EP1286416A1 - Schliessen und Phasenverschieben einer Antenne - Google Patents

Schliessen und Phasenverschieben einer Antenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1286416A1
EP1286416A1 EP02291958A EP02291958A EP1286416A1 EP 1286416 A1 EP1286416 A1 EP 1286416A1 EP 02291958 A EP02291958 A EP 02291958A EP 02291958 A EP02291958 A EP 02291958A EP 1286416 A1 EP1286416 A1 EP 1286416A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cell
antenna
phase
phase shifter
branches
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02291958A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1286416B1 (de
Inventor
Xavier Thales Intellectual Property Delarue
Richard Thales Intellectual Property Guener
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
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Thales SA
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Publication of EP1286416A1 publication Critical patent/EP1286416A1/de
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Publication of EP1286416B1 publication Critical patent/EP1286416B1/de
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/267—Phased-array testing or checking devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/185—Phase-shifters using a diode or a gas filled discharge tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0075—Stripline fed arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
    • H01Q3/38—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters the phase-shifters being digital
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for closing a electronic scanning antenna, a method for adjusting such an antenna and a phase shifter associated with a radiating element. It applies by example for the adjustment of active antennas with electronic scanning, especially for the adjustment of its transmitting and receiving modules.
  • Modern multifunction radars which must in particular carry out both a multi-target tracking function and a standby function, include an electronic scanning antenna capable of performing site scanning and in deposit.
  • Electronic scanning antennas are commonly made up of a set of radiating elements emitting a wave microwave whose phase is electronically controllable, independently for each element or group of elements, in view to obtain an antenna beam scanning the space.
  • the plan of a such an antenna is lined with phase shifters, a phase shifter being associated with a radiant element.
  • An antenna whose beam is capable of scanning space in two directions requires a large number of elements Radiant. Most of the time, for cost reasons, these are diode phase shifters that are used.
  • An active antenna also includes the emission sources, more particularly power amplifiers intended for amplification of a microwave signal supplied by a local oscillator.
  • a elementary amplifier can be associated with one or more phase shifters. In done, this is for example a module with both the function transmission, amplification of a microwave signal, and the function of reception. Since the antenna beam is a function of phase shifts applied to the signals of the radiating elements, the phase at the origin of each of the transmission modules is important. It is indeed necessary that the transmitting modules transmit with the same phase to reasons for optimizing antenna patterns. For a manufacturer antenna, a solution a priori simple consists in obtaining Identical phase modules to equip the same antenna. However, such a solution is expensive, because their phases are dispersed by manufacturing.
  • An economical solution therefore consists in using modules and phase shifters with dispersed initial phases, therefore less expensive, and adjust or calibrate the phases at the output of the phase shifters, once the antenna is equipped.
  • Conventional methods use a signal of calibration circulating in each of the transmission modules. The settings of the latter are then adjusted so as to obtain a determined phase in function of the calibration signal.
  • a first drawback is that the calibration function can be disturbed by the external environment, especially in the event of interference.
  • a second drawback is that the signal calibration signal from an antenna can be a relatively high power capable of being detected, and therefore annoying in a context discretion.
  • Solutions consisting in measuring the environment or repeat the calibration measurements as long as measurements are obtained scrambles quickly show their limits in a scrambling environment severe or in the presence of several radars, such as for example on a ship. Furthermore, the requirement of discretion cannot easily be fulfilled in space, one type of solution consists in favoring a direction azimuthal for the emission of calibration signals. This last method also has its limits and places system constraints on the radar.
  • the invention relates to a method for closing a electronic scanning antenna having connected radiating elements each upstream to a microwave phase shifter.
  • the phase shifter comprising cascade diode phase shift cells, the last cell being composed of two branches each opening onto the radiating element and comprising at least one diode, the antenna is closed by controlling the diodes of the cell in the on state.
  • the degree of insulation of the closure is reinforced the fact that the penultimate cell being composed of two branches each comprising at least one diode and joining at the input of the last branch, the diodes of the two branches are controlled in the state passing.
  • the latter has two diodes D6, D7 separated by a distance equal to ⁇ / 4 where ⁇ is the average wavelength of the signals emitted by the antenna, the diode D6 the further upstream being controlled in the on state while the diode D7 located downstream is controlled in the blocked state so as to create a phase shift equal to ⁇ compared to the blocked state of diode D6.
  • the invention also relates to a method for adjusting a electronic scanning antenna and microwave phase shifter comprising diode phase shift cells, in cascade.
  • the main advantages of the invention are that it allows adjustment reliable and discreet of an electronic scanning antenna, that it is simple to implement and that it is economical.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture of an electronic scanning antenna.
  • This antenna comprises N groups of radiating elements 1, each radiating element being associated with a phase shifter 2 located upstream.
  • a radiating element, placed at the output of its phase shifter, is for example a dipole.
  • the radiating elements and their phase shifters are for example grouped in rows or columns.
  • N lines Each line is connected to a transmission and reception module 3.
  • a low level microwave signal f 0 attacks the modules 3 which amplify this signal to provide each group of phase shifters 2 with an amplified signal.
  • microwave lines 4 are distributed in each of the phase shifters by a tree structure of microwave lines 4, in the form of a candlestick for example, the important thing being that the signal is distributed in an equiphase manner over the phase shifters. Furthermore, if a group includes m phase shifters and the signal has a power P, the power received by a phase shifter is P / m.
  • These microwave lines are for example of the triplate type. They are for example connected to a transmission and reception module 3 by a divider 5, for example a hybrid ring, so that a first input / output is connected by a microwave line to the module 3. Another output is connected to a first combiner 6.
  • the output of the reception channel of each module 3 is connected to a divider 7, one output of which is connected to a second combiner 8 and the other output is connected to a third combiner 9.
  • the output of the third combiner 9 constitutes the sum channel and the outputs of the first and second combiners 6, 8 constitute the difference paths, in elevation and in azimuth, in particular for deviation measurements.
  • a calibration signal f E is sent by a coupler 10 to each of the groups of phase shifters 2. This calibration signal has a reference phase ⁇ 0 .
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram with a phase shifter diodes 2 according to the invention.
  • This phase shifter has four cells diode phase shift 21, 22, 23, 24.
  • the phase shift function is performed by way quantified by these cells.
  • Each cell corresponds to a weight of given phase shift.
  • the first, second, third and fourth cells 21, 22, 23, 24 operate for example respectively a phase shift of ⁇ / 8, ⁇ / 4, ⁇ / 2 or ⁇ depending on the state of their control bits.
  • the signal microwave arrives by an input E before passing successively in the first 21, second 22, third 23 and fourth cell 24. In output of the latter, the phase shifted signal attacks the radiating element 1, by example a dipole.
  • the invention makes a particular use of this phase shifter diodes by advantageously exploiting some of its properties.
  • the first cell 21, cell of the bit ⁇ / 8 is for example conventionally composed of two microwave line ends of length ⁇ / 4, also called “stub” in Anglo-Saxon literature. This cell acts by disturbance. Thereafter, ⁇ corresponds to the length medium wave, i.e. at the frequency at the center of the operation.
  • the second cell 22, bit cell ⁇ / 4, is for example also made up of "stubs". Other forms of cells are conceivable.
  • the last two phase shift cells 23, 24, before the radiating element 1 their constructions are such that defined below.
  • the penultimate phase shift cell 23, bit cell ⁇ / 2 acts by path difference.
  • it is composed of two branches 231, 232 which meet at its exit. Both branches have lengths different, the second branch having a length greater than ⁇ / 4 by compared to the first 231.
  • the first branch is a microwave line comprising a diode D8.
  • the second branch is a line microwave comprising two diodes D6, D7. The distance between these two diodes is ⁇ / 4.
  • the last cell 24, bit cell ⁇ associated with the dipole 1, acts by reversing the electromagnetic field. It has two branches 241, 242 each opening onto a branch of the dipole.
  • the first branch 241 has a diode D10 and the second branch has a diode D9.
  • phase shifter during the operation of the antenna consists in making one of the branches of the ⁇ / 2 cell passing and the other blocking. This comes in particular to piloting the diodes D6, D7, D8 of the bit cell ⁇ / 2 so as to direct the signal microwave in one branch or the other, i.e. to block the diode D8 when diodes D6 and D7 lead and vice versa.
  • diode D9 when diode D10 leads to get the field vector in one direction and we switch the field in phase opposition when the diode commands are reversed, hence the phase shift of ⁇ .
  • phase shifter shown in Figure 2 advantageously allows to perform minus two functions.
  • a first function closes the the antenna.
  • the antenna is then isolated from the outside.
  • a signal calibration injected into the phase shifter is then likely to be reflected to the source or to a calibration coupler.
  • the second function protects these circuits by ensuring a user has control over the signal path reflected, so that it goes in particular elsewhere than towards the source or the calibration coupler where fragile circuits such as limiters are located for example.
  • the invention therefore allows the antenna to be closed.
  • a calibration signal f E is injected. This signal is for example injected, for each group of radiating elements associated with a transmission / reception module, at input x of the triplate type circuit comprising the supply lines 4 of the phase shifters. This makes it possible in particular to inject a reception signal or to make a power transmission, the two operations being temporally uncorrelated, and to collect a measurement signal.
  • the radar In reception calibration, any signal coming from outside may interfere with the calibration signal. In emission calibration, the radar radiates its frequencies which are therefore likely to be identified.
  • the invention makes it simple to isolate the transmission and reception circuits up to and including the phase shifters, in one direction and in the other.
  • the phase shifter is used in a non-conforming manner, in particularly with regard to its last two cells 23, 24.
  • This use according to the invention prevents a signal from passing.
  • the last cell 24 of phase shift ⁇ the two diodes D9 and D10 are controlled at the on state, which brings back an open circuit in the dipole 1 and in input of this cell 24.
  • Experimental measurements made by the Applicant show that 30 dB insulation can be obtained between the dipole 1 and the input of the last cell 24.
  • diodes D6, D7 and D8 are also controlled by the on state, which brings back an open circuit at the output of this cell 23.
  • Experimental measurements carried out by the Applicant have shown that an additional insulation of 20dB could thus be obtained.
  • a calibration signal injected and which enters a phase shifter will So think about the level of the penultimate cell 23.
  • a second function provided by the invention is a phase shift in reflection. To this end, it relates to the control of cells 21, 22, 23, that is to say on the cell 23 where the reflection of the calibration signal begins and cells 21, 22 which precede it.
  • the command relates particularly to the diode D6 of one of the branches 232 of the penultimate cell, located most upstream.
  • the second diode in the branch, located downstream is diode D7.
  • FIG. 3 shows, by way of example, an embodiment possible of a phase shifter according to the invention corresponding to the diagram of principle of Figure 2. It is for example equipped with control means which allow in particular to apply the commands previously described in relation to the method of closing an antenna.
  • the phase shifter is for example produced on a structure 32 of the microrubber type called still microstrip.
  • Figure 3 shows the phase shifter circuits in one view On top.
  • This microstrip structure comprises for example the dipole 1 forming the radiating element placed at the output of the phase shifter.
  • the circuit therefore comprises a microwave line 33 starting from input E of the phase shifter to the penultimate cell composed of its two branches 231, 232.
  • the latter each comprise at least one diode D6, D7, D8 and meet at the cell output.
  • One of the two branches 232 comprises two successive diodes D6, D7 separated by a distance equal to ⁇ / 4 where ⁇ is the average wavelength of the transmitted signals through the antenna.
  • This path difference of ⁇ / 4 between the two branches 231, 232 allows you to create a phase shift of ⁇ / 2 depending on whether you are going through one or the other of the two branches and also makes it possible to create a phase shift of ⁇ for the reflected signal, in particular because the diodes D6 and D8 are at equal distance from the separation point A of the two branches.
  • the last phase shift cell placed at the output of the previous one is made up of two branches 241, 242 of equal length leading to dipole 1.
  • Each branch has at least one diode D9, D10 located equidistant from point B of separation of the two branches.
  • the phase shifter in Figure 3 is a four-bit phase shifter of control capable of producing sixteen equally spaced phase shift values in the range between 0 and 2 ⁇ .
  • the previous two cells 23, 24 realize respective phase shifts of ⁇ / 2 and ⁇ .
  • the two first cascade cells 21, 22 realizing phase shifts of ⁇ / 8 and ⁇ / 4 are located along the microwave line 33 connecting the input of the phase shifter at the entry point A of the penultimate cell 23.
  • the first cell is by example conventionally composed of two “stub” lines 34, 35 connecting each microwave line 33 to a diode D34, D35.
  • the first one cell includes for example three "stubs" 36, 37, 38 each connecting the microwave line 33 to a diode D36, D37, D38.
  • Signals from control of the diodes, supplied by the control means 31, pass by one or more printed circuit type layers associated with the circuit stripline.
  • the control signals arrive on the front panel, which comprises the diodes, by means of metallized holes then are routed to the diodes by low frequency conductive tracks, these conventional elements not being shown in Figure 3.
  • the insulation obtained between the entry point A of the penultimate cell and the output of the phase shifter, at the level of the radiating element 1, can reach around 50dB, which provides good protection against outside.
  • This function advantageously corresponds to a closing an antenna made up of radiating elements 1 associated with phase shifters 2. This function obviously protects in both directions signal propagation. It therefore allows great attenuation of calibration signals to the outside circulating in the antenna.
  • the antenna closure method according to the invention can be implemented simple and economical, since it is mainly to act on orders. Provided that the control means 31 are programmable, the hardware cost is then practically zero.
  • the antenna closure as described previously can be applied in a method of adjusting a electronic scanning antenna, since it is necessary to circulate in this last, whether in its transmitting and / or receiving modules or in other of its circuits, calibration signals. These signals therefore circulate in the antenna circuits, for example the aforementioned modules, up to and including the phase shifters. These signals are then protected, more particularly isolated, vis-à-vis the outside. The adjustment can be carried out safely and discreetly.
  • phase shifter comprising diode phase shift cells. These diodes can nevertheless be replaced by any other component fulfilling the function switch between the short circuit state and the open circuit state, and vice versa.

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EP20020291958 2001-08-10 2002-08-02 Schliessen und Phasenverschieben einer Antenne Expired - Lifetime EP1286416B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0110742 2001-08-10
FR0110742A FR2828583B1 (fr) 2001-08-10 2001-08-10 Procede de fermeture d'une antenne a balayage electronique, procede de reglage et dephaseur d'une telle antenne

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1286416A1 true EP1286416A1 (de) 2003-02-26
EP1286416B1 EP1286416B1 (de) 2009-12-16

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EP20020291958 Expired - Lifetime EP1286416B1 (de) 2001-08-10 2002-08-02 Schliessen und Phasenverschieben einer Antenne

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EP (1) EP1286416B1 (de)
DE (1) DE60234742D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2828583B1 (de)
SG (1) SG103355A1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2954599A1 (fr) * 2009-12-23 2011-06-24 Thales Sa Antenne avec elements rayonnants incorporant un dephaseur.
CN101192707B (zh) * 2007-12-03 2011-11-30 中国移动通信集团广东有限公司 一种电调定向智能天线

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020232171A1 (en) 2019-05-14 2020-11-19 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. Over-the-air calibration of antenna system
DE102021117170A1 (de) 2020-07-05 2022-01-05 Space Exploration Technologies Corp. System und verfahren zur over-the-air-antennenkalibrierung

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3803621A (en) * 1971-12-20 1974-04-09 Gen Electric Antenna element including means for providing zero-error 180{20 {11 phase shift
US4857936A (en) * 1985-10-22 1989-08-15 Thomson-Csf Conical sweep array antenna and a radar having such an antenna

Family Cites Families (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5025493A (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-06-18 Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. Multi-element antenna system and array signal processing method
CA2071715A1 (en) * 1991-07-15 1993-01-16 Gary George Sanford Directional scanning circular phased array antenna

Patent Citations (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3803621A (en) * 1971-12-20 1974-04-09 Gen Electric Antenna element including means for providing zero-error 180{20 {11 phase shift
US4857936A (en) * 1985-10-22 1989-08-15 Thomson-Csf Conical sweep array antenna and a radar having such an antenna

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MAKOTO MATSUNAGA ET AL: "SWITCHED BRANCH LINE PIN DIODE PHASE SHIFTER", ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, PART II - ELECTRONICS, SCRIPTA TECHNICA. NEW YORK, US, vol. 76, no. 9, 1 September 1993 (1993-09-01), pages 11 - 20, XP000447922, ISSN: 8756-663X *
MOORE M T ET AL: "MICROWAVE IC CONTROL COMPONENTS FOR PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNAS", ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING JOURNAL, INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, LONDON, GB, vol. 4, no. 3, 1 June 1992 (1992-06-01), pages 123 - 130, XP000307316, ISSN: 0954-0695 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101192707B (zh) * 2007-12-03 2011-11-30 中国移动通信集团广东有限公司 一种电调定向智能天线
FR2954599A1 (fr) * 2009-12-23 2011-06-24 Thales Sa Antenne avec elements rayonnants incorporant un dephaseur.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2828583B1 (fr) 2005-06-17
FR2828583A1 (fr) 2003-02-14
EP1286416B1 (de) 2009-12-16
DE60234742D1 (de) 2010-01-28
SG103355A1 (en) 2004-04-29

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