of the compositions of the invention include standard buffer molecules as are known to one of ordinary skill in the art, particularly buffer molecules that are used in pharmaceutical compositions.
  • Preferred buffer molecules include acetate, phosphate, citrate, glycine, borate, carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide (and other bases) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing compounds.
  • Particularly preferred buffer molecules include sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate.
  • buffering agents include molecules having intrinsic buffering capability, as well as bases.
  • compositions of the invention such bases are placed in combination with dehydroascorbic acid to form an acid-base pair.
  • dehydroascorbic acid to form an acid-base pair.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art can determine by routine experimentation which base molecules and which concentrations will form a buffering system for maintaining dehydroascorbic acid compositions at a desired pH.
  • the concentration of the buffering agent should be such as to provide adequate buffering of the pH to maintain the pH at a desired target pH, preferably within 0.1 pH unit of the target pH.
  • the target pH of the compositions is greater than about 3 and preferably is between about 3 and about 7. Still more preferably, the pH ranges between about 4 and about 6, between about 4.5 and about 5.5, or between about 4.8 and about 5.2. Most preferably, the pH is about 5.0.
  • the pH values given above are measured at a temperature of about 20°C.
  • each pH in the range is embraced by the invention.
  • the range of pH values "between about 3 and about 7" means that pH values of about 3.0, about 3.1, about 3.2, about 3.3, about 3.4, about 3.5, . . . , about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9 and about 7.0 are included in the range.
  • the compositions of the invention When administered to subjects in vivo, the compositions of the invention have been found to have much less toxicity than unbuffered solutions of dehydroascorbic acid.
  • the invention also provides methods for reducing the in vivo toxicity of a dehydroascorbic acid pharmaceutical composition by buffering the dehydroascorbic acid composition to a pH of at least about 3. Preferred pH values to which the compositions are buffered are set forth above. Additional components can be added to the compositions as further set forth herein.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid compositions of the present invention preferably contain at least about 2 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, 7 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 9 mg/mL or 10 mg/mL of dehydroascorbic acid, hi other embodiments, the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid in a composition is at least about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg/mL.
  • the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid in the present compositions preferably ranges from about 10 mg/mL to about 1000 mg/mL.
  • a more preferred range of dehydroascorbic acid concentration is from about 50 mg/mL to about 750 mg/mL. Still more preferred ranges of concentrations are between about 100 mg/mL and about 500 mg/mL, and between about 200 mg/mL and about 300 mg/mL. Most preferably, the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is about 250 mg/mL. In the ranges given above, it is intended that each concentration in the range is embraced by the invention. For example, the range of "between about 200 mg/mL and about 300 mg/mL" means that about 200, about 201, about 202, about 203, about 204, . . . , about 298, about 299 and about 300 mg/mL are included in the range.
  • compositions also can include isotonicity agents.
  • An "isotonicity agent” is a compound that is physiologically tolerated and imparts a suitable tonicity to a formulation to prevent the net flow of water across cell membranes that are in contact with the formulation. Compounds, such as glycerin, are commonly used for such purposes at known concentrations. Other possible isotonicity agents include salts (e.g., sodium chloride), dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose.
  • additives such as a pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizers like Tween 20 ® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), Tween 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), Tween 80 ® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), Pluronic F68 ® (polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers), and PEG (polyethylene glycol) may optionally be added to the formulation.
  • solubilizers like Tween 20 ® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), Tween 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate), Tween 80 ® (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), Pluronic F68 ® (polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block copolymers), and PEG (polyethylene glycol) may optionally be added to the formulation.
  • Tween 20 ® polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monol
  • the buffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions are useful for treating subjects having conditions which are responsive to increased ascorbic acid or dehydroascorbic acid.
  • the compositions are used to increase the concentration of ascorbic acid in a cell or tissue, particularly in a cell or tissue of a subject.
  • the compositions may administered systemically or locally in various embodiments, in accordance with the needs of the subjects to which the compositions are given. For example, if the condition being treated is one which is benefited by increasing the concentration of ascorbic acid in the skin, then the compositions are preferably administered topically to the area of the skin which needs treatment. Treatment of specific organs may be carried out by administering the compositions directly (i.e., intraorgan administration).
  • compositions may be advantageously carried out by systemic administration, e.g., intravenously.
  • systemic administration e.g., intravenously.
  • the preferred route of administration can be determined in accordance with standard medical procedures by the practitioner in view of the particular condition being treated.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid compositions are useful in the treatment of various disorders of cells and tissues.
  • cells include, but are not limited to, brain cells, neuronal cells, endothelial cells, glial cells, microglial cells, smooth muscle cells, bone marrow cells, liver cells, intestinal cells, epithelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, tumor cells, somatic cells, germ cells and stem cells.
  • Preferred tissues are those which contain the foregoing cells and include brain, gastrointestinal tract, mucosa and skin.
  • the compositions are used for treating conditions associated with oxidative stress.
  • Oxidative stress can affect many organ systems, by the induction of protein oxidation or by altering other biochemical mechanisms in cells. It is known that elevated levels of oxidized protein are present in animals and cell cultures following their exposure to various conditions of oxidative stress, including hyperoxia, exercise, ischemia- reperfusion, rapid correction of hyponatremia, paraquat toxicity, magnesium deficiency, ozone, neutrophil activation, cigarette smoking, X-radiation, chronic alcohol treatment, or mixed function oxidation systems (for review, see e.g., Stadtman and Berlett Chem. Res. Toxicol 10, 485-494, 1997).
  • the intracellular level of oxidized protein reflects the balance between the rate of protein oxidation (e.g., generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)), and the rate of oxidized protein degradation (e.g., by proteases that degrade oxidatively damaged protein).
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • the level of ROS is in part function of the concentration of free radical scavengers (including ascorbic acid).
  • Oxidative stress also alters the DNA in cells. Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that DNA oxidation is mutagenic and contributes to human cancer through several major sources including environmental agents such as tobacco smoke, chronic inflammation, and endogenous oxidants such as leakage from mitochondria. Cigarette smoke contains high levels of NO* and depletes the body's antioxidants. Elevated DNA oxidation has been observed in association with cancer, for example, during early Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, and exposure to diesel exhaust particles, asbestos, benzene, and aflatoxin. Oxidative stress, particularly as mediated by ROS such as the superoxide anion (O " ), can damage lipids, including those that comprise the cell membrane. Lipid peroxidation has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis and alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease.
  • compositions of the invention are useful in reducing, inhibiting and preventing the effects of oxidative stress by increasing the levels of antioxidants in tissues, cells and/or fluids of a subject.
  • Conditions associated with oxidative stress include congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, familial adenomatous polyposis, celiac disease, alcoholic liver disease, inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease; colitis), rheumatoid arthritis, and pancreatitis, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, prion diseases (Creutzfeldt- Jakob, BSE, scrapie), multiple sclerosis, hyperthyroidism and viral infection associated disorders including oxidative stress in the lung tissue associated with influenza infection and virus-associated hematopoietic disorders, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome from HIV infection.
  • the methods include administering to a cell or tissue of a subject afflicted by such a condition an amount of dehydroascorbic acid effective to reduce free radicals in the cell or tissue.
  • the free radicals can be reduced by increasing the concentration of ascorbic acid or increasing the antioxidant potential in the cell or tissue.
  • Conditions involving unwanted free radicals include cancer, cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion conditions) and cataracts (e.g., corneal opacification).
  • Cancers include, but are not limited to, biliary tract cancer, brain cancer (including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas), breast cancer; cervical cancer; choriocarcinoma, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hematological neoplasms, including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma, AIDS associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma, intraepithelial neoplasms, including Bowen's disease and Paget's disease, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas, neuroblastomas, oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, including those arising from
  • the dehydroascorbic acid compositions of the inventions are used in the treatment of subjects with a nervous system disorder.
  • a nervous system disorder is the neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Neurodegenerative disorder is defined herein as a disorder in which progressive loss of neurons occurs either in the peripheral nervous system or in the central nervous system.
  • neurodegenerative disorders include familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS and ALS, respectively), familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, diffuse Lewy body disease, corticodentatonigral degeneration, progressive familial myoclonic epilepsy, strionigral degeneration, torsion dystonia, familial tremor, Down's Syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, dementia pugilistica, AIDS dementia, age related dementia, age associated memory impairment, amyloidosis-related neurodegenerative diseases such as those caused by tillthe prion protein (PrP) which is associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease, Gers
  • Additional nervous system disorders which may be treatable using the dehydroascorbic acid compositions of the invention include neurovascular conditions including stroke, neurological effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage, schizophrenia, behavioral disorders including, but not limited to, dysthymia, involution depression, aggressiveness via dominance, hyperactivity, deprivation syndrome, separation anxiety, intermittent anxiety, instrumental sociopathy, stereotypies, phobia or socialization disorders.
  • Ischemic conditions are characterized by a stoppage of blood flow to a tissue or organ. The stoppage may result from a blockage in the blood vessel supplying the tissue or organ (e.g. a stroke), or may result when the heart stops beating (e.g. a heart attack).
  • Reperfusion is the term which describes the restarting of the supply of blood to the organ or tissue following ischemia.
  • the present invention in another aspect utilizes the unexpected finding that buffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions can be used to reduce or prevent damage due to ischemia and/or reperfusion.
  • the buffered DHA compositions can be administered prior to an ischemic event (i.e., prophylactically), or after an ischemic event has occurred (i.e., acutely).
  • an ischemic event i.e., prophylactically
  • an ischemic event i.e., acutely
  • the buffered DHA compositions of the invention unexpectedly reduced the infarct volume, lowered mortality, and increased cerebral blood flow, even if administered as long as 3 hours after a stroke.
  • the present invention is useful whenever it is desirable to prevent, inhibit altogether or reduce damage due to ischemia and/or reperfusion of tissue.
  • the invention thus is useful in the treatment of ischemia, particularly in the prophylactic treatment of ischemia.
  • the methods of treatment disclosed herein can be used to reduce brain injury resulting from strokes and/or perioperative ischemia during neural surgery.
  • the methods of treatment disclosed herein also can be used to reduce tissue injury resulting from ischemia in other organs including heart, kidney, pancreas, lung, intestine and the like.
  • the dehydroascorbic compositions can be used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure and atherosclerosis.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid compositions described herein are useful for treatment of disorders of the mucosa and epithelial linings of body cavities.
  • disorders include those affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as mucositis, stomatitis, xerostomia, esophagitis, enteritis, gastritis, bowel inflammation (e.g., colitis), and ulcer formation in various organs of the mouth, pharynx and gastrointestinal tract.
  • oral ulcerative mucositis is a common, painful, dose-limiting toxicity of drug (chemotherapy) and radiation therapy for cancer.
  • the disorder is characterized by breakdown of the oral mucosa that results in the formation of ulcerative lesions.
  • Mucositis occurs to some degree in more than one third of patients receiving anti-neoplastic drug therapy. The frequency and severity are significantly greater among patients who are treated with induction therapy for leukemia or with many of the conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplant. Among these individuals, moderate to severe mucositis is not unusual in more than three-quarters of patients. Moderate to severe mucositis occurs in virtually all patients who receive radiation therapy for tumors of the head and neck and typically begins with cumulative exposures of 15 Gy and then worsens as total doses of 60 Gy or more are reached.
  • oral mucositis appears to represent a sequential interaction of oral mucosal cells and tissues including connective tissue, endothelium, epithelium, inflammatory cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines and local environmental factors such as bacteria and saliva. Damage to epithelial and connective tissue induces free radical formation, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- ⁇ , IL-1) and local tissue injury. Additionally, both direct and indirect effects of therapy on epithelial cells results in either apoptotic or necrotic changes of basal epithelial cells; differentiation into renewing epithelium ceases and is followed by atrophy and ulceration.
  • mucositis progresses through three stages.
  • inflammation is accompanied by painful mucosal erythema, which can respond to local anesthetics.
  • the second stage is characterized by painful ulceration with pseudomembrane formation and, in the case of myelosuppressive treatment, potentially life-threatening sepsis, requiring antimicrobial therapy. Pain is often of such intensity as to require parenteral narcotic analgesia.
  • the third stage includes spontaneous healing, occurring about 2 - 3 weeks after cessation of anti-neoplastic therapy. Standard therapy for mucositis is predominantly palliative, including application of topical analgesics such as lidocaine and/or systemic administration of narcotics and antibiotics.
  • topical analgesics such as lidocaine and/or systemic administration of narcotics and antibiotics.
  • the invention includes methods for treatment of mucositis and other disorders of mucous membranes which include administration of dehydroascorbic acid compositions.
  • administration of dehydroascorbic acid compositions In contrast to the well-known toxicities of intravenously administered dehydroascorbic acid, topical and oral administration of DHA is not associated with severe toxicity.
  • treatment of mucositis can use buffered or unbuffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid compositions used are buffered and formulated as described elsewhere herein.
  • Compositions useful for the treatment of mucositis also preferably are buffered as described herein, although unbuffered compositions can be used if desired.
  • Additional embodiments of the invention provide methods for the treatment of dental indications, including gingivitis, calculus formation and caries and skin disorders, including dermatitis, age-associated skin changes and UV photodamage.
  • the method include the administration of dehydroascorbic acid compositions to the affected tissue.
  • DHA compositions of the invention Prophylactic or acute administration of the dehydroascorbic acid compositions of the invention is contemplated for treatment of the disorders described herein.
  • the DHA compositions can be administered as part of a preventive regimen and/or in response to onset of a particular condition.
  • the invention also provides combination therapies wherein an effective amount of dehydroascorbic acid is administered in conjunction with other therapeutic agents for the particular condition being treated.
  • the administration of dehydroascorbic acid and the other therapeutics may be performed concurrently (with the therapeutic agents mixed together or as separate compositions), sequentially or at different time points.
  • the therapeutic agents which can be combined with dehydroascorbic acid include, but are not limited to, estrogen, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), Tacrine (tetrahydroacridinamine), selegilme (deprenyl), and Aracept (donepezil).
  • the therapeutic agents which can be combined with dehydroascorbic acid include, but are not limited to, the anticholinergic class of drags, clozapine, levodopa with carbidopa or benserazide, pergolide mesylate, selegiline (deprenyl), pramipexole, and dopamine agonist class of drags.
  • dehydroascorbic acid useful in combination with dehydroascorbic acid for the treatment of various conditions as described herein. See, for example, U.S. Patents 5,670,477 and 5,735,814 for therapeutics useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders (i.e., antineurodegenerative agents).
  • combinations of dehydroascorbic acid and other therapeutic agents can be used in the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injuries.
  • compositions having dehydroascorbic acid and one or more antistroke agents can be prepared for administration to subjects having a need for such treatment.
  • antistroke agents which are used in the medical arts to treat stroke (thrombotic, embolic and/or hemorrhagic stroke).
  • Such agents include antiplatelet agents, anticoagulation agents, thrombolytic agents including plasminogen activators, antithrombotics, neuroprotective agents, platelet activating factor antagonists, platelet aggregation inhibitors, post-stroke and post-head trauma treatments, cerebral ischemia agents, basic fibroblast growth factors and steroids.
  • Antiplatelet agents, which inhibit platelet aggregation include aspirin, ticlopidine and dipyridamole.
  • Anticoagulation agents reduce or prevent the coagulation of blood components and thus reduce or prevent clot formation; common anticoagulation agents include coumarin and heparin.
  • Thrombolytic agents function by lysing the clot which causes the thromboembolic stroke.
  • Commonly used thrombolytic agents include urokinase, streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase, tPA).
  • tPA tissue plasminogen activator
  • modified tPA modified forms of tPA
  • Modified tPA includes, but is not limited to, variants having deleted or substituted amino acids or domains, variants conjugated to other molecules, and variants having modified glycosylation.
  • Antithrombotics include anagrelide hydrochloride; bivalirudin; dalteparin sodium; danaparoid sodium; dazoxiben hydrochloride; efegatran sulfate; enoxaparin sodium; ifetroban; ifetroban sodium; tinzaparin sodium; and trifenagrel.
  • Neuroprotective agents include dizocilpine maleate.
  • Platelet activating factor antagonists include lexipafant.
  • Platelet aggregation inhibitors include acadesine; beraprost; beraprost sodium; ciprostene calcium; itazigrel; lifarizine; oxagrelate.
  • Post-stroke and post-head trauma agents include citicoline sodium and nimodipine.
  • Cerebral ischemia agents include dextrorphan hydrochloride.
  • Treatment of cancer in a patient with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy can induce multiple side effects in the patient.
  • a well known set of side effects of radiation therapy is the induction of oral mucositis and oral candidiasis in the patient.
  • prophylactic use of antifungal agents can reduce the clinical signs of oral candidiasis.
  • combinations of dehydroascorbic acid and other therapeutic agents also can be used to reduce multiple side effects radiation therapy and or chemotherapy.
  • dehydroascorbic acid is therapeutically effective in lessening the severity and reducing the duration of mucositis.
  • therapeutic agents that can be combined advantageously with dehydroascorbic acid include anti-fungal agents, analgesics, antimicrobials, anticancer agents and non-DHA anti-mucositis agents.
  • the therapeutics for mucositis treatment preferably are administered orally, in liquid form or as a mucosa-adhesive water-soluble polymer film (e.g., Oguchi et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40(5):1033-1037, 1998).
  • Antimucositis agents include clarithromycin (Woo et al., Pharmacol. Res. 41(5):527-532, 2000), glutamine (Huang et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol Biol. Phys. 46(3):535-539, 2000), GM-CSF (Ibrahim et al., Med. Oncol. 14(1):47-51,
  • sucralfate (Cengiz et al., J Clin. Gastroenterol 28(l):40-43, 1999), pentoxifylline
  • Antifungal agents include acrisorcin; ambruticin; amphotericin B; azaconazole; azaserine; basifungin; bifonazole; biphenamine hydrochloride; bispyrithione magsulfex; butoconazole nitrate; calcium undecylenate; candicidin; carbol-fuchsin; chlordantoin; ciclopirox; ciclopirox olamine; cilofungin; cisconazole; clotrimazole; cuprimyxin; denofungin; dipyrithione; doconazole; econazole; econazole nitrate; enilconazole; ethonam nitrate; fenticonazole nitrate; filipin; fluconazole; flucytosine; fungimycin; griseofulvin; hamycin; isoconazole ; itraconazole; kalafungin; ketoconazole
  • antibiotic agents such as acedapsone; acetosulfone sodium; alamecin; alexidine; amdinocillin; amdinocillin pivoxil; amicycline; amifloxacin; amifloxacin mesylate; amikacin; amikacin sulfate; aminosalicylic acid; aminosalicylate sodium; amoxicillin; amphomycin; ampicillin; ampicillin sodium; apalcillin sodium; apramycin; aspartocin; astromicin sulfate; avilamycin; avoparcin; azithromycin; azlocillin; azlocillin sodium; bacampicillin hydrochloride; bacitracin; bacitracin methylene disalicylate; bacitracin zinc; bambermycins; benzoylpas calcium; berythromycin ; betamicin sulfate; biapenem; biniramycin; bi
  • Antiviral agents include nucleoside analogs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, including the following: acemannan; acyclovir; acyclovir sodium; adefovir; alovudine; alvircept sudotox; amantadine hydrochloride; aranotin; arildone; atevirdine mesylate; avridine; cidofovir; cipamfylline; cytarabine hydrochloride; delavirdine mesylate; desciclovir; didanosine; disoxaril; edoxudine; enviradene; enviroxime; famciclovir; famotine hydrochloride; fiacitabine; fialuridine; fosarilate; foscarnet sodium; fosfonet sodium; ganciclovir; ganciclovir sodium; i
  • Analgesics include acetaminophen; alfentanil hydrochloride; aminobenzoate potassium; aminobenzoate sodium; anidoxime; anileridine; anileridine hydrochloride; anilopam hydrochloride; anirolac; antipyrine; aspirin; benoxaprofen; benzydamine hydrochloride; bicifadine hydrochloride; brifentanil hydrochloride; bromadoline maleate; bromfenac sodium; buprenorphine hydrochloride; butacetin; butixirate; butorphanol; butorphanol tartrate; carbamazepine; carbaspirin calcium; carbiphene hydrochloride; carfentanil citrate; ciprefadol succinate; ciramadol; ciramadol hydrochloride; clonixeril; clonixin; codeine; codeine phosphate; codeine sulfate; conorphone hydro
  • Anti-cancer compounds include, but are not limited to, the following sub-classes of compounds:
  • Antineoplastic agents include Acivicin; Aclarabicin; Acodazole Hydrochloride;
  • Acronine Adozelesin; Adriamycin; Aldesleukin ; Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate; Aminoglutethimide; Amsacrine; Anastrozole; Anthramycin; Asparaginase; Asperlin;
  • Carmustine Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefingol; Chlorambucil; Cirolemycin; Cisplatin; Cladribine; Crisnatol Mesylate; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; dacarbazine;
  • DACA N-[2-(Dimethyl-amino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide); Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin
  • Fluorouracil 5-FdUMP; Flurocitabine; Fosquidone; Fostriecin Sodium; Gemcitabine;
  • Lometrexol Sodium Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol; Maytansine;
  • Mitindomide Mitocarcin; Mitocromin; Mitogillin; Mitomalcin; Mitomycin; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride; Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole; Nogalamycin;
  • Puromycin Puromycin; Puromycin Hydrochloride; Pyrazofurin; Riboprine; Rogletimide; Safingol; Safingol Hydrochloride; Semustine; Simtrazene; Sparfosate Sodium; Sparsomycin;
  • Spirogermanium Hydrochloride Spiromustine; Spiroplatin; Streptonigrin; Streptozocin;
  • Thiamiprine Thioguanine; Thiotepa; Thymitaq; Tiazoftxrin; Tirapazamine; Tomudex; TOP- 53; Topotecan Hydrochloride; Toremifene Citrate; Trestolone Acetate; Triciribine Phosphate;
  • Trimetrexate Trimetrexate Glucuronate; Triptorelin; Tubulozole Hydrochloride; Uracil
  • Vincristine Sulfate Vindesine; Vindesine Sulfate; Vinepidine Sulfate; Vinglycinate Sulfate;
  • ALL-TK antagonists altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTB A; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1 ; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balano
  • 10-hydroxy- camptothecin canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraqumones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytar
  • Anti-cancer supplementary potentiating agents include tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., imipramine, desipramine, amitryptyline, clomipramine, trimipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, protriptyline, amoxapine and maprotiline); non-tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., sertraline, trazodone and citalopram); Ca ++ antagonists (e.g., verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine and caroverine); calmodulin inhibitors (e.g., prenylamine, trifluoroperazine and clomipramine); Amphotericin B; triparanol analogues (e.g., tamoxifen); antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., quinidine); antihypertensive drugs (e.g., reserpine); thiol depleters
  • Antiproliferative agents include Piritrexim Isethionate.
  • Antiprostatic hypertrophy agents include Sitogluside.
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agents include Tamsulosin Hydrochloride.
  • Prostate growth inhibitor agents include Pentomone.
  • Radioactive agents include Fibrinogen 1 125 ; Fludeoxyglucose F 18; Fluorodopa F 18 ; Insulin 1 125; Insulin 1 131; Iobenguane 1 123; Iodipamide Sodium 1 131; Iodoantipyrine I 131; Iodocholesterol 1 131; lodohippurate Sodium 1 123; lodohippurate Sodium 1 125; lodohippurate Sodium 1 131; lodopyracet 1 125; lodopyracet 1 131; lofetamine Hydrochloride 1 123; Iomethin 1 125; Iomethin 1 131; Iothalamate Sodium 1 125; Iothalamate Sodium 1 131; Iotyrosine 1 131; Liothyronine 1 125; Liothyronine 1 131; Merisoprol Acetate Hg 197; Merisoprol Acetate Hg 203; Merisoprol H
  • the invention provides organ perfusion fluids containing dehydroascorbic acid, as well as organs perfused with such perfusion fluids.
  • organ perfusion fluids including University of Wisconsin solution, Euro-Collins solution, BTOl solution, Ringer's lactate solution and normal saline solution.
  • Other non-dehydroascorbic acid organ perfusion agents which can be added to the foregoing perfusion solutions include calcium entry blockers (e.g.
  • lidoflazine cytoprotectors (e.g., natriuretic factor, PGI2, trimetazidine), free radical chelating agents and scavengers (e.g., allopurinol, mannitol, glutathione), and substrates for the mitochondrial respiratory chain (e.g., aspartate, glutamate).
  • cytoprotectors e.g., natriuretic factor, PGI2, trimetazidine
  • free radical chelating agents and scavengers e.g., allopurinol, mannitol, glutathione
  • substrates for the mitochondrial respiratory chain e.g., aspartate, glutamate
  • the methods include contacting the tissue or organ ex vivo with an amount of an organ perfusion fluid containing a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition as described herein effective to increase the concentration of ascorbic acid in the tissue or organ.
  • kits containing dehydroascorbic acid compositions, preferably buffered, in effective amounts also are provided.
  • the kits contain one or more containers with the dehydroascorbic acid compositions of the invention along with instructions for mixing, diluting and/or administering the dehydroascorbic acid compositions in effective amounts.
  • the kits also can include other containers with one or more buffers, solvents, surfactants, preservatives and/or diluents, as well as containers for mixing, diluting, and/or administering the compositions to a subject in need of such treatment.
  • the dehydroascorbic acid compositions in the kit may be provided as liquid solutions, or preferably, as dried powders to be reconstituted prior to administration.
  • the powder When the dehydroascorbic acid compositions provided is a dry powder, the powder may be reconstituted by the addition of a suitable solvent, which also may be provided. Liquid forms of the dehydroascorbic acid compositions may be concentrated (for dilution prior to administration) or ready to administer to a subject.
  • compositions containing dehydroascorbic acid may be encapsulated by liposomes or other microparticles, according to standard procedures for preparation of such compositions.
  • compositions of the invention are administered in effective amounts.
  • An "effective amount" is that amount of a buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition that alone, or together with further doses, produces the desired response, e.g. increases ascorbic acid in a desired tissue.
  • the desired response is inhibiting the progression of the disease or condition. This may involve only slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although more preferably, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently. This can be monitored by routine diagnostic methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art for any particular disease.
  • the desired response to treatment of the disease or condition also can be delaying the onset or even preventing the onset of the disease or condition.
  • a maximum dose of the dehydroascorbic acid composition (alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents) be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a patient may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions used in the foregoing methods preferably are sterile and contain an effective amount of dehydroascorbic acid for producing the desired response in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient.
  • the response can, for example, be measured by determining the physiological effects of the dehydroascorbic acid composition, such as the decrease of disease symptoms following administration of the dehydroascorbic acid composition,.
  • Other assays will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be employed for measuring the level of the response.
  • the doses of buffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions administered to a subject can be chosen in accordance with different parameters, in particular in accordance with the mode of administration used and the state of the subject. Other factors include the desired period of treatment. In the event that a response in a subject is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits.
  • Various modes of administration will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art which effectively deliver the buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition to a desired tissue, cell or bodily fluid.
  • Preferred methods for administering the buffered dehydroascorbic acid of the invention include topical, intravenous, oral, intracavity, intrathecal, intrasynovial, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal, intravitreal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrarectal lavage and intradermal administration.
  • the invention is not limited by the particular modes of administration disclosed herein. Standard references in the art (e.g., Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, 1990) provide modes of administration and formulations for delivery of various pharmaceutical preparations and formulations in pharmaceutical carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention When administered, the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention are applied in pharmaceutically-acceptable amounts and in pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients. Such preparations may routinely contain salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents.
  • the salts When used in medicine, the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
  • Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts. Prefe ⁇ ed components of the composition are described above in conjunction with the description of the buffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions of the invention.
  • a dehydroascorbic acid composition may be combined, if desired, with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier means one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration into a human.
  • carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application.
  • the components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being co-mingled with dehydroascorbic acid, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.
  • compositions may contain suitable buffering agents, as described above, including: acetate, phosphate, citrate, glycine, borate, carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide (and other bases) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing compounds.
  • suitable buffering agents include: acetate, phosphate, citrate, glycine, borate, carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide (and other bases) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the foregoing compounds.
  • buffer molecules include sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate.
  • compositions also may contain, optionally, suitable preservatives, such as: benzalkonium chloride; chlorobutanol; parabens and thimerosal.
  • suitable preservatives such as: benzalkonium chloride; chlorobutanol; parabens and thimerosal.
  • the preservative is EDTA or sodium benzoate.
  • compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active agent into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound.
  • Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir, emulsion, or mouthwash.
  • compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous buffered dehydroascorbic acid composition.
  • This preparation may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3 -butane diol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or di-glycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectables.
  • Carrier formulation suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. administrations can be found in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA. Examples
  • DHA dehydroascorbic acid
  • Sprague-Dawley CD ® rats Sprague-Dawley CD ® rats at dose levels of 2, 20, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg followed by a 7-day observation period.
  • Control animals were administered ascorbic acid (AA) at a dose level of 500 mg/kg via a single intravenous (bolus) injection followed by a 7-day observation period.
  • AA ascorbic acid
  • DHA Dehydroascorbic acid
  • AA Ascorbic acid
  • Cone Concentration
  • M Male
  • the animals (Albino Rats (Outbred) VAF/Plus ® , Sprague-Dawley - derived (CD ® ), Crl:CD ® (SD)IGS BR) were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Kingston, New).
  • Animals were acclimated for 2 weeks. All animals were examined during the acclimation period to confirm suitability for study. Animals considered suitable for the study on the basis of pretest physical examinations and body weight data were distributed into 3 groups of 1 animal per sex (Groups 1-3) and 3 groups of 2 animals per sex (Groups 4-6). Animals were distributed into groups using a computer generated random numbers table.
  • Each rat was identified with a metal ear tag bearing its assigned animal number.
  • the assigned animal number plus the study number comprised the unique animal number for each animal.
  • each cage was provided with a cage card which was color-coded for dose level identification and contained study number and animal number information.
  • Animals were doubly housed in elevated, stainless steel, wire mesh cages during the first week of the acclimation period and individually housed thereafter.
  • the animal feed Certified Rodent Diet, No. 5002; (Meal) (PMI Nutrition International, St. Louis, Missouri) was available without restriction. Fresh feed was presented weekly. Water was available without restriction via an automated watering system.
  • a twelve hour light/dark cycle controlled via an automatic timer was provided. Temperature was monitored and recorded twice daily and maintained within the specified range to the maximum extent possible. The desired range was 18 to 26°C. The actual temperature range was 19 to 23 °C. Relative humidity was monitored and recorded once daily and maintained within the specified range to the maximum extent possible. The desired range was 30 to 70% relative humidity. The actual range was 36 to 74%.
  • Appropriate amounts of the test and control articles were mixed with the vehicle to achieve the desired concentrations.
  • the method of preparation was as follows.
  • the Sodium Acetate Buffer was prepared by dissolving 8.20 grams (0.1 Mole) of anhydrous sodium acetate in 30 ml distilled water and adjusting the pH to 5.5 with 1.0 Normal acetic acid. The resulting solution was diluted to 100 ml with distilled water. This buffer was stored in the refrigerator and was stable for at least one month.
  • a sodium bicarbonate solution was prepared by dissolving an equimolar amount of sodium bicarbonate (molecular weight 84.11) to the amount of DHA in the volume of the final solution of DHA. This solution was heated to approximately 40°C for dissolution and was prepared fresh for each DHA preparation.
  • the dosing solution of DHA (250 mg/ml) was prepared by weighing the dry DHA (molecular weight 174.11) into a clean dry container, then adding 85% of the sodium bicarbonate solution made as described above and stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The remaining 15% volume of sodium acetate buffer prepared as described above was added to the DHA solution and the solution was stored at room temperature in brown . glass or foil- wrapped vials. The pH of the dosing solution was checked and adjusted to 5.0 ⁇ 0.2 using the above solutions. Dosing solutions were prepared under aseptic conditions and filtered through a 0.22 micron filter prior to dose administration. The dosing solution was administered within 8 hours of preparation. Control animals received control article formulated in the same vehicle and at the same concentration as the test article. The test and control articles were administered by intravenous injection into the tail vein using a needle and syringe of appropriate size. Doses were calculated using the most recent body weights available.
  • the test article was administered as a single dose, followed by a 7 day observation period.
  • the dose levels administered were as follows: Group 1 - 2 mg/kg DHA
  • the dose volume administered was 2 mL/kg for all groups.
  • Euthanasia was performed by exsanguination following carbon dioxide inhalation on test day 8. Complete macroscopic postmortem examinations were performed on all animals sacrificed at the scheduled sacrifice interval immediately after death. The macroscopic postmortem examination included an external examination, including identification of all clinically-recorded lesions, as well as a detailed internal examination. Animals were fasted prior to the scheduled sacrifice.
  • This study was designed to identify a maximum tolerated dose of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) when administered via a single intravenous (bolus) injection to Sprague-Dawley CD ® rats at dose levels of 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750 and 2000 mg/kg followed by a 7-day observation period.
  • Control animals were administered ascorbic acid (AA) at a dose level of 1750 mg/kg via a single intravenous (bolus) injection followed by a 7-day observation period.
  • the animals (Albino Rats (Outbred) VAF/Plus ® , Sprague-Dawley - derived (CD ® ), Crl:CD ® (SD)IGS BR) were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Kingston, New York). These animals were chosen because the rat is an animal model commonly utilized in toxicity studies. In addition, a historical data base is available for comparative evaluation. In total, 44 animals were received (22 males, 22 females). Of these, 28 total (14 males, 14 females) were used in the testing. Females were nulhparous and non-pregnant. The age of the animals at receipt was 4 weeks old. The age at initiation of dosing was 6 weeks old.
  • Ambient room temperature was monitored and recorded twice daily and maintained within the specified range to the maximum extent possible.
  • the desired range was 18 to 26°C.
  • the actual temperature range was 21 to 23°C.
  • Relative humidity was monitored and recorded once daily and maintained within the specified range to the maximum extent possible.
  • the desired range was 30 to 70% relative humidity.
  • the actual range was 28 to 58%.
  • test and control articles were administered by intravenous injection into the tail vein using a needle and syringe of appropriate size. Treatment was administered in a multiple step process. On the afternoon of Day 0, Groups 1-4 were administered test article at dose levels of 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg DHA, respectively. These dose levels failed to reveal 100% lethality. Therefore, on the following day animals in Groups 5 and 6 were administered test article at dose levels of 1750 and 2000 mg/kg DHA in the morning. Lethality of 100% was found at 1750 and 2000 mg/kg DHA. A dose of AA was administered as a reference control at the lowest dose of DHA that resulted in 100% lethality (1750 mg/kg). The dose volume for each group was 8 mL/kg.
  • Intravenous administration of DHA at doses ranging from 750-1500 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in an immediate response characterized by lethargy, labored or rapid breathing, and a prostate posture.
  • One of four animals receiving 1250 mg/kg DHA and two of four animals receiving 1500 mg/kg DHA died immediately postdose.
  • the maximum tolerated dose of DHA was determined to be 1000 mg/kg.
  • the LD50 of DHA was determined to be approximately 1500 mg/kg.
  • Example 3 Preparation of dehydroascorbic acid formulations
  • Formulations of DHA useful in various methods of administration were prepared as follows. As shown in other examples, these preparations can be scaled up or down in volume as required.
  • This solution needs to be heated to ⁇ 40 C for dissolution. Note: This solution must be prepared fresh for each DHA preparation.
  • This formulation is suitable for topical use.
  • the acute radiation model in hamsters has proven to be an accurate, efficient and cost-effective technique to evaluate anti-mucositis compounds.
  • the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of DHA on the development and resolution of oral mucositis induced by acute radiation and to compare the effect of dose on the severity of ulcerative mucositis.
  • the compound dehydroascorbic acid is a derivative of vitamin C.
  • DHA has antioxidant characteristics and may inhibit free radical formation. If DHA does act as a scavenger of free radicals, it may have an impact on at least one of the important components in the pathogenesis of mucositis. Consequently, the study investigated the efficacy of DHA in the prevention and resolution of acute oral mucositis in an animal model.
  • hamsters Forty-eight (48) hamsters were used. The hamsters were randomized into six (6) equally sized groups on day -1. Each group was assigned a different treatment as follows: Group 1: topical DHA (250 mg/ml) in DMSO, 0.2 ml, tid, day -1 to day 21; Group 2: topical DMSO vehicle control, 0.2 ml, tid, day -1 to day 21;
  • Group 3 topical DHA (25 mg/ml), in aqueous solution, 0.2 ml, tid, day -1 to day 21;
  • Group 4 topical DHA (250 mg/ml), in aqueous solution, 0.2 ml, tid, day -1 to day 21;
  • Group 5 topical aqueous solution (vehicle control), 0.2 ml, tid, day -1 to day 21;
  • Group 6 topical ascorbic acid (250 mg/ml) in aqueous solution, 0.2 ml, tid, day -1 to day 21.
  • the main protocol events were: i) Every day for the period of the study (Day -1 to Day 28), each animal was weighed and its behavior and survival recorded. ii) Each animal was irradiated on Day 0. iii) Animals were dosed three times daily from day -1 to day 21. iv) Starting on Day 6 and continuing every second day thereafter (Days 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28), each animal was photographed and evaluated for mucositis scoring.
  • Dawley Dawley
  • mice aged 5 to 6 weeks, with body weight approximately 90 g at study commencement, were used.
  • Animals were individually numbered using an ear punch and housed in small groups of approximately 6 animals per cage. Animals were acclimatized for at least one week prior to study commencement. During this period, the animals were observed daily in order to reject animals that were in poor condition.
  • Mucositis was induced using an acute radiation protocol.
  • a single dose of radiation 35 Gy/dose was administered to all animals on Day 0.
  • Radiation was generated with a 250 kilovolt potential (15-ma) source at a focal distance of 50 cm, hardened with a 0.35 mm Cu filtration system.
  • Irradiation targeted the left buccal pouch mucosa at a rate of 121.5 cGy/minute.
  • animals Prior to irradiation, animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (80 mg/kg). The left buccal pouch was everted, fixed and isolated using a lead shield.
  • each group was treated with the contents of a single 200 ml bottle of the fully formulated compound.
  • the aqueous buffered formulation of dehydroascorbic acid was prepared as described in Example 3B.
  • a volume of 2 ml of compound was removed from each of the sealed bottles using a sterile tuberculin syringe fitted with a sterile needle.
  • the solution was transferred to a needleless tuberculin syringe.
  • a volume of 0.2 ml of the test compound was inserted into the base of the left cheek pouch of each animal into which the test material was deposited.
  • all bottles were stored in a refrigerator at 4 C.
  • the animals were anesthetized with inhalation anesthetics, and the left pouch everted and photographed with a Yashica Dental Eye camera.
  • Mucositis was scored visually by comparison to a validated photographic scale, ranging from 0 for normal, to 5 for severe ulceration. In descriptive terms, this scale is defined as follows:
  • Cumulative size of ulcers should equal about Vz of the pouch. Loss of pliability. Severe erythema and vasodilation.
  • a score of 1-2 is considered to represent a mild stage of the disease, whereas a score of 3-5 is considered to indicate moderate to severe mucositis.
  • a photograph was taken of each animal's mucosa using a standardized technique. At the conclusion of the experiment all film was developed and the photographs randomly numbered. At least two independent trained observers graded the photographs in blinded fashion using the above-described scale (blinded scoring).
  • aqueous buffer control group was reduced to an N of 6 while the groups treated with 250 mg/ml DHA in aqueous buffer and 250 mg/ml ascorbic acid in aqueous buffer were reduced to an N of 7. These numbers were satisfactory for the analyses performed.
  • Mucositis Mean group mucositis scores were obtained for each treatment group.
  • the scores for the aqueous buffer control group were typical for the acute radiation model.
  • the peak mucositis score was 3.2. While there was a significant level of ulcerative mucositis, animals in the control spent 45.8% of the study with ulcerations as indicated by scores of 3 or more. The study had the ability to demonstrate both efficacy and worsening as a result of treatment with the experimental compounds.
  • this group showed early mucositis; by day 12 the severity of the mucositis was greater than the control. The mucositis peaked on day 14, but remained elevated for much of the remainder of the study. Examination of the extent of ulceration in this group showed a large and significant worsening of mucositis induced by this treatment. From day 12 to day 22, all animals in the group had ulcerations. Over the course of the entire study, animals in this group spent 70.3% of the time with ulcerations, a significant increase over the DMSO control (pO.OOl; Table 3). The worsening of mucositis occurred throughout the study (days 12-28) as determined both by rank sum analysis (Table 1) and by chi-square analysis of duration of ulceration (Table 2).
  • the mean daily mucositis scores were determined for the groups treated with aqueous solutions of 25 mg ml DHA, 250 mg/ml DHA and 250 mg/ml ascorbic acid. In all three groups there was no worsening of mucositis as was observed in the 250 mg/ml DHA in DMSO group. Of the three groups, treatment with 25 mg/ml DHA group appeared to reduce the severity of mucositis.
  • the 250 mg/ml ascorbic acid groups also shows a reduction of mucositis, while the 250 mg/ml DHA group shows a progression of mucositis that is very close to that observed in the aqueous buffer control group.
  • both the 25 mg/ml DHA and the 250 mg/ml ascorbic acid show an overall reduction in the frequency of ulcerations predominately on the healing side of the mucositis curve.
  • the 25 mg/ml DHA group spent 23.4%o of the study with lesions, a significant reduction (p ⁇ 0.001) when compared to the 45.8%o of days with lesions in the control group (Table 3).
  • Animals treated with 250 mg/ml ascorbic acid group spent 24.4% of the study time with ulcerations, also a significant reduction when compared to the control group (p ⁇ 0.001).
  • DMSO adversely affected weight gain when administered topically. It seems likely that this finding was the consequence of the effect of the compound on appetite, rather than a reflection of true toxicity as there was no wasting of animals or signs of gastrointestinal injury. This observation was unaffected by the inclusion of DHA.
  • Topical administration of DMSO resulted in a reduction in the overall severity and duration of radiation-induced mucositis compared to sham therapy with aqueous buffer. Although a favorable effect was noted during the developmental phases of mucositis, no difference in the peak mucositis score was noted between DMSO and aqueous buffer treated animals. However, mucositis induction was slightly delayed in the DMSO group and resolved more quickly.
  • DMSO is of benefit at the level of injury, its smell, effect on weight and noxious potential likely preclude its possible usefulness as a vehicle for topical oral administration.
  • DHA in a lower concentration (25 mg/ml) in DMSO would impart additional efficacy in an animal model.
  • DHA at concentrations of 25 mg/ml in aqueous buffer demonstrated significant efficacy on the course and duration of mucositis, significantly reducing the overall duration of clinically significant lesions by close to 50%).
  • buffered DHA formulations were administered to mice in a well- studied rodent model of ischemic stroke.
  • Nonreperfused ischemia was created by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice and standard indicia of ischemia were measured as previously described (Connolly et al., Neurosurgery. 38(3)523-532, 1996).
  • Buffered dehydroascorbic acid compositions for intravenous use were prepared as described above in Example 3 A. Infarct volumes were determined by staining cerebral sections with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and performing digital image analysis as previously described (Huang et al., Science 285:595-599, 1999). The same TTC stained sections were also analyzed by an indirect method (Lin et al., Stroke 24:117-121, 1993). Neurologic deficit was determined using a four-tiered grading system, intracerebral hemo ⁇ hage was determined spectrophotometrically, and cerebral blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry as previously described (Huang et al., 1999).
  • TTC triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
  • DHA-500 dehydroascorbic acid
  • Both postischemic DHA regimens protected animals similarly: neurological deficit was decreased, infarct volume was reduce 6- to 9-fold without any increase in intracerebral hemo ⁇ hage, and mortality was reduced 66%> (p ⁇ 0.05).
  • similar results were obtained when the infarct volumes were measured using a digital or "direct" method.
  • Fig. 3 shows that administration of DHA-250 or DHA-500 3 hours postischemia increased relative cerebral blood flow.
  • Fig. 4 demonstrates that neurological scores were significantly increased following administration of DHA-250 or DHA-500 3 hours postischemia.
  • Mortality also was reduced in a dose-dependent manner when DHA was administered 3 hours postischemia (Fig. 5).

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US11497786B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2022-11-15 Renovion, Inc. Stable ascorbic acid compositions and methods of using the same
US11602555B2 (en) 2016-11-17 2023-03-14 Renovion, Inc. Treatment of respiratory tract diseases and infections with ascorbic acid compositions
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US10406200B2 (en) 2012-10-29 2019-09-10 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Methods and compositions for treating mucusal tissue disorders
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US11602555B2 (en) 2016-11-17 2023-03-14 Renovion, Inc. Treatment of respiratory tract diseases and infections with ascorbic acid compositions
US12427180B2 (en) 2016-11-17 2025-09-30 Renovion, Inc. Treatment of respiratory tract diseases and infections with ascorbic acid compositions
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US11890315B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2024-02-06 Renovion, Inc. Stable ascorbic acid compositions and methods of using same
US12350307B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2025-07-08 Renovion, Inc. Stable ascorbic acid compositions and methods of using same
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US12419932B2 (en) 2022-01-04 2025-09-23 Renovion, Inc. Aqueous solution comprising a glutathione salt

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