EP1456470B1 - Compositions de revetement a brillant eleve, a base de carbonate de calcium ; papier couche et carton fabriques a partir de ces compositions - Google Patents

Compositions de revetement a brillant eleve, a base de carbonate de calcium ; papier couche et carton fabriques a partir de ces compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1456470B1
EP1456470B1 EP01985091A EP01985091A EP1456470B1 EP 1456470 B1 EP1456470 B1 EP 1456470B1 EP 01985091 A EP01985091 A EP 01985091A EP 01985091 A EP01985091 A EP 01985091A EP 1456470 B1 EP1456470 B1 EP 1456470B1
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Prior art keywords
calcium carbonate
particle size
carbonate particles
paper
aps
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EP01985091A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1456470A1 (fr
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Amy Christine Dimmick
Kenneth Mueller
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Minerals Technologies Inc
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Minerals Technologies Inc
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/38—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments
    • D21H19/385—Oxides, hydroxides or carbonates
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/38—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/38—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments
    • D21H19/40—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/50—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by form
    • D21H21/52—Additives of definite length or shape

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to mixtures of calcium carbonate particles that are useful in the production of high quality coated papers having high sheet gloss.
  • calcium carbonate In paper manufacture, calcium carbonate, because of its excellent whiteness properties, has been used in coating applications to improve various properties such as the brightness of the paper. Both natural and synthetic calcium carbonates are used in the paper industry. Natural calcium carbonate, or limestone, is ground to a small particle size prior to its use in paper, while synthetic calcium carbonate is manufactured by a precipitation reaction and is called precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Precipitated calcium carbonates are generally preferred over ground calcium carbonates in paper production in that the morphology, the size, and the size distribution of the particles, as well as the purity of the as-produced calcium carbonate, can be controlled.
  • PCC precipitated calcium carbonate
  • precipitated calcium carbonates When used as an additive for the paper industry, precipitated calcium carbonates are commonly prepared by the carbonation, with carbon dioxide gas, of an aqueous slurry of calcium hydroxide ("milk of lime"). The precipitated calcium carbonate pigments are then applied to the paper by coating the paper with an aqueous slurry containing the precipitated calcium carbonate and an adhesive.
  • Calcium carbonate can be precipitated from an aqueous solution in three different crystal forms: the vaterite form which is thermodynamically unstable, the calcite form which is the most stable and the most abundant in nature, and the aragonite form which is metastable under normal ambient conditions of temperature and pressure, but converts to calcite at elevated temperature.
  • the aragonite form has an orthorhombic shape that crystallizes as long, thin needles that may be either aggregated or unaggregated.
  • the calcite form exists in several different shapes of which the most commonly found are the rhombohedral shape having crystals that may be either aggregated or unaggregated and the scalenohedral shape having crystals that are generally unaggregated. All these forms of calcium carbonate can be prepared by carbonation of milk of lime by suitable variation of the process conditions as is known in the art.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,209 teaches aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate pigments for coating rotogravure printing papers, a method for the preparation of the pigment, a paper coated with the coating pigment, and a method for preparing such a paper.
  • the precipitated calcium carbonate particles have an aspect ratio of from about 3:1 to about 15:1, preferably from about 4:1 to about 7:1, and a multimodal particle size distribution, which is preferably bimodal or trimodal.
  • the aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate is present in an amount from about 20 percent to about 100 percent by weight of the coating pigment.
  • the pigment may also be used with titanium dioxide, talc, calcined clay, satin white, plastic pigments, aluminum trihydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof.
  • Japanese Pat. App. No. 10232253 teaches a multilayer coated paper for web rotary offset having dry strength, white paper gloss, multicolor printing gloss and blistering resistance.
  • the multilayer paper includes coating layers having hollow or hemispheric polymer particles.
  • Japanese Pat. App. No. 10-340790 teaches a coated paper for offset printing having properties of white paper glossiness prepared using an undercoating liquid of a pigment component comprising a wet pulverized needlelike or pillar-shaped precipitated calcium carbonate in an amount of 40 weight percent - 100 weight percent of the pigment component.
  • Japanese Pat. App. No. 11-065703 teaches a coated paper for offset printing having printing glossiness provided by a coating layer mainly of pigment containing a 60 weight percent - 90 weight percent fusiform wet ground causticized precipitated calcium carbonate and a copolymer latex having a 50nm - 80nm average particle diameter and 30 weight percent - 50 weight percent gel content as the adhesive.
  • Japanese Pat. App. No. 11-008162 teaches a matt-coated paper for gravure printing having extremely low white paper glossiness. At least one side of the base paper is coated with a composition having 75 weight percent - 85 weight percent agglutinative spindle-shaped precipitated calcium carbonate having average particle diameters of 3.0 ⁇ m - 5.0 ⁇ m in a secondary particle shape and 1 weight percent - 25 weight percent of kaolin having average particle diameters of 1.0 ⁇ m - 2.0 ⁇ m.
  • Japanese Pat. App. No. 11-069426 teaches lightweight-coated paper for offset printing having blank paper glossiness and print glossiness.
  • the paper has two coated layers both continuing a pigment and an adhesive, the top coat layer having 50 parts by weight - 85 parts by weight of calcium carbonate having an average particle diameter not smaller than 0.2 ⁇ m and smaller than 0.5 ⁇ m as the pigment and 8 parts by weight - 15 parts by weight copolymer latex having 50nm-70nm average particle diameter and 50 percent - 70 percent gel content as the adhesive both based on 100 parts by weight pigment.
  • the present invention relates to a paper coating pigment which comprises a blend of first and second discrete aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles.
  • the first particle of the blended pigment has an average particle size (APS) of about 0.4 microns and the second particle of the blended pigment has an average particle size (APS) of about 0.5 microns.
  • the pigment preferably comprises about a 50:50 to about a 80:20 weight ratio of the first 0.4 micron particle to the second 0.5 micron particle, with about a 60:40 weight ratio being most preferred.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for preparing the coated paper, which comprises preparing the blended aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate pigment, adding a clay, and applying the pigment to the paper basestock in a slurry containing a binder and other additives.
  • the blended aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate is present in an amount of from about 30 weight percent to about 85 weight percent of the mixture with the about 70 weight percent to about 15 weight percent balance being clay prior to preparing the slurry.
  • the present invention is related to a paper coating composition containing a blend of calcium carbonate particles, a method of using the composition to improve sheet gloss, and a process of producing a paper having high sheet gloss and the paper made from the process.
  • the calcium carbonate is preferably a precipitated aragonite (i.e., orthorhombic crystalline form).
  • the calcium carbonate pigment blend of the present invention provides improvement in the sheet gloss, when compared to typical prior art coating grade carbonates, and is particularly advantageous in the production of high-gloss papers including paper board.
  • the improvement in sheet gloss of coated papers using the blended pigment is unexpected and is attributed to a synergy created by using particles having particle size distributions with mean values that are from about 0.1 microns to about 0.2 microns in difference in the blended pigment.
  • the calcium carbonate pigment of the present invention has other clear advantages over other calcium carbonate pigments including its ease of calendering a paper sheet and the resultant sheet gloss and print gloss of coated papers using the pigment blend.
  • the calcium carbonate component particles useful in the blended calcium carbonate pigment blend of the invention are preferably synthesized (i.e., precipitated) by the carbonation with carbon dioxide gas of an aqueous slurry of calcium hydroxide ("milk of lime") to produce discrete aragonitic particles.
  • preparation of the blended calcium carbonates of the invention is accomplished by mixing component particles having mean particle sizes of 0.40 microns and 0.50 microns, which are commercially available from Minerals Technologies Inc., New York, New York, as OPACARB ® A40 PCC and OPACARB ® A50 PCC, respectively.
  • OPACAPB ® A40 PCC and OPACARB ® A50 PCC are aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate particles with average particle sizes of about 0.4 microns and 0.5 microns, respectively, having narrow particle size distributions of ⁇ 0.02 microns about the mean.
  • the average particle size of the particles were determined by using a Micromeritics Sedigraph 5100 Analyzer, an instrument for measuring particle size distributions using Stokes law (see CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th Edition 1988-1989, page F-105 ), which gives the rate of fall of a small sphere in a viscous fluid. From this, particle size distributions on a mass (weight) basis and average particle size are determined.
  • the PCC content of the pigment when mixed with clay can range from about 30 weight percent to about 85 weight percent of the coating formulation, with 60 weight percent being preferred.
  • the pigment mixture of the present invention is particularly advantageous for use in high-gloss printing papers, and may be mixed with one or more conventional binders, thickeners and/or lubricants as is known in the art.
  • the coating can also contain dilution water in an amount needed to bring the final solids content of the coatings to a range of from about 50 weight percent to about 70 weight percent.
  • Coating Mixture Nos. 1 and 7 were provided to evaluate the effect of OPACARB ® A40 PCC aragonitic particles and OPACARB ® A50 PCC aragonitic particles, respectively, when used alone with ALPHAGLOSS ® clay.
  • Coating Mixture Nos. 2, 3, and 4 were provided to evaluate the effect of OPACARB ® A40 PCC aragonitic particles when used in varying weight ratios ranging from about 40:60 to about 60:40 with ALBAGLOS ® S PCC calcite particles traditionally used with clay-based paper coating compositions.
  • Coating Mixture Nos. 6 and 5 were provided to evaluate blended aragonitic PCC pigments having OPACARB ® A40 PCC aragonitic particles and OPACARB ® A50 PCC aragonitic particles in weight ratios according to the present invention.
  • compositions of the coating mixtures prepared are shown in Table 1 below with the amounts of the calcium carbonate particles and clay being present following weight percentages.
  • Each calcium carbonate pigment formulation contained the same binder containing 11 parts GENFLO ® 5905 styrene/butadiene latex available from Gencorp Corporation (now Omnova Corporation), 3 parts hydroxyethylated starch available from Penford Starch Corporation as PENFORD ® 280 Gum, and 1 part calcium stearate lubricant.
  • a standard paper thickener available from Hercules Corporation as ADMIRAL ® 3089 was added to each coating sample to achieve a target Brookfield 100 revolutions per minute (rpm) viscosity of 1200 centipoise (cps). Generally, the amount of thickener used to achieve the target viscosities increased as the carbonate level increased.
  • Pigment coatings were formulated at approximately 60 percent solids, and tested for percent solids and water retention character as determined by the AA-GWR method (Kaltec Scientific, USA). Low shear viscosities in centipoise were measured at 10 rpm, 20 rpm, 50 rpm and 100 rpm using a Brookfield model RVT viscometer. High shear viscosity measurements were made using a Hercules high shear viscometer from Kaltec Scientific, USA. The Hercules viscosities were run using the following conditions: E bob, 400,000 dyne-cm/cm spring constant, 0 rpm - 4400 rpm, room temperature. The formulation data for the coatings tested are provided in Table 2.
  • the coatings were applied to a 51.1 pounds per ream (70 grams per square meter) paper basestock using a Cylindrical Laboratory Coater (CLC-6000).
  • the coat weight target was 9 pounds per 3300 square feet.
  • the coated papers were then calendered at 150 degrees Fahrenheit on a laboratory supercalender having two sets of rollers with nips providing 800 pounds per square inch (psi).
  • Standard testing of the coated sheets included paper sheet gloss, print gloss, brightness and opacity.
  • the coated sheet test data are given in Table 3, with the print gloss values being determined using the Nancy Plowman Test Method (NPA) and all remaining data being determined using standard TAPPI test methods, which test methods will be readily recognized by those skilled in the art.
  • NPA Nancy Plowman Test Method
  • these particle mixtures provide for improved sheet gloss without the attendant decrease in print gloss normally associated with the use of higher carbonate contents.
  • the sheet and print gloss ranges of 74.6 percent - 75.7 percent and 91.6 percent Rapida SFO Black - 91.8 percent Rapida SFO Black achieved using OPACARB ® A40 PCC particles and OPACARB ® A50 PCC particles in weight ratios according to the present invention are higher than the respective sheet and print glosses achieved when using OPACARB ® A40 PCC alone in Coating No. 1 (73.6 percent, 90.6 percent Rapida SFO Black) and is higher than the sheet gloss and comparable to the print gloss achieved when using OPACARB ® A50 PCC alone in Coating No. 7 (73.3 percent, 92.4 percent Rapida SFO Black).
  • the particles utilized in the blends according to the present invention exhibit particle size distributions with mean values that are from about 0.1 microns to about 0.2 microns in difference. It is envisioned that other blends having similar particle size distribution differences would exhibit similar synergistic effects on coated sheet properties. Moreover, it is expected that in addition to the aragonite/aragonite blends, other like-kind mixtures of calcium carbonate morphologies (eg., calcite/calcite) meeting the above particle size distribution criteria would exhibit similar synergistic effects on coated sheet properties.
  • other like-kind mixtures of calcium carbonate morphologies eg., calcite/calcite

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Claims (24)

  1. Produit à base de carbonate de calcium destiné à être utilisé dans des compositions de revêtement pour fournir un fini de surface présentant une grande brillance de film, produit comprenant :
    des premières particules de carbonate de calcium ayant une première distribution des diamètres des particules comportant une première moyenne et
    des secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ayant une seconde distribution des diamètres de particules comportant une seconde moyenne, les première et seconde moyennes ayant une différence d'environ 0,1 µm à environ 0,2 µm,
    les premières particules de carbonate de calcium et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium étant fournies respectivement en un rapport pondéral d'environ 50:50 à environ 80:20.
  2. Produit à base de carbonate de calcium suivant la revendication 1, dans lequel le rapport pondéral des premières particules de carbonate de calcium aux secondes particules de carbonate de calcium est égal à environ 60:40.
  3. Produit à base de carbonate de calcium suivant la revendication 1, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium sont des particules de carbonate de calcium précipité (PCC) aragonitique.
  4. Produit à base de carbonate de calcium suivant la revendication 1, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  5. Produit à base de carbonate de calcium suivant la revendication 2, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  6. Produit à base de carbonate de calcium suivant la revendication 4, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  7. Pigment pour le couchage du papier, comprenant :
    des premières particules de carbonate de calcium ayant une première distribution des diamètres de particule comportant une première moyenne et
    des secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ayant une seconde distribution des diamètres de particule comportant une seconde moyenne, les première et seconde moyennes ayant une différence d'environ 0,1 µm à environ 0,2 µm,
    le premier pigment à base de carbonate de calcium et le second pigment à base de carbonate de calcium étant fournis respectivement en un rapport pondéral d'environ 50:50 à environ 80:20.
  8. Pigment pour le couchage du papier suivant la revendication 7, dans lequel le premier pigment à base de carbonate de calcium et le second pigment à base de carbonate de calcium sont fournis respectivement en un rapport pondéral égal à environ 60:40.
  9. Pigment pour le couchage du papier suivant la revendication 7, dans lequel le premier pigment à base de carbonate de calcium et le second pigment à base de carbonate de calcium sont des pigments à base de carbonate de calcium précipité (PCC) aragonitique.
  10. Pigment pour le couchage du papier suivant la revendication 7, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  11. Pigment pour le couchage du papier suivant la revendication 8, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  12. Pigment pour le couchage du papier suivant la revendication 9, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm,
  13. Procédé pour la production d'un papier ayant une grande brillance de film, comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    a) fournir des premières particules de carbonate de calcium ayant une première distribution des diamètres de particule comportant une première moyenne, et
    b) fournir des secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ayant une seconde distribution des diamètres de particule comportant une seconde moyenne, les première et seconde moyennes présentant une différence d'environ 0,1 µm à environ 0,2 µm,
    c) mélanger les premières particules de carbonate de calcium et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium respectivement en un rapport pondéral d'environ 50:50 à environ 80:20 pour former un mélange de pigments,
    d) mélanger le mélange de pigments à au moins un liant pour former une suspension de couchage,
    e) coucher un papier avec la suspension de couchage pour former un couchage, et
    f) sécher et calandrer le papier pour former un papier couché ayant une grande brillance de film.
  14. Procédé suivant la revendication 13, dans lequel le rapport pondéral des premières particules de carbonate de calcium aux secondes particules de carbonate de calcium est égal à environ 60:40.
  15. Procédé suivant la revendication 13, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium sont des particules de carbonate de calcium précipité (PCC) aragonitique.
  16. Procédé suivant la revendication 13, comprenant en outre les étapes consistant à fournir une argile et à mélanger l'argile au mélange de couchage dans l'étape c) en une quantité allant d'environ 15 % en poids à environ 70 % en poids.
  17. Procédé suivant la revendication 13, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  18. Procédé suivant la revendication 14, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  19. Procédé suivant la revendication 15, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  20. Procédé suivant la revendication 16, dans lequel les premières particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,4 µm et les secondes particules de carbonate de calcium ont un diamètre moyen de particule (APS) d'environ 0,5 µm.
  21. Produit consistant en papier pouvant être obtenu par le procédé suivant la revendication 13.
  22. Procédé pour améliorer la brillance de film d'un produit consistant en papier, comprenant une étape d'incorporation de la composition de la revendication 1 à une suspension pour le couchage d'un papier de base.
  23. Procédé pour améliorer la brillance de film d'un produit consistant en papier, comprenant une étape d'incorporation de la composition de la revendication 5 à une suspension pour le couchage d'un papier de base.
  24. Procédé pour améliorer la brillance de film d'un produit consistant en papier, comprenant une étape d'incorporation de la composition de la revendication 9 à une suspension pour le couchage d'un papier de base.
EP01985091A 2001-12-20 2001-12-20 Compositions de revetement a brillant eleve, a base de carbonate de calcium ; papier couche et carton fabriques a partir de ces compositions Revoked EP1456470B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US2001/049721 WO2003054300A1 (fr) 2001-12-20 2001-12-20 Compositions de revetement a brillant eleve, a base de carbonate de calcium ; papier couche et carton fabriques a partir de ces compositions

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP1456470A1 EP1456470A1 (fr) 2004-09-15
EP1456470B1 true EP1456470B1 (fr) 2010-01-27

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EP01985091A Revoked EP1456470B1 (fr) 2001-12-20 2001-12-20 Compositions de revetement a brillant eleve, a base de carbonate de calcium ; papier couche et carton fabriques a partir de ces compositions

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EP (1) EP1456470B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005513296A (fr)
CN (1) CN100350098C (fr)
AR (1) AR037949A1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE456702T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2002234075B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR0117205A (fr)
CA (1) CA2470848A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE60141228D1 (fr)
IL (1) IL162520A0 (fr)
NO (1) NO20043070L (fr)
NZ (1) NZ534043A (fr)
TW (1) TW581791B (fr)
WO (1) WO2003054300A1 (fr)

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US6355138B1 (en) * 2000-02-24 2002-03-12 Voith Sulzer Paper Technology North America, Inc. Method of chemically loading fibers in a fiber suspension

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DE60141228D1 (de) 2010-03-18
CN1582357A (zh) 2005-02-16
AU2002234075B2 (en) 2008-01-24
AR037949A1 (es) 2004-12-22
WO2003054300A1 (fr) 2003-07-03
CA2470848A1 (fr) 2003-07-03
ATE456702T1 (de) 2010-02-15
EP1456470A1 (fr) 2004-09-15
NZ534043A (en) 2005-12-23
IL162520A0 (en) 2005-11-20
BR0117205A (pt) 2004-12-14
AU2002234075A1 (en) 2003-07-09
CN100350098C (zh) 2007-11-21
TW581791B (en) 2004-04-01
NO20043070L (no) 2004-07-19
JP2005513296A (ja) 2005-05-12

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