EP1563052A2 - Procede pour produire des corps moules detergents et nettoyants garnis ii - Google Patents

Procede pour produire des corps moules detergents et nettoyants garnis ii

Info

Publication number
EP1563052A2
EP1563052A2 EP03811371A EP03811371A EP1563052A2 EP 1563052 A2 EP1563052 A2 EP 1563052A2 EP 03811371 A EP03811371 A EP 03811371A EP 03811371 A EP03811371 A EP 03811371A EP 1563052 A2 EP1563052 A2 EP 1563052A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weight
preferred
acid
cavity
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03811371A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1563052B1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Holderbaum
Bernd Richter
Wolfgang Barthel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Original Assignee
Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Henkel AG and Co KGaA filed Critical Henkel AG and Co KGaA
Publication of EP1563052A2 publication Critical patent/EP1563052A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1563052B1 publication Critical patent/EP1563052B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
    • C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
    • C11D17/0073—Tablets
    • C11D17/0078—Multilayered tablets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
    • B27N1/00—Pretreatment of moulding material

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing filled and subsequently sealed detergent tablets.
  • it relates to a method for producing filled detergent tablets which comprise a base tablet with a depression which is filled and closed.
  • Shaped bodies in which both temperature- and pressure-sensitive ingredients can be introduced into delimited regions, the size of the delimited region being unrestricted with regard to the overall shaped body and visual differentiation from conventional two-layer tablets being achieved are described in German patent application DE 199 32 765 A1 (Henkel KGaA). This document also discloses a manufacturing process for the filled moldings.
  • the problems just described also occur here in large series production.
  • the filled moldings can be moved only with difficulty without the filling partially exiting on the tablet top and there the application of adhesion promoters or the liability of the Foil difficult.
  • the application of adhesives to the tablet surface is prone to failure if the filling is metered in before the adhesive is applied, since the filling can contaminate the application tools.
  • Another problem is the exact cutting of the film after gluing, since protruding film seams impair the visual appearance of the tablet.
  • the object of the present invention was to provide a production process suitable for large-scale production for filled hollow or molded articles of the type described at the outset, which is free from the disadvantages mentioned.
  • the invention relates to a process for the production of detergent tablets by a) producing an open hollow mold (“base tablet”) which has at least one cavity; b) pouring one or more active substances into the liquid, gel, paste or solid form said cavity (s), c) sealing the openings of the (filled) cavities with a film, in which labels are cut out from the film to match the size of the surface of the hollow mold and held in place by means of vacuum, after which the labels are applied to the hollow mold become.
  • base tablet which has at least one cavity
  • c) sealing the openings of the (filled) cavities with a film, in which labels are cut out from the film to match the size of the surface of the hollow mold and held in place by means of vacuum, after which the labels are applied to the hollow mold become.
  • a fillable body is first produced. This is then filled and sealed.
  • the fillable body can preferably be produced from materials which perform a function in the washing or cleaning process, the tableting of active substance mixtures taking on an outstanding role.
  • greater shape variability can result from using materials that do not perform a specific function in the washing or cleaning process.
  • water-soluble or - dispersible polymers are of outstanding importance.
  • additional "ballast" is used is compensated for by the advantage of greater variability in terms of shape and possible ingredients and by a high aesthetic standard.
  • Preferred variants of the method according to the invention are therefore characterized in that the production of the open hollow mold in step a) comprises the compression of a particulate premix to form a compressed part (base molding) which has at least one cavity.
  • a further preferred embodiment are methods according to the invention which are characterized in that the open hollow mold is produced in step a) by deep drawing and / or casting and / or injection molding and / or blow molding of a water-soluble or - dispersible polymer or polymer mixture.
  • the open hollow mold is produced in step a) by pouring a dispersion of solid particles in a dispersant.
  • This dispersion preferably has, based on its total weight, i) 10 to 65% by weight of dispersant and ii) 30 to 90% by weight of dispersed substances.
  • dispersion is a system consisting of several phases, one of which is continuous (dispersant) and at least one other is finely divided (dispersed substances).
  • washing or cleaning agents according to the invention are characterized in that they contain the dispersing agent in amounts above 11% by weight, preferably above 13% by weight, particularly preferably above 15% by weight, very particularly preferably above 17% by weight. and in particular above 19% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the dispersion.
  • compositions according to the invention which have a dispersion with a weight fraction of dispersant above 20% by weight, preferably above 21% by weight and in particular above 22% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the dispersion.
  • the maximum content of dispersants in preferred dispersions according to the invention is preferably less than 63% by weight, preferably less than 57% by weight, particularly preferably less than 52% by weight, very particularly preferably less than 47 % By weight and in particular less than 37% by weight.
  • particular preference is given to those washing or cleaning agents which, based on their total weight, contain dispersing agents in amounts of 12 to 62% by weight, preferably 17 to 49% by weight and in particular 23 to 38% by weight. % contain.
  • Dispersions with a density above 1.040 g / cm 3 are preferably used.
  • Dispersions according to the invention with a density between 1,040 and 1,670 g / cm 3 , preferably between 1, 120 and 1, 610 g / cm 3 , particularly preferably between 1, 210 and 1,570 g / cm 3 are very particularly preferred between 1, 290 and 1, 510 g / cm 3 , and in particular between 1, 340 and 1, 480 g / cm 3 .
  • the information on the density relates in each case to the densities of the dispersions at 20 ° C.
  • the dispersants used are preferably water-soluble or water-dispersible. The solubility of these dispersants at 25 ° C.
  • g / l is preferably more than 200 g / l, preferably more than 300 g / l, particularly preferably more than 400 g / l, very particularly preferably between 430 and 620 g / l and in particular between 470 and 580 g / l.
  • Dispersions which are preferably used according to the invention are distinguished in that they disperse in water (40 ° C.) in less than 12 minutes, preferably in less than 10 minutes, preferably in less than 9 minutes, particularly preferably in less than 8 minutes and in particular in less dissolve as 7 minutes.
  • 20 g of the dispersion are introduced into the interior of a dishwasher (Miele G 646 PLUS).
  • the main wash cycle of a standard wash program (45 ° C) is started.
  • the solubility is determined by measuring the conductivity, which is recorded by a conductivity sensor.
  • the dissolving process ends when the maximum conductivity is reached. In the conductivity diagram, this maximum corresponds to a plateau.
  • the conductivity measurement begins with the insertion of the circulation pump in the main wash cycle.
  • the amount of water used is 5 liters.
  • Suitable dispersants in the context of the present invention are preferably the water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers, in particular the water-soluble or water-dispersible nonionic polymers.
  • the dispersant can be either a single polymer or a mixture of different water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers.
  • the dispersant or at least 50% by weight of the polymer mixture consists of water-soluble or water-dispersible nonionic polymers from the group of polyvinylpyrrolidones, vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl ester copolymers, cellulose ethers, polyvinyl alcohols, polyalkylene glycols, in particular polyethylene glycol and / or polypropylene glycol.
  • Polyalkylene glycols in particular include polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols.
  • Polymers of ethylene glycol which have the general formula III
  • n can take values between 1 (ethylene glycol) and several thousand.
  • polyethylene glycols There are various nomenclatures for polyethylene glycols that can lead to confusion.
  • the specification of the average relative molecular weight following the specification "PEG” is customary in technical terms, so that "PEG 200" characterizes a polyethylene glycol with a relative molecular weight of approximately 190 to approximately 210.
  • a different nomenclature is used for cosmetic ingredients used, in which the abbreviation PEG is provided with a hyphen and directly after the hyphen is followed by a number which corresponds to the number n in the above formula VII.
  • polyethylene glycols are, for example, under the trade name Carbowax ® PEG 200 (Union Carbide), Emkapol ® 200 (ICI Americas), Lipoxol ® 200 MED (Huls America), polyglycol ® E-200 (Dow Chemical), Alkapol ® PEG 300 (Rhone - Poulenc), Lutrol ® E300 (BASF) and the corresponding trade names with higher numbers.
  • the average relative molecular weight of at least one of the dispersants used in the washing or cleaning agents according to the invention, in particular at least one of the poly (alkylene) glycols used is preferably between 200 and 36,000, preferably between 200 and 6000 and particularly preferably between 300 and 5000.
  • Polypropylene glycols are polymers of propylene glycol that have the general formula IV
  • n can take values between 1 (propylene glycol) and several thousand.
  • washing or cleaning agents according to the invention contain a nonionic polymer, preferably a poly (alkylene) glycol, preferably a poly (ethylene) glycol and / or a poly (propylene) glycol, the weight fraction of the poly (ethylene) glycol in the total weight of all dispersants is preferably between 10 and 90% by weight, particularly preferably between 30 and 80% by weight and in particular between 50 and 70% by weight.
  • a nonionic polymer preferably a poly (alkylene) glycol, preferably a poly (ethylene) glycol and / or a poly (propylene) glycol
  • the weight fraction of the poly (ethylene) glycol in the total weight of all dispersants is preferably between 10 and 90% by weight, particularly preferably between 30 and 80% by weight and in particular between 50 and 70% by weight.
  • washing or cleaning agents according to the invention are particularly preferred in which the dispersant comprises more than 92% by weight, preferably more than 94% by weight, particularly preferably more than 96% by weight, very particularly preferably more than 98% %
  • the dispersant comprises more than 92% by weight, preferably more than 94% by weight, particularly preferably more than 96% by weight, very particularly preferably more than 98% %
  • a poly (alkylene) glycol preferably poly (ethylene) glycol and / or poly (propylene) glycol, but in particular poly (ethylene) glycol.
  • Dispersing agents which, in addition to poly (ethylene) glycol, also contain poly (propylene) glycol, preferably have a ratio by weight of poly (ethylene) glycol to poly (propylene) glycol of between 40: 1 and 1: 2, preferably between 20: 1 and 1: 1, particularly preferably between 10: 1 and 1, 5: 1 and in particular between 7: 1 and 2: 1.
  • nonionic surfactants which are used both alone, but particularly preferably in combination with a nonionic polymer.
  • a detailed description of the nonionic surfactants that can be used can be found further below in the description. To avoid repetition, reference is made to this version at this point.
  • washing or cleaning agents according to the invention comprise at least one nonionic surfactant, preferably at least one end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactant, the weight fraction of the nonionic surfactant in the total weight of all dispersants preferably being between 1 and 60% by weight, particularly preferably between 2 and 50% by weight and in particular between 3 and 40% by weight.
  • Washing or cleaning agents according to the invention are particularly preferred, in which the total weight of the nonionic surfactant (s) in relation to the total weight of the agent according to the invention is between 0.5 and 40% by weight, preferably between 1 and 30% by weight, particularly preferably is preferably between 2 and 25 and in particular between 2.5 and 23% by weight.
  • Preferred washing or cleaning agents according to the invention are characterized in that at least one dispersing agent has a melting point above 25 ° C, preferably above 35 ° C and in particular above 40 ° C.
  • Such agents can contain, for example, a dispersing agent with a melting point above 26 ° C or above 30 ° C or 35 ° C or above 42 ° C or above 50 ° C.
  • the use of dispersants with a melting point or melting range between 30 and 80 ° C., preferably between 35 and 75 ° C., particularly preferably between 40 and 70 ° C. and in particular between 45 and 65 ° C. is particularly preferred, these dispersants based on the total weight of the dispersants used, a weight fraction above 10% by weight, preferably above 40% by weight, particularly preferably above 70% by weight and in particular between 80 and 100% by weight.
  • Preferred agents according to the invention are dimensionally stable at 20 ° C.
  • Agents according to the invention are considered to be dimensionally stable if they have an inherent dimensional stability which enables them to assume a non-disintegrating spatial shape under the usual conditions of manufacture, storage, transport and handling by the consumer, this spatial shape also taking on under the conditions mentioned longer time, preferably 4 weeks, particularly preferably 8 weeks and in particular 32 weeks, not changed, that is to say the usual conditions of manufacture, storage, transport and handling by the consumer remain in the spatial-geometrical form resulting from the manufacture, that is, do not melt.
  • the washing or cleaning agents according to the invention contain at least one dispersing agent with a melting point below 15 ° C., preferably below 12 ° C. and in particular below 8 ° C.
  • Particularly preferred dispersants have a melting range between 2 and 14 ° C., in particular between 4 and 10 ° C.
  • Suitable dispersed substances in the context of the present application are all substances which are active in washing or cleaning at room temperature, but in particular substances which are active in washing or cleaning from the group of builders (builders and cobuides), the active or cleaning polymers, the bleaching agents and the bleach activators , the glass corrosion protection agent, the silver protection agent and / or the enzymes.
  • Agents preferred according to the invention are characterized in that the dispersed substances, based on their total weight, are at least 20% by weight, preferably at least 30% by weight, particularly preferably at least 40% by weight and in particular at least 50% by weight of builders and / or contain bleaching agents and / or bleach activators and / or washing- or cleaning-active polymers and / or glass corrosion protection agents and / or silver protection agents and / or enzymes.
  • Particularly preferred agents according to the invention consist of at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 92% by weight, preferably at least 94% by weight, particularly preferably at least 96% by weight, particularly preferably at least 98% by weight and most preferably at least 99.5% by weight in addition to the abovementioned preferred dispersants, furthermore exclusively composed of builders and / or bleaching agents and / or bleach activators and / or polymers which are active in washing or cleaning and / or glass corrosion protection agents and / or silver protection agents and / or enzymes ,
  • open hollow molds which have at least one cavity are produced in the first step of the method according to the invention.
  • the open hollow molds according to the invention can also be designed in such a way that they have a plurality of cavities which are filled in succession or simultaneously with the same or with different active substances.
  • Process step a) is explained below using the preferred process variant for producing tablets with cavities: It has proven to be advantageous if the premix pressed into basic shaped bodies in step a) meets certain physical criteria. Preferred processes are characterized, for example, in that the particulate premix in step a) has a bulk density of at least 500 g / l, preferably at least 600 g / l and in particular at least 700 g / l.
  • the particle size of the premix pressed in step a) preferably also meets certain criteria: Methods in which the particulate premix in step a) has particle sizes between 100 and 2000 ⁇ m, preferably between 200 and 1800 ⁇ m, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 ⁇ m and in particular between 600 and 1400 // m, are preferred according to the invention. A further narrowed particle size in the premixes to be pressed can be adjusted in order to obtain advantageous molded body properties. In preferred variants for the method according to the invention, the particulate premix pressed in step a) has a particle size distribution in which less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 7.5% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight of the Particles are larger than 1600 microns or smaller than 200 microns.
  • Narrower particle size distributions are further preferred here.
  • Particularly advantageous process variants are characterized in that the particulate premix pressed in step a) has a particle size distribution in which more than 30% by weight, preferably more than 40% by weight and in particular more than 50% by weight of the particles have a particle size between 600 and 1000 ⁇ m.
  • process step a) When carrying out process step a), the process according to the invention is not restricted to the fact that only a particulate premix is pressed into a shaped body. Rather, process step a) can also be expanded to the effect that multilayered molded articles are produced in a manner known per se by preparing two or more premixes which are pressed onto one another. In this case, the premix which has been filled in first is slightly pre-pressed in order to obtain a smooth top surface which runs parallel to the base of the molding, and is finally pressed to give the finished molding after the second premix has been poured in.
  • step a) multilayered moldings which have a trough are produced in a manner known per se by a plurality of different particulate premixes on top of one another be pressed.
  • step a) the moldings according to the invention are first produced by dry mixing the constituents, which may be wholly or partially pregranulated, and then providing them, in particular pressing them into tablets, in which case conventional methods can be used.
  • the premix is compacted in a so-called die between two punches to form a solid compressed product.
  • This process which is briefly referred to below as tableting, is divided into four sections: metering, compression (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection.
  • the premix is introduced into the die, the filling quantity and thus the weight and the shape of the molding being formed being determined by the position of the lower punch and the shape of the pressing tool.
  • the constant metering, even at high molding throughputs, is preferably achieved by volumetric metering of the premix.
  • the upper punch touches the premix and lowers further towards the lower punch.
  • the particles of the premix are pressed closer together, the void volume within the filling between the punches continuously decreasing. From a certain position of the upper punch (and thus from a certain pressure on the premix), the plastic deformation begins, in which the particles flow together and the molded body is formed.
  • the premix particles are also crushed and sintering of the premix occurs at even higher pressures.
  • the phase of elastic deformation is shortened further and further, so that the resulting shaped bodies can have more or less large cavities.
  • the finished molded body is pressed out of the die by the lower punch and transported away by subsequent transport devices. At this point in time, only the weight of the molded body is finally determined, since the compacts can still change their shape and size due to physical processes (stretching, crystallographic effects, cooling, etc.).
  • Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only is the upper stamp used to build up pressure, the lower stamp also moves towards the upper stamp during the pressing process, while the upper stamp presses down.
  • eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the stamp or stamps are fastened to an eccentric disc, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these rams is comparable to that of a conventional four-stroke engine.
  • the compression can be with an upper and Lower punches are made, but several punches can also be attached to one eccentric disk, the number of die holes being correspondingly increased.
  • the throughputs of eccentric presses vary depending on the type from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.
  • rotary tablet presses are selected in which a larger number of matrices are arranged in a circle on a so-called die table.
  • the number of matrices varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger matrices are also commercially available.
  • Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower punch, with the pressure again being able to be built up actively only by the upper or lower punch, but also by both stamps.
  • the die table and the stamps move about a common vertical axis, the stamps being brought into the positions for filling, compression, plastic deformation and ejection by means of rail-like curved tracks during the rotation.
  • these cam tracks are supported by additional low-pressure pieces, low-tension rails and lifting tracks.
  • the die is filled via a rigidly arranged feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is connected to a storage container for the premix.
  • the pressing pressure on the premix can be individually adjusted via the pressing paths for the upper and lower punches, the pressure being built up by rolling the punch shaft heads past adjustable pressure rollers.
  • Rotary presses can also be provided with two filling shoes to increase the throughput, only a semicircle having to be run through to produce a tablet.
  • several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the slightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling.
  • jacket and dot tablets can also be produced in this way, which have an onion-shell-like structure, the top side of the core or the core layers not being covered in the case of the dot tablets and thus remaining visible.
  • Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used simultaneously for pressing.
  • the throughputs of modern rotary tablet presses are over one million tablets per hour.
  • Processes preferred in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the pressing in step a) is carried out at pressures of from 0.01 to 50 kNcm “2 , preferably from 0.1 to 40 kNcm “ 2 and in particular from 1 to 25 kNcm " 2 is done.
  • Tableting machines suitable in the context of the present invention are available, for example, from the companies Apparatebau Holzwarth GbR, Asperg, Wilhelm Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, IMAmaschinessysteme GmbH Viersen, KILIAN, Cologne, KOMAGE, Kell am See, KORSCH Pressen AG, Berlin, and Romaco GmbH, Worms.
  • Other providers include Dr. Herbert Pete, Vienna (AU), Mapag Maschinenbau AG, Bern (CH), BWI Manesty, Liverpool (GB), I. Holand Ltd., Nottingham (GB), Courtoy NV, Halle (BE / LU) and Mediopharm Kamnik (Sl ).
  • the hydraulic double pressure press HPF 630 from LAEIS, D. Tablettierwerkmaschinee are from the companies Adams Tablettierwerkmaschinee, Dresden, Wilhelm Fett GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Klaus Hammer, Solingen, Herber% Söhne GmbH, Hamburg, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack, Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, Ritter Pharamatechnik GmbH, Hamburg, Romaco, GmbH, Worms and Notter diarrheabau, Tamm available.
  • Other providers include Senss AG, Reinach (CH) and Medicopharm, Kamnik (Sl).
  • the cavity in the molded body produced in step a) can have any shape. It can cut through the molded part, i.e. have an opening on the top and bottom of the molded body, but it can also be a cavity that does not extend through the entire molded body, the opening of which is only visible on one side of the molded body.
  • the shaped bodies produced according to the invention can assume any geometric shape, in particular concave, convex, biconcave, biconvex, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, cylindrical, spherical, segment-like, disk-shaped, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, octahedral, conical, pyramidal, ellipsoidal, five-, seven- - and octagonal prismatic and rhombohedral shapes are preferred. Completely irregular base areas such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds, etc. can also be realized. If the shaped bodies according to the invention have corners and edges, they are preferably rounded. As an additional optical differentiation, an embodiment with rounded corners and beveled (“gripped”) edges is preferred.
  • the moldings produced according to the invention can also be produced in multiple phases.
  • two-layer moldings have proven particularly useful here.
  • the shape of the cavity can also be freely selected within wide limits, regardless of the choice of the manufacturing process in step a). For reasons of process economy, through-holes, the openings of which lie on opposite surfaces of the shaped bodies, and troughs with an opening on one side of the shaped body have proven successful.
  • the cavity has the shape of a through hole, the openings of which are located on two opposing tablet surfaces.
  • the shape of such a through hole can be chosen freely, with molded bodies being preferred in which the through hole has circular, elliptical, triangular, rectangular, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal or octagonal horizontal sections.
  • Completely irregular hole shapes such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds, etc. can also be realized.
  • shaped bodies those with rounded corners and edges or with rounded corners and touched edges are preferred in the case of angular holes.
  • the geometric implementation forms mentioned above can be combined with one another as desired. Shaped bodies with a rectangular or square base and circular holes can be produced as well as round shaped bodies with octagonal holes, whereby there are no limits to the variety of possible combinations.
  • molded articles with a hole are particularly preferred in which the molded article base area and the hole cross section have the same geometric shape, for example molded articles with a square base area and a centrally incorporated square hole. Ring moldings, ie circular moldings with a circular hole, are particularly preferred.
  • the moldings produced according to the invention can also assume any geometric shape in this embodiment, in particular concave, convex, biconcave, biconvex, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, cylindrical, spherical, segment-like, disk-shaped, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, octahedral, conical, pyramidal, ellipsoidal, pentagonal, hexagonal and octagonal prismatic as well as rhombohedral shapes are preferred, and completely irregular base areas such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds etc. can be realized, if the molded body has corners and edges, these are preferred.
  • an embodiment with rounded corners and beveled (“
  • the shape of the trough can also be chosen freely, preference being given to moldings in which at least one trough has a concave, convex, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, cylindrical, spherical, segment-like, disc-shaped, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, octahedral, conical, pyramidal, ellipsoidal , pentagonal, hexagonal and octagonal prismatic and rhombohedral shape.
  • Completely irregular trough shapes such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds, etc. can also be realized.
  • troughs with rounded corners and edges or with rounded corners and chamfered edges are preferred.
  • Trough shapes as described in German patent application DE 198 22 973 A1 (Henkel KGaA), to which express reference is made, are particularly preferred.
  • the size of the trough or the through hole in comparison to the entire molded article depends on the intended use of the molded article. Depending on whether the cavity should be filled with additional active substance and whether a smaller or larger amount the size of the cavity may vary. Regardless of the intended use, detergent tablets are preferred in which the volume ratio of molded article to cavity is 2: 1 to 100: 1, preferably 3: 1 to 80: 1, particularly preferably 4: 1 to 50: 1 and in particular 5: 1 to 30: 1.
  • the volume ratio is calculated from the volume of the finished molded body according to the invention, ie the molded body which has the cavity which is closed with the film and the volume of the cavity. The difference between the two volumes results in the volume of the molded body with a cavity in which the cavity is not closed with film.
  • the volume of this “basic shaped body” is 22 cm 3. This is for calculating the ratio
  • the volume used is 24 cm 3 , since the trough is closed with film and thus an orthorhombic molded body without a trough is present on the outside, so in this example the ratio of the volumes is 12: 1.
  • volume ratios molded body cavity below 2: 1
  • the instability of the walls can increase, which of course can also be realized according to the invention.
  • detergent tablets are preferred, in which the area of the opening (s) of the cavity (s) constitutes 1 to 25%, preferably 2 to 20%, particularly preferably 3 to 15% and in particular 4 to 10% of the total surface of the molded body.
  • the total surface of the molded body again corresponds to the total surface of the molded body with a closed cavity, in So the above example regardless of the opening area of the trough 52 cm 2.
  • the opening (s) of the cavity in such an exemplary molded body in preferred embodiments of the present invention thus have an area of 0.52 to 13 cm 2 , preferably of 1.04 up to 10.4 cm 2 , particularly preferably 1.56 to 7.8 cm 2 and in particular 2.08 to 5.2 cm 2 .
  • step b) the cavity is filled with active substance (s), active substance mixtures or active substance preparations.
  • active substance s
  • active substance mixtures active substance preparations.
  • the cavity has more than one opening, it is expedient from a procedural point of view to close the second, third and any further openings in order to make the filling technically simpler in this way.
  • step a) If the cavity of the molded body produced in step a) has more than one opening, it is preferred to carry out the optional step b) - the filling - only after step (c) has been (nl) carried out once the number of openings n is.
  • the Closing the last opening then corresponds to carrying out process step c) for the last time, which can be followed by further steps.
  • the moldings produced according to the invention consist of a base molding which has one or more cavities, film (s) which close / seal these cavities and optionally active substance (s) contained in the cavity (s).
  • the film materials and preferred physical parameters of the films are described below.
  • ingredients of the base molding which can at the same time be active substances contained in the cavity, and a list of preferred physical parameters for the base molding and filling of the cavity.
  • the solubility of the filling of the cavity can be accelerated in a targeted manner, on the other hand, the release of certain ingredients from this filling can lead to advantages in the washing or cleaning process.
  • Ingredients that are preferably located at least partially in the cavity are, for example, the surfactants, enzymes, soil-release polymers, builders, bleaching agents, bleach activators, bleaching catalysts, optical brighteners, silver preservatives, etc. described below.
  • the base molding has a high specific weight.
  • Detergent tablets which are characterized in that the base tablet has a density above 1000 kgdm “3 , preferably above 1025 kgdm “ 3 , particularly preferably above 1050 kgdm “3 and in particular above 1100 kgdm “ 3 , are according to the invention prefers.
  • Process step a) is explained below on the basis of the second preferred process variant of producing the open hollow mold by deep drawing and / or casting and / or injection molding and / or blow molding of a water-soluble or dispersible polymer or polymer mixture:
  • the melt leaving the extruder is blow molded.
  • Blow molding methods suitable according to the invention include extrusion blow molding, coextrusion blow molding, injection stretch blow molding and immersion blowing.
  • the wall thicknesses of the moldings can be produced differently in some areas by means of blow molding, by the wall thicknesses of the preform, preferably along its vertical axis, are correspondingly of different thicknesses, preferably by regulating the amount of thermoplastic material, preferably by means of an adjusting spindle when the preform is removed from the extruder nozzle.
  • the powder-filled or liquid-filled solid can be blow-molded with areas of different outer circumference and constant wall thickness by changing the wall thicknesses of the preform, preferably along its vertical axis, with different thicknesses, preferably by regulating the amount of thermoplastic material by means of an adjusting spindle when the preform is removed from the extruder nozzle.
  • bottles, balls, Santa Clauses, Easter bunnies or other figures can be blow molded, which can be filled with agents.
  • the molded body can be embossed and / or decorated in the blow mold during blow molding.
  • a motif can be transferred to the molded body in mirror image.
  • the surface of the molded body can be designed practically as desired. For example, information such as calibration marks, application instructions, hazard symbols, brands, weight, filling quantity, expiry date, pictures, etc. can be applied to the molded body in this way.
  • the preform and / or the hollow body can be tubular, spherical or bubble-shaped.
  • the shape factor in the sense of the present invention can be precisely determined using modern particle measurement techniques with digital image processing.
  • a common method is, for example, the Camsizer® system from Retsch Technology or the KeSizer® from Kemira. These methods are based on the fact that the bodies are irradiated with a light source and the shaped bodies are recorded, digitized and processed by computer technology as projection surfaces.
  • the surface curvature is determined by an optical measuring method in which the “shadow cast” of the body to be examined is determined and converted into a corresponding form factor.
  • the basic principle for determining the form factor was described, for example, by Gordon Rittenhouse in “A Visual method of estimating two -dimensional sphericity "in the Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pages 79-81 described.
  • the measuring limits of this optical analysis method are 15 ⁇ m to 90 mm.
  • Methods for determining the shape factor for larger particles are known to the person skilled in the art. These are usually based on the principles of
  • the walls of the hollow bodies produced by blow molding have a wall thickness of between 0.05 and 5 mm, preferably between 0.06 and 2 mm, preferably between 0.07 and 1.5 mm, more preferably between 0.08 and 1 , 2 mm, more preferably between 0.09-1 mm and most preferably between 0.1-0.6 mm.
  • the filling opening of the hollow body after filling can be closed in a liquid-tight manner in step c), it being preferred to provide corresponding edges around the filling opening during the blow molding.
  • the melt of water-soluble polymer blend leaving the extruder is shaped by means of an injection molding process.
  • the injection molding is carried out according to methods known per se at high pressures and temperatures with the steps of closing the mold connected to the extruder for injection molding, injecting the polymer at high temperature and high pressure, cooling the injection-molded molding, opening the mold and removing the molded blank , Further optional steps such as the application of release agents, demolding etc. are known to the person skilled in the art and can be carried out using technology known per se.
  • injection molding is carried out at up to 5000 bar, preferably between 2 and 2500 bar, particularly preferably between 5 and 2000 bar, more preferably between 10 and 1500 and in particular between 100 and 1250 bar.
  • the temperature of the material to be injection molded is preferably above the melting or softening point of the material and thus also depends on the type and composition of the polymer blend. In preferred methods according to the invention injection molded at temperatures between 100 and 250 ° C, preferably between 120 and 200 ° C and in particular between 140 and 180 ° C.
  • the tools that hold the materials are preferably preheated and have temperatures above room temperature, temperatures between 25 and 60 ° C. and in particular from 35 to 50 ° C. being preferred.
  • the thickness of the wall can be varied.
  • the wall should be chosen so thin that rapid dissolution or disintegration is achieved and the ingredients are quickly released into the application liquor, but a certain minimum thickness is also required in order to give the hollow shape the desired stability, in particular shape stability.
  • Preferred wall thicknesses of injection molded articles are in the range from 100 to 5000 ⁇ m, preferably from 200 to 3000 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 300 to 2000 ⁇ m and in particular from 500 to 1500 ⁇ m.
  • the molded body produced by injection molding regularly does not have closed walls on all sides and is open on at least one of its sides - in the case of a spherical or elliptical body in the region of part of its shell - due to the production process.
  • a compartment or preparation (s) is / are filled into the compartment (s) formed in the interior of the molded body. This also takes place in a manner known per se, for example in the context of production processes known from the confectionery industry; Procedures that run in several steps are also conceivable.
  • a one-step procedure is particularly preferred if, in addition to solid preparations, preparations (dispersions or emulsions, suspensions) comprising liquid components or even preparations (foams) comprising gaseous components are to be introduced into moldings.
  • a film made of the appropriate material is placed over a mold which has depressions, heated if necessary and then drawn into the depression by means of negative pressure.
  • the film can be pressed into the mold by applying pressure from the top or by means of a stamp.
  • Preferred wall thicknesses of deep-drawn moldings are in the range from 100 to 5000 ⁇ m, preferably from 200 to 3000 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 300 to 2000 ⁇ m and in particular from 500 to 1500 ⁇ m.
  • the hollow bodies preferably have edges on which the labels can be applied in the later process step. The width of these edges is preferably at least 2 mm.
  • All polymers that can also be used for the sealing film can be considered as materials for the hollow bodies made of water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers. These are described below.
  • the hollow mold can be produced in step a) of the process according to the invention by casting water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers or polymer mixtures or dispersions.
  • the hollow mold in step a) can be produced using different techniques.
  • a flowable mixture is poured into an appropriate form. If you let the mixture solidify there, you would get a compact body, not a hollow shape. Appropriate process control can ensure that the mixture first solidifies on the wall of the mold. If the mold is turned over after a certain time t, the excess mixture flows off and leaves a lining of the mold, which itself is a hollow mold, which can be removed from the mold after complete solidification.
  • Another preferred subject of the present application is therefore a process for the production of detergent tablets, in which to produce the open hollow mold: a) a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer or polymer mixture or a water-soluble or water-dispersible dispersion is poured into the cavity of a mold and b) the cavity is turned over and the excess polymer or polymer mixture or excess dispersion is poured out.
  • the mold is preferably turned after a time t between 0 and 20 minutes, preferably after a time t between 1 and 17 minutes, particularly preferably after a time between 2 and 14 minutes, very particularly preferably between 3 and 11 minutes and especially between 4 and 8 minutes.
  • the cavity can only be partially filled.
  • the water-soluble or water-dispersible In these cases, the polymer or polymer mixture or the water-soluble or water-dispersible dispersion is pressed with a suitable stamp against the wall of the cavity, where it solidifies to form the hollow body.
  • This process variant represents an intermediate form between the "casting technique" and the casting technique in negative forms of the hollow body.
  • Corresponding methods for producing hollow molds comprising the steps: a) pouring a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer or polymer mixture or a water-soluble or water-dispersible dispersion into the cavity of a mold; b) displacing the polymer or polymer mixture or the dispersion by means of a stamp; are particularly preferred in the context of the present application.
  • a cooled stamp is used, the temperature of this cooled stamp preferably being between 5 and 20 ° C., particularly preferably between 8 and 19 ° C., very particularly preferably between 11 and 18 ° C. and in particular between 14 and 17 ° C.
  • the methods described above are particularly suitable for producing hollow molds which have a shape without undercuts, i.e. have the shape of a "shell", i.e. an opening area which corresponds to the largest horizontal cross-sectional area.
  • These "shells” can be filled and optionally closed.
  • the person skilled in the art has no limits in the selection. From the hemisphere to angular ("cardboard-like" shells to complicated structures with a pronounced surface structure (e.g. in the form of nutshells or animal shapes), all hollow shapes can be produced.
  • the noses or edges of solidified washing or cleaning active preparation hanging out of the mold are cut or scraped off by knives and / or removed with a roller from the hollow molds produced by turning or displacing.
  • heated knives or scrapers or rollers are used for cutting or scraping or rolling.
  • the temperature of these heated knives, scrapers or rollers is preferably at least 35 ° C., preferably at least 45 ° C. and in particular between 50 and 90 ° C.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the present invention therefore provides a method for producing washing - Or detergent tablets, in which the hollow molds are produced in step a) by: a) a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer or polymer mixture or a water-soluble or water-dispersible dispersion in a closable double is cast in a mold and b) the double mold is moved for a time between 0 and 20 minutes are particularly preferred in the context of the present application.
  • the open hollow bodies are produced by tableting or by other processes, they are filled with active substance (s) in step b) of the process according to the invention.
  • active substance for example dyes, enzymes, optical brighteners, redispersants, complexing agents etc., so-called small components, but the main amount of the active substance will be in the Filling.
  • the preferred ingredients of the base tablet are shown below.
  • all of the substances mentioned can also be part of the filling - when the hollow mold is made from water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers, the majority of the substances mentioned below will be in the filling.
  • the information below is therefore to be understood as “basic shaped body and / or filling”.
  • Detergent tablets which are preferably produced in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the base tablet has builders in amounts of from 1 to 100% by weight, preferably from 5 to 95% by weight, particularly preferably from Contains 10 to 90 wt .-% and in particular from 20 to 85 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the base molding.
  • the detergent tablets produced according to the invention can contain all of the builders customarily used in detergents and cleaning agents, in particular thus zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic cobuilders and, where there are no ecological prejudices against their use, also the phosphates.
  • Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi x ⁇ 2 ⁇ + ⁇ ⁇ 2 0, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1, 9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4.
  • Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3.
  • both ⁇ - and ⁇ -sodium disilicates Na 2 Si 2 0 5 "yH 2 0 are preferred.
  • the delay in dissolution compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying.
  • the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”.
  • silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle.
  • Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.
  • Detergent tablets produced in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the base tablet silicate (s), preferably alkali silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous alkali disilicates, in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 50% by weight .-% and in particular from 20 to 40 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the base molding.
  • the finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite used is preferably zeolite A and / or P.
  • zeolite P zeolite MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred.
  • zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P are also suitable.
  • the zeolite can be used both as a builder in a granular compound and can also be used for a kind of "powdering" of the entire mixture to be compressed, usually using both ways of incorporating the zeolite into the premix.
  • Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.
  • the alkali metal phosphates with particular preference for pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), have the greatest importance in the detergent and cleaning agent industry.
  • Alkali metal phosphates is the summary name for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HP0 3 ) n and orthophosphoric acid H P0 4 in addition to higher molecular weight representatives.
  • the phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts and lime incrustations in fabrics and also contribute to cleaning performance.
  • Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH 2 P0 exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91, preferably “3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04, preferably " 3 ). Both salts are white powders, which are very easily soluble in water, lose the water of crystallization when heated and at 200 ° C into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na 2 H 2 P 2 0 7 ), at higher temperature in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na 3 P 3 ⁇ 9 ) and Maddrell's salt (see below).
  • NaH 2 P0 4 is acidic; it arises when phosphoric acid is adjusted to a pH of 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed.
  • Potassium dihydrogen phosphate primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP
  • KH 2 P0 is a white salt with a density of 2.33 like "3" a melting point of 253 ° [decomposes to form potassium polyphosphate (KP0 3 ) ⁇ J and is easily soluble in water.
  • Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na 2 HP0, is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gladly “3 , water loss at 95 °), 7 mol. (Density 1, 68 gladly “ 3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H 2 0) and 12 mol. Water ( Density 1, 52 like “3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H 2 0), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na 4 P 2 0 7 when heated more.
  • Disodium hydrogen phosphate is lost by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution Using phenolphthalein as an indicator Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K 2 HP0 4 , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.
  • Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na 3 P0 are colorless crystals which like dodecahydrate have a density of 1.62 "3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P 2 0 5 ) have a melting point of 100 ° C and in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P 2 0 5 ) a density of 2.536 like "3 .
  • Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH.
  • Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K 3 P0, is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 '3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. It arises, for example, when Thomas slag is heated with coal and potassium sulfate. Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.
  • Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na 4 P 2 0 7 , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like “3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1, 815-1, 836 like " 3 , melting point 94 ° with water loss). Substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na 4 P 2 0 7 is formed by heating disodium phosphate to> 200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dewatering the solution by spraying. The decahydrate complexes heavy detail salts and hardness formers and therefore reduces the hardness of the water.
  • Potassium diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K 4 P 2 0 7 , exists in the form of the trihydrate and is a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 '3 , which is soluble in water, the pH being 1% Solution at 25 ° is 10.4. Condensation of NaH 2 P0 or KH 2 P0 4 produces higher mols.
  • Sodium and potassium phosphates in which one can differentiate cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.
  • About 17 g of the salt of water free of water of crystallization dissolve in 100 g of water at room temperature, about 20 g at 60 ° and around 32 g at 100 °; after heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate.
  • pentasodium triphosphate In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K 5 P 3 O 10 (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% by weight solution (> 23% P 2 0 5 , 25% K 2 0). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can also be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:
  • these can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; Mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can also be used according to the invention.
  • Detergent tablets preferably produced in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the base tablet phosphate (s), preferably alkali metal phosphate (s), particularly preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of 20 to 80 % By weight, preferably from 25 to 75% by weight and in particular from 30 to 70% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the base molding.
  • Alkali carriers can be present as further constituents.
  • alkali carriers are alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates, alkali metal sesquicarbonates, the alkali silicates mentioned, alkali metal silicates, and mixtures of the abovementioned substances, the alkali metal carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or sodium sesquicate, preferably being used for the purposes of this invention.
  • a builder system containing a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate is particularly preferred.
  • a builder system containing a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate and sodium disilicate is also particularly preferred.
  • the base tablet contains carbonate (s) and / or hydrogen carbonate (s), preferably alkali carbonates, particularly preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 5 to 50% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 40% by weight. -% and in particular from 10 to 30 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the base molding.
  • carbonate (s) and / or hydrogen carbonate (s) preferably alkali carbonates, particularly preferably sodium carbonate
  • Organic cobuilders which can be used in the detergent tablets according to the invention are, in particular, polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates. These classes of substances are described below.
  • Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function.
  • these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), as long as such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these.
  • Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.
  • the acids themselves can also be used.
  • the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH value of detergents or cleaning agents.
  • Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.
  • Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders; these are, for example, the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.
  • the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M w of the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UV detector being used.
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • the measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship to the polymers investigated. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard.
  • the molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.
  • Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates with molecular weights from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.
  • copolymeric polycarboxylates in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid.
  • Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable.
  • Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol.
  • the (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution.
  • the content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.
  • the polymers can also contain allylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.
  • allylsulfonic acids such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.
  • Biodegradable polymers of more than two different monomer units are also particularly preferred, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers , Further preferred copolymers are those which preferably have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.
  • polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids their salts or their precursor substances.
  • Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred which, in addition to cobuilder properties, also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.
  • polyacetals which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups.
  • Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and mixtures thereof and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.
  • dextrins for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches.
  • the hydrolysis can be carried out by customary, for example acid or enzyme-catalyzed, processes. They are preferably hydrolysis products with average molar masses in the range from 400 to 500,000 g / mol.
  • DE dextrose equivalent
  • the oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function.
  • a product oxidized at C 6 of the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.
  • Ethylene diamine N, N'-disuccinate (EDDS) is preferably used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts.
  • Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are also preferred in this context.
  • Suitable amounts used in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate are 3 to 15% by weight.
  • Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxyl group and a maximum of two acid groups.
  • phosphonates are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or aminoalkane phosphonates.
  • hydroxyalkane phosphonates 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder.
  • HEDP 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate
  • Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher homologues. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B.
  • HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates.
  • the aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it may be preferred, particularly if the agents also contain bleach, to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.
  • the amount of builder is usually between 10 and 70% by weight, preferably between 15 and 60% by weight and in particular between 20 and 50% by weight, in each case based on the base molding.
  • the amount of builders used depends on the intended use, so that bleach tablets can have higher amounts of builders (for example between 20 and 70% by weight, preferably between 25 and 65% by weight and in particular between 30 and 55% by weight) ), for example detergent tablets (usually 10 to 50% by weight, preferably 12.5 to 45% by weight and in particular between 17.5 and 37.5% by weight).
  • the substances mentioned from the group of builders and cobuilders can of course be part of the compositions contained in the cavity.
  • Detergent tablets preferably produced furthermore contain one or more surfactant (s).
  • Anionic, nonionic, cationic and / or amphoteric can be used in the detergent tablets produced according to the invention Surfactants or mixtures of these are used. From an application point of view, preference is given to mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants for detergent tablets and nonionic surfactants for detergent tablets.
  • the total surfactant content of the tablets is 5 to 60% by weight, based on the tablet weight, with surfactant contents above 15% by weight being preferred, while detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing are preferably below 5% by weight surfactant (e ) contain.
  • Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type.
  • Preferred surfactants of the sulfonate type are C 9 . 13 -Alkylbenzolsul- sulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkane sulfonates, and the disulfonates obtained, for example _ ⁇ 8 monoolefins with terminal or internal double bond, obtained from C 12 by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation into consideration.
  • Alkanesulfonates made from for example by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation with subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization.
  • the esters of ⁇ -sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the ⁇ -sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.
  • sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters.
  • Fatty acid glycerol esters are to be understood as meaning the mono-, di- and triesters and their mixtures as obtained in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles of glycerol.
  • Preferred sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfonation products of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.
  • the alk (en) yl sulfates are the alkali and in particular the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid half esters of C 12 -C 18 fatty alcohols, for example from coconut fatty alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C 10 -C 20 oxo alcohols and those half-esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned, which contain a synthetic, petrochemical-based straight-chain alkyl radical which have a degradation behavior analogous to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials.
  • C 12 -C 16 alkyl sulfates and C 12 -C 15 alkyl sulfates as well as C 4 -C 15 alkyl sulfates are preferred from the point of view of washing technology.
  • 2,3-alkyl sulfates which are produced for example according to US Pat. Nos. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and as Commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ® are suitable anionic surfactants.
  • the Schwefelkladmonoester the ethoxylated with 1 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide, linear or branched C 7 - 2 rAlkohole such as 2-methyl-branched C 9 n-alcohols containing on average 3.5 mol ethylene oxide (EO) or C 12 8 - ⁇ - Fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols.
  • Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C 8 .i 8 fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof.
  • Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue, which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below).
  • sulfosuccinates the fatty alcohol residues of which are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution, are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.
  • Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants.
  • Saturated fatty acid soaps are suitable, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid, and in particular from natural fatty acids, e.g. Coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, derived soap mixtures.
  • the anionic surfactants can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine.
  • the anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.
  • the nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol residue can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
  • EO ethylene oxide
  • alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues from alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or Oieyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred.
  • the preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C 12 . 14 - Alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C 9 . ⁇ alcohol with 7 EO, C 13 . 15 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C 12 . 18 alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C 12 . 4 -alcohol with 3 EO and C 12 . ⁇ 8 -alcohol with 5 EO.
  • the degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product.
  • Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE).
  • fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples include tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.
  • alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R denotes a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose.
  • the degree of oligomerization x which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4.
  • nonionic surfactants which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated, fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl esters, as they are are described, for example, in Japanese patent application JP 58/217598 or which are preferably produced by the process described in international patent application WO-A-90/13533.
  • Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable.
  • the amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.
  • Suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula (I),
  • the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.
  • the group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula (II)
  • R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms
  • R 1 represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R 2 represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxy-alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with C 4 alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred and [Z] being a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated, derivatives of this rest.
  • [Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose.
  • a reduced sugar for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose.
  • the N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then, for example according to the teaching of international application WO-A-95/07331, be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.
  • detergent tablets which contain anionic (s) and nonionic (s) surfactant (s) are preferred in the production of detergent tablets, application-specific advantages being able to result from certain quantitative ratios in which the individual classes of surfactants are used ,
  • detergent tablets produced according to the invention are particularly preferred in which the ratio of anionic surfactant (s) to nonionic surfactant (s) is between 10: 1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5: 1 and 1: 5 and in particular between 5 : 1 and 1: 2 is.
  • the surfactant (s), preferably anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s) in amounts of 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 35% by weight .-%, particularly preferably from 10 to 30 wt .-% and in particular from 12.5 to 25 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the moldings.
  • a further important embodiment of the present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the shaped body is free from nonionic surfactants.
  • the content of individual phases or the entire molded body i.e. all phases, a positive effect can be achieved on certain surfactants.
  • the introduction of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has proven to be advantageous, so that detergent tablets are preferred in which at least one phase of the tablets contains alkyl polyglycosides.
  • detergent tablets preferably to be produced as detergent tablets are characterized in that the base tablet has total surfactant contents below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight and in particular below of 2% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the base molding.
  • the base tablet has total surfactant contents below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight and in particular below of 2% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the base molding.
  • nonionic surfactants are used as surfactants in automatic dishwashing detergents.
  • representatives from the groups of anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants are of lesser importance.
  • the detergent tablets according to the invention for machine dishwashing particularly preferably contain nonionic surfactants, in particular nonionic surfactants from the group of the alkoxylated alcohols.
  • the nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical is linear or preferred can be methyl-branched in the 2-position or can contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
  • EO ethylene oxide
  • alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred.
  • the preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C 12 . 14 - alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C 9 . ⁇ alcohol with 7 EO, C 13 .
  • the detergent tablets contain a nonionic surfactant which has a melting point above room temperature.
  • at least one of the deformable compositions in the process according to the invention preferably contains a nonionic surfactant with a melting point above 20 ° C.
  • Nonionic surfactants to be used preferably have melting points above 25 ° C, particularly preferred nonionic surfactants have melting points between 25 and 60 ° C, in particular between 26.6 and 43.3 ° C.
  • Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which can be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If highly viscous nonionic surfactants are used at room temperature, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pas, preferably above 35 Pas and in particular above 40 Pas. Nonionic surfactants that have a waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred.
  • Preferred nonionic surfactants to be used at room temperature originate from the groups of the alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular the ethoxylated primary alcohols and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally more complicated surfactants such as polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene (PO / EO / PO) surfactants.
  • Such (PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.
  • the nonionic surfactant with a melting point above room temperature is an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant which is derived from the Reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol with 6 to 20 carbon atoms with preferably at least 12 moles, particularly preferably at least 15 moles, in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol.
  • a particularly preferred solid at room temperature, non-ionic surfactant is selected from a straight chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (C 16th 20 alcohol), preferably a C 18 alcohol and at least 12 mole, preferably at least 15 mol and recovered in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide , Among these, the so-called “narrow ranks ethoxylates" (see above) are particularly preferred.
  • the nonionic surfactant which is solid at room temperature, preferably has additional propylene oxide units in the molecule.
  • Such PO units preferably make up up to 25% by weight, particularly preferably up to 20% by weight and in particular up to 15% by weight of the total molar mass of the nonionic surfactant.
  • Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units.
  • the alcohol or alkylphenol part of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably makes up more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molar mass of such nonionic surfactants.
  • nonionic surfactants with melting points above room temperature contain 40 to 70% of a polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blend which comprises 75% by weight of an inverted block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 mol of ethylene oxide and 44 mol of propylene oxide and 25% by weight.
  • Nonionic surfactants which can be used with particular preference are available, for example, from the company Olin Chemicals under the name Poly Tergent® SLF-18.
  • Another preferred surfactant can be represented by the formula
  • R 1 represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof
  • R 2 denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof
  • x denotes values between 0.5 and 1
  • y represents a value of at least 15.
  • Further preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula
  • R 1 and R 2 represent linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms
  • R 3 represents H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- Butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical
  • x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j stand for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. If the value x ⁇ 2, each R 3 in the above formula can be different.
  • R 1 and R 2 are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred.
  • H, -CH 3 or - CH 2 CH 3 are particularly preferred for the radical R 3 .
  • Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.
  • each R 3 in the above formula can be different if x ⁇ 2.
  • the value 3 for x has been chosen here by way of example and may well be larger, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) groups combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined above and x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R 1 and R 2 has 9 to 14 C atoms, R 3 represents H and x assumes values from 6 to 15.
  • disintegration aids so-called tablet disintegrants
  • tablet disintegrants or disintegration accelerators are understood as auxiliary substances which are necessary for rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and ensure the release of the pharmaceuticals in resorbable form.
  • Preferred detergent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disintegration auxiliaries, in each case based on the weight of the tablet. If only the base molding contains disintegration aids, the information given relates only to the weight of the base molding.
  • Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred detergent tablets have such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 contain up to 6 wt .-%.
  • Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n and, formally speaking, is a ß-1, 4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000.
  • Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions.
  • Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted.
  • celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives.
  • the group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses.
  • CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as a cellulose-based disintegrant, but are used in a mixture with cellulose.
  • the content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free of cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as the cellulose-based disintegrant.
  • Suitable swellable disintegration aids are bentonites or other swellable silicates.
  • Synthetic polymers, in particular the superabsorbers or cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone used in the hygiene sector, can also be used.
  • Polymers based on starch and / or cellulose are used with particular advantage as swellable disintegration aids. These basic substances can be processed alone or as a mixture with other natural and / or synthetic polymers to form swellable disintegrants.
  • a cellulose-containing material or pure cellulose can be converted into secondary particles by granulation, compaction or other application of pressure, which swell on contact with water and thus serve as disintegrants.
  • Wood pulp has proven itself as a cellulose-containing material that is accessible by thermal or chemical-thermal processes from wood or wood chips (sawdust, sawmill waste).
  • This cellulose material from the TMP process (thermo-mechanical pulp) or the CTMP process (chemo-thermo-mechanical pulp) can then be compiled by applying pressure, preferably roller-compiled, and converted into particle form.
  • pure cellulose can also be used completely analogously, although this is more expensive from the raw material basis. Both microcrystalline and amorphous, finely divided cellulose and mixtures thereof can be used here.
  • Another way is to granulate the cellulose-containing material with the addition of granulating aids.
  • Solutions of synthetic polymers or nonionic surfactants, for example, have proven useful as granulating aids.
  • the primary fiber length of the cellulose used or the cellulose in the cellulose-containing material should be less than 200 ⁇ m, primary fiber lengths less than 100 ⁇ m, in particular less than 50 ⁇ m being preferred.
  • the secondary particles ideally have a particle size distribution in which more than 90% by weight of the particles have sizes above 200 ⁇ m. A certain amount of dust can contribute to an improved storage stability of the tablets produced with it. Fractions of a fine dust fraction of less than 0.1 mm up to 10% by weight, preferably up to 8% by weight, can be present in the disintegrant granules used according to the invention.
  • the finely divided cellulose preferably has bulk densities from 40 g / l to 300 g / l, very particularly preferably from 65 g / l to 170 g / l. If already granulated types are used, their bulk density is higher and, in an advantageous embodiment, can be from 350 g / l to 550 g / l.
  • the bulk densities of the cellulose derivatives are typically in the range from 50 g / l to 1000 g / l, preferably in the range from 100 g / l and 800 g / l.
  • cellulose-based disintegration aids can also be used which contain other active ingredients or auxiliaries in addition to cellulose.
  • Suitable here are, for example, compacted disintegrant granules composed of 60-99% by weight of non-water-soluble, water-swellable cellulose and optionally further modified water-swellable polysaccharide derivatives, 1-40% by weight of at least one polymeric binder in the form of a polymer or copolymer of (meth) acrylic acid and / or their salts, and 0-7% by weight of at least one liquid surfactant which forms water.
  • These disintegrants preferably have a moisture content of 2 to 8% by weight.
  • the proportion of cellulose in such disintegrant granules is between 60 to 99% by weight, preferably between 60 to 95% by weight.
  • Regenerated celluloses such as viscose can also be used in these explosives. Particularly regenerated celluloses in powder form are characterized by very good water absorption.
  • the viscose powder can be made from cut viscose fiber or by precipitation of the dissolved viscose. Low molecular weight cellulose degraded by electron beam is also suitable, for example, for producing such disintegrant granules.
  • the swellable disintegration aids contained according to the invention in the washing or cleaning agent tablets can contain water-swellable cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose ethers and cellulose esters and starch or starch derivatives, as well as other swellable polysaccharides and polygalactomannans, for example ionically modified celluloses and starches such as carboxymethyl-modified cellulose and starch, non-ionically modified Starches such as alkoxylated celluloses and starches such as hydroxypropyl and hydroxyethyl starch or hydroxypropyl and hydroxyethyl cellulose and alkyl etherified products such as methyl cellulose as well as mixed modified celluloses and starches from the aforementioned modifications, optionally combined with a modification which leads to crosslinking.
  • water-swellable cellulose derivatives such as cellulose ethers and cellulose esters and starch or starch derivatives
  • other swellable polysaccharides and polygalactomannans for example
  • Suitable starches are also cold-swelling starches, which are formed by mechanical or degrading reactions on the starch grain. Which includes above all swelling starches from extruder and drum dryer processes as well as enzymatically, oxidizing or acid-degrading modified products.
  • Chemically derivatized starches preferably contain substituents which are linked to the polysaccharide chains in sufficient numbers by ester and ether groups
  • Starches modified with ionic substituents such as carboxylate, hydroxyalkyl or phosphate groups have proven to be particularly advantageous and are therefore preferred.
  • the use of slightly cross-linked starches has also proven itself to improve the swelling behavior.
  • Alkaline-treated starches can also be used because of their good cold water swellability.
  • the combination of cellulose with cellulose derivatives and / or starch and / or starch derivatives has proven itself.
  • the proportions can vary within wide limits, based on the combination the proportion of cellulose derivatives and / or starch and / or starch derivatives is preferably 0.1 to 85% by weight, particularly preferably 5 to 50% by weight.
  • Polymers or copolymers of (meth) acrylic acid or mixtures of such polymers or copolymers are used as binders in preferred disintegration aid granules.
  • the polymers are selected from the group of homopolymers of (meth) acrylic acid, from the group of copolymers with the following monomer components of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids and / or their anhydrides and / or ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids and / or acrylic esters and / or vinyl esters and / or vinyl ethers or their saponification products and / or crosslinking agents and / or graft bases based on polyhydroxy compounds.
  • Uncrosslinked polymers or copolymers of (meth) acrylic acid with weight average molecular weights of 5,000 to 70,000 have proven to be particularly suitable.
  • the copolymers are preferably copolymers of (meth) acrylic acid and ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides, such as maleic acid or maleic anhydride, which contain, for example, 40 to 90% by weight of (meth) acrylic acid and 60 to 10% by weight of maleic acid or Contain maleic anhydride whose relative molar mass, based on free acids, is between 3,000 and 100,000, preferably 3,000 to 70,000 and very particularly preferably 5,000 to 50,000.
  • Ter- and quattropolymeric polycarboxylates built up from (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid and optionally fully or partially saponified vinyl alcohol derivatives, or from (meth) acrylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids and polyhydroxy units, such as sugar derivatives, have also proven to be very suitable binders from (meth) acrylic acid, maleic acid, vinyl alcohol derivatives and sulfonic acid group-containing monomers.
  • the polymeric binders are preferably used in the production in the form of their aqueous solutions, but can also be used in the form of finely divided powders.
  • the binder polymers are preferably in partially or fully neutralized form, the salt formation preferably taking place with cations of alkali metals, ammonia and amines or their mixtures.
  • the proportion of the polymers / copolymers in preferred disintegrants is between 1 and 40% by weight, preferably between 1 and 20% by weight, particularly preferably between 5 and 15% by weight. Polymer contents above 15% in the disintegrant lead to harder disintegrant granules, while polymer contents below 1% tend to form soft granules which are less resistant to abrasion.
  • Suitable polymer binders are also crosslinked polymers made from (meth) acrylic acid. They are preferably used as finely divided powders and preferably have average particle sizes of 0.045 mm to 0.150 mm and are preferably used at 0.1 to 10% by weight. Particles with average particle sizes of more than 0.150 mm also result in good disintegrant granules, but after dissolving the tablets produced with the granules, they lead to swelling bodies which are visually visible as particles and which, for example in the case of textile washes, are deposited on the textile material in a disruptive manner, for example.
  • a special embodiment of the invention is the combination of soluble poly (meth) acrylic homo- and copolymers and the aforementioned finely divided crosslinked polymer particles.
  • Disintegrant granules that are preferably used contain one or more liquid, gel-forming surfactants selected from the group of nonionic, anionic or amphoteric surfactants, which are present in amounts of up to 7% by weight, preferably up to 3.5% by weight can. If the surfactant content in the disintegrant is too high, in addition to increased abrasion of the tablets produced with it, poor swelling properties will also result.
  • the nonionic surfactants have been described in detail above.
  • Disintegration aids preferably used according to the invention are notable for their particular swelling kinetics, the expansion not changing linearly as a function of time, but already reaching a very high level after a very short time.
  • the swelling behavior in the first 10 seconds after contact with water is of particular interest.
  • the specific water absorption capacity of preferably used disintegration aids can be determined gravimetrically and is preferably 500 to 2000%
  • the liquid absorption (also referred to as specific porosity) of preferred disintegrants is in a range from more than 600 ml / kg, preferably from more than 750 ml / kg, in particular in the range from 800 to 1000 ml / kg.
  • Granulated disintegrant granules are first produced by mixing the granulate components using customary mixing methods. For example, mixers from Vomm, Lödige, Schugi, Eirich, Henschel or Fukae can be used. In this first step of mixing and granulating, pre-compounds are produced by agglomeration processes.
  • these pre-compounds are mechanically compressed. Compression using pressure can be done in several ways.
  • the products can be placed between two pressure surfaces in roller compressors, e.g. B. smooth or profiled.
  • the compactate is ejected as a strand.
  • Compaction methods in matrices with punches or cushion rollers result in compact forms such as tablets or briquettes.
  • Roller compactors, extruders, roller or cube presses, but also pelletizing presses can be used as compaction machines.
  • pelleting presses Compression with pelleting presses has proven to be particularly suitable, granules which can be dried without further comminution being obtained by suitable process control.
  • Suitable pelleting presses are e.g. manufactured by Amandus Kahl and Fitzpatrick.
  • the coarse, compacted particles are crushed, e.g. Mills, shredders or roller mills are suitable.
  • the shredding can be carried out before or after drying.
  • Preferred water contents of 2-8% by weight, preferably 2.5-7% by weight and particularly preferably 3-5% by weight can be set in the drying process.
  • Common dryers such as Roller dryers (temperatures e.g. from 95 - 120 ° C) or fluid bed dryers (temperatures e.g. from 70 - 100 ° C) are suitable.
  • swellable disintegration aids are coprocessates which are obtained from polysaccharide material and insoluble disintegrants.
  • the above-mentioned substances from the groups powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and mixtures thereof are particularly suitable as polysaccharide materials;
  • the insoluble disintegrant used here is in particular insoluble polyacrylic acid monopolymer, insoluble polyacrylamide monopolymer, insoluble polyacrylic acid-polyacrylamide copolymer and mixtures thereof.
  • the content of the individual components in these disintegrants can vary within wide limits, for example from 1 to 60% by weight of insoluble polyacrylic product disintegrant and 40 to 99% by weight of cellulose.
  • a content of 3 to 60% by weight of insoluble polyacrylic product disintegrant and 40 to 97% by weight of cellulose is preferred.
  • a content of 5 to 30% by weight of insoluble polyacrylic product disintegrant and 70 to 95% by weight of cellulose is even more preferred.
  • small amounts of further disintegrants for example various starches, effervescent mixtures, for example of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen sulfate, etc., can also be added to this disintegrant, these amounts being compensated for, ie compensated for, by appropriate deductions in the amount of cellulose.
  • This suitable disintegrant can be obtained by coprocessing a cellulose as defined above with an insoluble disintegrant as defined above by wet or dry compression under pressure.
  • coprocessing is used here to dry compress e.g. between counter-rotating compacting rollers at pressures of 20-60 kN, preferably 30-50 kN, or wet compaction after the addition of water, by kneading or pressing moist plastic materials through a sieve, a perforated disc or via an extruder and then drying.
  • the detergent tablets produced according to the invention can also contain a gas-developing shower system both in the base tablet and in the cavity.
  • the gas-developing shower system can consist of a single substance which releases a gas when it comes into contact with water.
  • magnesium peroxide should be mentioned in particular, which releases oxygen on contact with water.
  • the gas-releasing bubble system itself consists of at least two components that react with one another to form gas. While a large number of systems are conceivable and executable here, which release nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, for example, the effervescent system used in the detergent tablets according to the invention can be selected on the basis of both economic and ecological aspects.
  • Preferred effervescent systems consist of alkali metal carbonate and / or hydrogen carbonate and an acidifying agent which is suitable for releasing carbon dioxide from the alkali metal salts in aqueous solution.
  • the sodium and potassium salts are clearly preferred over the other salts for reasons of cost.
  • the pure alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in question do not have to be used; rather, mixtures of different carbonates and hydrogen carbonates may be preferred.
  • Preferred detergent tablets are 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 3 to 15% by weight and in particular 5 to 10% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and 1 to 15, preferably 2 to 12 and in particular, the effervescent system 3 to 10% by weight of an acidifying agent, based in each case on the entire shaped body, used.
  • Alkali metal dihydrogen phosphates and other inorganic salts can be used.
  • organic acidifying agents are preferably used, citric acid being a particularly preferred acidifying agent.
  • the other solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids can also be used in particular. Tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid are preferred from this group.
  • Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used. Sokalan ® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adipic acid (commercially available and also preferably used as an acidifying agent in the context of the present invention) max. 33% by weight).
  • bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium percarbonate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H 2 0 2 -supplying peracidic salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperacid or diperdodecanedioic acid.
  • Cleaning agents according to the invention can also contain bleaching agents from the group of organic bleaching agents. Typical organic bleaching agents are the diacyl peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide.
  • organic bleaching agents are peroxy acids, examples of which include alkyl peroxy acids and aryl peroxy acids.
  • Preferred representatives are (a) the peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as alkylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy- ⁇ -naphthoic acid and magnesium monoperphthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxyacids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ⁇ -phthalimidohexanoic acid (peroxycaproic acid), and )], o-carboxybenzamidoperoxycaproic acid, N-nonenylamidoperadipic acid and N-nonenylamidopersuccinate, and (c) aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids, such as, 12-diperoxycarboxylic acid, 1, 9-diperoxyazelaic acid, diperocysebacic acid, Dip
  • Chlorine or bromine-releasing substances can also be used as bleaching agents in the detergent tablets for machine dishwashing produced according to the invention.
  • Suitable materials which release chlorine or bromine include, for example, heterocyclic N-bromo- and N-chloramides, for example trichloroisocyanuric acid, tribromoisocyanuric acid, dibromoisocyanuric acid and / or dichloroisocyanuric acid (DICA) and / or their salts with cations such as potassium and sodium.
  • Hydantoin compounds such as 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydanthoin are also suitable.
  • the bleaching agents are usually used in machine dishwashing detergents in amounts of 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 2.5 to 20% by weight and in particular 5 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the detergent.
  • the proportions mentioned relate to the weight of the base molding.
  • Bleach activators that support the action of the bleach can also be part of the basic molded body.
  • Known bleach activators are compounds which contain one or more N- or O-acyl groups, such as substances from the class of the anhydrides, the esters, the imides and the acylated imidazoles or oximes. Examples are tetraacetylethylenediamine TAED, tetraacetylmethylenediamine TAMD and tetraacetylhexylenediamine TAHD, but also pentaacetylglucose PAG, 1, 5-diacetyl-2,2-dioxo-hexahydro-1, 3,5-triazine DADHT and isatoic anhydride ISA.
  • Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Substances are suitable which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups.
  • Hydrophilically substituted acylacetals and acyllactams are also preferably used.
  • Combinations of conventional bleach activators can also be used.
  • the bleach activators are usually used in machine dishwashing detergents in amounts of 0.1 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.25 to 15% by weight and in particular 1 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the detergent. In the context of the present invention, the proportions mentioned relate to the weight of the base molding.
  • bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the active substance particles.
  • These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes.
  • Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.
  • Bleach activators from the group of multiply acylated alkylenediamines in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n-) or iso-N-NOB are preferred -Methyl-morpholinium-acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA), preferably in amounts of up to 10% by weight, in particular 0.1% by weight to 8% by weight, particularly 2 to 8% by weight and particularly preferably 2 to 6 wt .-% based on the total agent used.
  • TAED tetraacetylethylenediamine
  • N-acylimides in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI)
  • acylated phenolsulfonates
  • Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, preferably selected from the group consisting of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably cobalt (ammin) - Complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides of cobalt or manganese, of manganese sulfate are used in conventional amounts, preferably in an amount of up to 5% by weight, in particular 0.0025% by weight .-% to 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably from 0.01 wt .-% to 0.25 wt .-%, each based on the total agent used. But in special cases, more bleach activator can be used.
  • Detergent tablets produced according to the invention which are characterized in that the base tablet contains bleaches from the group of oxygen or halogen bleaches, in particular chlorine bleaches, with particular preference for sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, in amounts of 2 to 25% by weight, preferably from 5 to 20% by weight and in particular from 10 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the Base molding composition contains, are a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the base tablet contains bleaches from the group of oxygen or halogen bleaches, in particular chlorine bleaches, with particular preference for sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, in amounts of 2 to 25% by weight, preferably from 5 to 20% by weight and in particular from 10 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the Base molding composition contains, are a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the base molding and / or the active substance (s) contain bleach activators in the cavity. Washing and manufactured according to the invention
  • TAED tetraacetylethylenediamine
  • NOSI N-nonanoylsuccinimide
  • acylated phenolsulfonates in particular n-nonanoyl or isononanon
  • the detergent tablets produced according to the invention can contain corrosion inhibitors, in particular in the base tablet to protect the items to be washed or the machine, silver protection agents in particular being particularly important in the field of automatic dishwashing.
  • corrosion inhibitors in particular in the base tablet to protect the items to be washed or the machine, silver protection agents in particular being particularly important in the field of automatic dishwashing.
  • the known substances of the prior art can be used.
  • silver protection agents selected from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes can be used in particular.
  • Benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole are particularly preferably to be used.
  • detergent formulations often contain agents containing active chlorine, which can significantly reduce the corroding of the silver surface.
  • oxygen and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. B. hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds.
  • Salt-like and complex-like inorganic compounds such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce, are also frequently used.
  • transition metal salts which are selected from the group of the manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably the cobalt (ammine) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes , the chlorides of cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate.
  • Zinc compounds can also be used to prevent corrosion on the wash ware.
  • the base tablet contains silver protective agents from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes, particularly preferably benzotriazole and / or Alkylaminotriazole, in amounts of 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 4% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 3% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the base molding.
  • the trough filling can also contain silver protection agents, the base molding either also containing silver protection agents or being free of such compounds.
  • detergent tablets produced according to the invention are preferred, in which the base tablet further comprises one or more substances from the groups of enzymes, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, cobuilders, dyes and / or fragrances in total amounts of 6 to 30% by weight, preferably from 7.5 to 25% by weight and in particular from 10 to 20% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the base molding.
  • the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain further ingredients customary in detergents and cleaning agents from the group of dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, graying inhibitors, and color transfer inhibitors Corrosion inhibitors included.
  • Suitable enzymes in the base tablets are, in particular, those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching. Particularly suitable are bacterial strains or fungi such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants.
  • hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All of these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains. Oxidoreductases can also be
  • protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes for example of protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes, but especially protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest.
  • Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes.
  • Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases.
  • Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases.
  • the enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition.
  • the proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to about 4.5% by weight.
  • Preferred detergent tablets in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the base tablet contains protease and / or amylase.
  • the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain the enzyme (s) in two fundamentally different areas (in the base tablet and / or as an active substance or mixture of active substances in the cavity), moldings with a very precisely defined enzyme release and action can be obtained provide.
  • the table below gives an overview of possible enzyme distributions in detergent tablets according to the invention:
  • Dyes and fragrances can be added to the detergent tablets according to the invention both in the base tablet and in the preparations contained in the cavity, in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the resulting products and, in addition to performance, give the consumer a visually and sensorially "typical and unmistakable "To provide product.
  • Individual fragrance compounds for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances.
  • Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinylacetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethyl methylphenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl benzylatepylpropionate, stally.
  • the ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, the ketones, for example, the jonones, ⁇ -isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol, the hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes such as limonene and pinene.
  • Perfume oils of this type can also contain natural fragrance mixtures such as are obtainable from plant sources, for example pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, Linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.
  • the fragrances can be incorporated directly into the detergents and cleaning agents according to the invention, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles due to a slower fragrance release.
  • Cyclodextrins for example, have proven useful as such carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can additionally be coated with further auxiliaries.
  • the agents according to the invention can be colored with suitable dyes.
  • Preferred dyes the selection of which is not difficult for the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and no pronounced substantivity to the substrates to be treated with the compositions, such as textiles, glass, ceramics or plastic tableware, not to mention these to stain.
  • the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain one or more optical brighteners. These fabrics, which are also called “whiteners", are used in modern laundry detergents because even freshly washed and bleached white laundry has a slight yellow tinge.
  • Optical brighteners are organic dyes that convert part of the invisible UV radiation from sunlight into longer-wave blue light. The emission of this blue light complements the "gap" in the light reflected by the textile, so that a textile treated with an optical brightener appears whiter and brighter to the eye. Since the action mechanism of brighteners presupposes that they are drawn onto the fibers, a distinction is made depending on the "dyed" fibers, for example brighteners for cotton, polyamide or polyester fibers.
  • the commercially available brighteners suitable for incorporation in detergents essentially comprise five structural groups: the stilbene, the diphenylstilbene, the coumarin-quinoline, the diphenylpyrazoline group and the group of the combination of benzoxazole or benzimidazole with conjugated systems.
  • An overview of common brighteners can be found, for example, in G. Jakobi, A. Lschreib “Detergents and Textile Washing", VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1987, pages 94 to 100.
  • Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis [(4-anilino-6-morpholino-s-triazin-2-yl) amino] -stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of the same structure which instead of the morpholino- Group carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group.
  • Brighteners of the substituted diphenyl styrene type may also be present, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl. Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.
  • the detergent tablets can also contain components which have a positive effect on the ability to wash out oil and fat from textiles (so-called soil repellents).
  • the preferred oil and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups from 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropoxyl groups from 1 to 15% by weight, based in each case on the nonionic Cellulose ethers, as well as the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred.
  • Foam inhibitors that can be used in the agents according to the invention are, for example, soaps, paraffins or silicone oils, which can optionally be applied to carrier materials.
  • Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed.
  • Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch.
  • Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose.
  • Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, e.g. degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used.
  • cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose are preferred.
  • the agents according to the invention can contain synthetic anti-crease agents. These include, for example, synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters. Fatty acid amides, alkylol esters, alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, which are mostly reacted with ethylene oxide, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid esters.
  • the agents according to the invention can contain antimicrobial agents.
  • antimicrobial agents Depending on the antimicrobial spectrum and mechanism of action, a distinction is made between bacteriostatics and bactericides, fungiostatics and fungicides, etc.
  • Important substances from these groups are, for example, benzalkonium chlorides, alkylarlylsulfonates, halophenols and phenol mercuriacetate, although these compounds can be dispensed with entirely.
  • the agents can contain antioxidants.
  • This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.
  • Antistatic agents increase the surface conductivity and thus enable the flow of charges that have formed to improve.
  • External antistatic agents are generally substances with at least one hydrophilic molecular ligand and give a more or less hygroscopic film on the surfaces. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be divided into nitrogen-containing (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus-containing (phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents.
  • External antistatic agents are described, for example, in patent applications FR 1,156,513, GB 873 214 and GB 839 407.
  • the lauryl (or stearyl) dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides disclosed here are suitable as antistatic agents for textiles or as an additive to detergents, an additional finishing effect being achieved.
  • silicone derivatives can be used in the agents according to the invention. These additionally improve the rinsing behavior of the agents due to their foam-inhibiting properties.
  • Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or alkylarylsiloxanes in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and are wholly or partially fluorinated.
  • Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which can optionally be derivatized and are then amino-functional or quaternized or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds.
  • the viscosities of the preferred silicones are between 100 and 100,000 at 25 ° C Centistokes, the silicones being used in amounts between 0.2 and 5% by weight, based on the total agent.
  • the agents according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers, which absorb onto the treated textiles and improve the light resistance of the fibers.
  • Compounds which have these desired properties are, for example, the compounds and derivatives of benzophenone which are active by radiationless deactivation and have substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position.
  • Substituted benzotriazoles, phenyl-substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives), optionally with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and natural substances such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid are also suitable.
  • Detergent tablets produced in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet comprises at least one active ingredient from the group of enzymes, surfactants, soil-release polymers, disintegration aids, bleaches, Bleach activators, bleach catalysts, silver preservatives and mixtures thereof.
  • ingredients can be separated from one another, which either leads to a separation of incompatible ingredients that improve storage stability or to a controlled release of certain ingredients Active substances can be used.
  • the base tablet or the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet contains bleaching agents, while the other area of the tablet contains bleach activators.
  • More preferably produced detergent tablets are characterized in that the base tablet or d contains the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet bleach, while the other area of the tablet contains enzymes.
  • a separation of bleach and corrosion inhibitors or silver protection agents can also be achieved.
  • Detergent tablets in which the base tablet or the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet Bleaching agent contains, while the other area of the molded body contains deformable mass anti-corrosion agents are also preferred.
  • detergent tablets are also preferred in which the base tablet or the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet contains bleaching agents, while the other region of the tablet contains surfactants, preferably nonionic surfactants, with particular preference given to alkoxylated alcohols containing 10 up to 24 carbon atoms and 1 to 5 alkylene oxide units.
  • the individual areas can also have a different content of the same ingredient, as a result of which advantages can be achieved.
  • Detergent tablets in which the base tablet and the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet contain the same active ingredient in different amounts are preferred.
  • the term “different amount” does not refer to the absolute amount of the ingredient in the part of the molded article in question, but to the relative amount, based on the phase weight, ie represents a% by weight, based on the individual area, i.e. the basic molded body or the cavity filling.
  • the active substance optionally to be incorporated into the cavity is preferably particulate.
  • active substance is not limited to pure substances in the context of the present invention. Rather, it denotes pure active substances, active substance mixtures and preparation forms, so that there are no limits to the freedom of formulation. If particulate substances are included in the cavity (s), it is preferred if these certain particle sizes meet criteria, so that preferred detergent tablets are characterized in that the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet particle sizes between 100 and 5000 microns, preferably between 150 and 2500 microns, particularly preferred between 200 and 2000 ⁇ m and in particular between 400 and 1600 ⁇ m.
  • the filling which is optionally to be introduced into the cavity is preferably solid, with particulate fillings being particularly preferred. If the cavities of the shaped bodies are filled with particulate compositions, methods are preferred in which the particulate composition (s) in step b) has a bulk density of at least 500 g / l, preferably at least 600 g / l and in particular at least 700 g / l has / have.
  • the film which closes the cavity (s) is cut out to match the size of the surface of the hollow mold and held in place by means of a vacuum. "Suitable for the size of the surface of the mold" means that the film completely covers and closes the cavity.
  • the film preferably does not protrude beyond the edge of the mold, but this is more aesthetic than technical reasons.
  • a sealing edge around the cavity can suffice, the width of the sealing edge preferably being at least 1 mm.
  • the cut label is held in place by means of a vacuum. This is preferably done with the help of the robot that also carried out the punching process.
  • the vacuum supports the formation of a smooth film surface which does not curl even when adhesive is applied and is preferably in the range from 100 to 1000 mbar, particularly preferably from 250 to 950 mbar and in particular from 500 to 900 mbar.
  • the film closes the cavity and thus secures the filling against falling out.
  • the film must be suitably attached to the hollow body.
  • geometric form closings can be used here, but with regard to large-scale production, the gluing of the film is the method of choice.
  • prefabricated foils which have self-adhesive properties. These are adhered to the top of the filled hollow mold in a similar manner to a “sticker”.
  • methods according to the invention are preferred in which the surface of the hollow mold and / or the underside of the labels are provided with adhesive and the labels are subsequently applied to the Hollow mold to be glued on.
  • the film is preferably made of water-soluble material.
  • the polymers used as film materials can consist of a single material or a blend of different materials.
  • Preferred film materials come from the group of (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) and / or PVAL copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, gelatin and / or copolymers and mixtures thereof.
  • Polyvinyl alcohols are particularly preferred in the context of the present invention.
  • “Polyvinyl alcohols” (abbreviation PVAL, occasionally also PVOH) is the name for polymers of the general structure
  • polyvinyl alcohols which are offered as white-yellowish powders or granules with degrees of polymerization in the range from approximately 100 to 2500 (molar masses from approximately 4000 to 100,000 g / mol), have degrees of hydrolysis of 98-99 or 87-89 mol%. , therefore still contain a residual content of acetyl groups.
  • the manufacturers characterize the polyvinyl alcohols by stating the degree of polymerization of the starting polymer, the degree of hydrolysis, the saponification number and the solution viscosity.
  • polyvinyl alcohols are soluble in water and a few strongly polar organic solvents (formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide); They are not attacked by (chlorinated) hydrocarbons, esters, fats and oils.
  • Polyvinyl alcohols are classified as toxicologically safe and are at least partially biodegradable. The water solubility can be reduced by post-treatment with aldehydes (acetalization), by complexing with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid or borax.
  • Polyvinyl alcohol is largely impervious to gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allows water vapor to pass through.
  • the film material comprises polyvinyl alcohols and / or PVAL copolymers whose degree of hydrolysis is 70 to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 81 to 89 mol% and in particular Is 82 to 88 mol%.
  • Polyvinyl alcohols of a certain molecular weight range are preferably used, with processes according to the invention being preferred in which the film comprises polyvinyl alcohols and / or PVAL copolymers whose molecular weight is in the range from 3,500 to 100,000 gmol "1 , preferably from 10,000 to 90,000 gmol " 1 , particularly preferably from 12,000 to 80,000 gmol "1 and in particular from 13,000 to 70,000 gmol " 1 .
  • the degree of polymerization of such preferred polyvinyl alcohols is between approximately 200 to approximately 2100, preferably between approximately 220 to approximately 1890, particularly preferably between approximately 240 to approximately 1680 and in particular between approximately 260 to approximately 1500.
  • the film comprises polyvinyl alcohols and / or PVAL copolymers whose average degree of polymerization is between 80 and 700, preferably between 150 and 400, particularly preferably between 180 and 300 and / or their molecular weight ratio MG (50%) to MG (90%) is between 0.3 and 1, preferably between 0.4 and 0.8 and in particular between 0.45 and 0.6.
  • polyvinyl alcohols described above are widely available commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ® (Clariant).
  • Mowiol ® Commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ® (Clariant).
  • particularly suitable polyvinyl alcohols are, for example, Mowiol ® 3-83, Mowiol ® 4-88, Mowiol ® 5-88 and Mowiol ® 8-88.
  • ELVANOL 51-05, 52-22, 50-42, 85-82, 75-15, T-25, T-66, 90-50 (trademark of Du Pont)
  • ALCOTEX ® 72.5, 78, B72, F80 / 40, F88 / 4, F88 / 26, F88 / 40, F88 / 47 (trademark of Harlow Chemical Co.)
  • Gohsenol ® NK-05, A-300, AH-22, C-500, GH-20, GL-03, GM-14L, KA-20, KA-500, KH-20, KP-06, N-300, NH-26, NM11Q, KZ-06 (trademark of Nippon Gohsei KK).
  • ERKOL types from Wacker are also suitable.
  • polyvinylpyrrolidones are sold, for example, under the name Luviskol ® (BASF).
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidones [poly (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)], abbreviation PVP, are polymers of the general formula (IV)
  • polyvinylpyrrolidones which are produced by free-radical polymerization of 1-vinylpyrrolidone by solution or suspension polymerization using free-radical formers (peroxides, azo compounds) as initiators.
  • the ionic polymerization of the monomer only provides products with low molecular weights.
  • Commercial polyvinylpyrrolidones have molar masses in the range from approx. 2500-750000 g / mol, which are characterized by the K values and, depending on the K value, have glass transition temperatures of 130-175 °. They are presented as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous ones. Solutions offered. Polyvinylpyrrolidones are readily soluble in water and a variety of organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glacial acetic acid, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.).
  • copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with other monomers in particular VinylpyrrolidonNinylester copolymers, as are marketed, for example under the trademark Luviskol ® (BASF).
  • Luviskol ® VA 64 and Luviskol ® VA 73, each vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers, are particularly preferred nonionic polymers.
  • the vinyl ester polymers are polymers accessible from vinyl esters with the grouping of the formula (V) - CH 2 - CH -
  • the vinyl esters are polymerized by free radicals using various processes (solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization,
  • Copolymers of vinyl acetate with vinyl pyrrolidone contain monomer units of the formulas (IV) and (V)
  • PEG polyethylene glycols
  • n can have values between 5 and> 100,000.
  • PEGs are manufactured industrially by anionic ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide (oxirane), usually in the presence of small amounts of water. Depending on how the reaction is carried out, they have molar masses in the range of approximately 200-5,000,000 g / mol, corresponding to degrees of polymerization of approximately 5 to> 100,000.
  • the products with molar masses ⁇ approx. 25,000 g / mol are liquid at room temperature and are referred to as the actual polyethylene glycols, abbreviation PEG.
  • These short chain PEGs can in particular be other water soluble polymers e.g. Polyvinyl alcohols or cellulose ethers can be added as plasticizers.
  • the polyethylene glycols which can be used according to the invention and are solid at room temperature are referred to as polyethylene oxides, abbreviation PEOX.
  • High molecular weight polyethylene oxides have an extremely low concentration of reactive hydroxy end groups and therefore only show weak glycol properties.
  • gelatin is also suitable as a film material, this preferably being used together with other polymers.
  • Gelatin is a polypeptide (molecular weight: approx. 15,000 to> 250,000 g / mol), which is primarily produced by hydrolysis of the skin and bones of Collagen contained in animals is obtained under acidic or alkaline conditions.
  • the amino acid composition of the gelatin largely corresponds to that of the collagen from which it was obtained and varies depending on its provenance.
  • the use of gelatin as a water-soluble coating material is extremely widespread, especially in the pharmaceutical industry in the form of hard or soft gelatin capsules. In the form of films, gelatin is used only to a minor extent because of its high price in comparison to the abovementioned polymers.
  • Cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and
  • Methylhydroxypropylcellulose such as are for example sold under the trademark Culminal® ® and Benecel ® (AQUALON).
  • Cellulose ethers can be described by the general formula (VI)
  • R represents H or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical.
  • at least one R in formula (III) is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -OH or -CH 2 CH 2 -OH.
  • Cellulose ethers are produced industrially by etherification of alkali cellulose (eg with ethylene oxide). Cellulose ethers are characterized by the average degree of substitution DS or the molar degree of substitution MS, which indicate how many hydroxyl groups of an anhydroglucose unit of cellulose have reacted with the etherification reagent or how many moles of etherification reagent have been attached to an anhydroglucose unit on average.
  • Hydroxyethyl celluloses are soluble in water from a DS of approx. 0.6 or an MS of approx. 1. Commercially available hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl celluloses have degrees of substitution in the range of 0.85-1.35 (DS) and 1.5-3 (MS). Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are marketed as yellowish white, odorless and tasteless powders in widely differing degrees of polymerization. Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are soluble in cold and hot water and in some (water-containing) organic solvents, but insoluble in most (water-free) organic solvents; their aqueous solutions are relatively insensitive to changes in pH or electrolyte addition.
  • polymers suitable according to the invention are water-soluble amphopolymers.
  • Ampho-polymers are amphoteric polymers, ie polymers that contain both free amino groups and free -COOH or S0 3 H groups in the molecule and are capable of forming internal salts, zwitterionic polymers that contain quaternary ammonium groups and - Contain COO " - or -S0 3 " groups, and summarized those polymers which contain -COOH or S0 3 H groups and quaternary ammonium groups.
  • amphopolymer suitable is that available under the name Amphomer ® acrylic resin which is a copolymer of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N- (1, 1, 3,3- tetramethylbutyl) -acrylamide and two or more monomers from the group of acrylic acid, Methacrylic acid and its simple esters.
  • preferred amphopolymers consist of unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g. acrylic and methacrylic acid), cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g.
  • acrylamidopropyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride and optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers together terpolymers of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride, as described under the name Merquat ® 2001 N are commercially available, according to the invention are particularly preferred amphopolymers.
  • Other suitable amphoteric polymers are for example those available under the names Amphomer ® and Amphomer ® LV-71 (DELFT NATIONAL) octylacrylamide / methyl methacrylate / tert-ButylaminoethyImethacrylat / 2 Hydroxypropylmethacrylat- copolymers.
  • Suitable water-soluble anionic polymers according to the invention include a .:
  • Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers such as are commercially available for example under the names Resyn ® (National Starch), Luviset ® (BASF) and Gafset ® (GAF).
  • Resyn ® National Starch
  • Luviset ® BASF
  • Gafset ® GAF
  • these polymers also have monomer units of the general formula (VII):
  • Vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers available, for example under the trade name Luviflex ® (BASF).
  • BASF Luviflex ®
  • a preferred polymer is that available under the name Luviflex VBM-35 ® (BASF) vinylpyrrolidone / acrylate terpolymers.
  • Acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butyl acrylamide terpolymers which are sold, for example, under the name Ultrahold ® strong (BASF).
  • Graft polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture, copolymerized with crotonic acid, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with polyalkylene oxides and / or polyalkylene glycols Such grafted polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture with other copolymerizable compounds on polyalkylene glycols, are obtained by polymerization in the heat in a homogeneous phase by the polyalkylene glycols being converted into the monomers of the vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid In the presence of radical formers.
  • Suitable vinyl esters are, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl benzoate and as esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, those which are used with low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, in particular ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanoI, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, are available.
  • Polypropylene glycols are polymers of propylene glycol that have the general formula IX
  • n can take values between 1 (propylene glycol) and several thousand.
  • the vinyl acetate copolymers grafted onto polyethylene glycols and the polymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid grafted onto polyethylene glycols can be used, grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of i) at least one monomer of the non-ionic type, ii) at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) of polyethylene glycol and iv) a crosslinking agent
  • the polyethylene glycol used has a molecular weight between 200 and more
  • Millions preferably between 300 and 30,000.
  • the non-ionic monomers can be of very different types and among these the following are preferred: vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, vinyl laurate, vinyl propionate,
  • the non-ionic monomers can likewise be of very different types, of which crotonic acid, allyloxyacetic acid, Vinyl acetic acid, maleic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are contained in the graft polymers.
  • Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diallyl phthalate, ortho-, meta- and para-divinylbenzene, tetraallyloxyethane and polyallylsucrose with 2 to 5 allyl groups per molecule of saccharin are preferably used as crosslinkers.
  • the grafted and crosslinked copolymers described above are preferably formed from: i) 5 to 85% by weight of at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) 3 to 80% by weight of at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) 2 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 30% by weight of polyethylene glycol and iv) 0.1 to 8% by weight of a crosslinking agent, the percentage of the crosslinking agent being formed by the ratio of the total weights of i), ii) and iii) is. copolymers obtained by copolymerization of at least one monomer of each of the following three groups: i) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or
  • Esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids ii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, iii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters from the carboxylic acids of group ii) with saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched C 8 .
  • 18 -Alcohol Short-chain carboxylic acids or alcohols are to be understood as meaning those having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, it being possible for the carbon chains of these compounds to be interrupted by double-bonded hetero groups such as -O-, -NH-, -S_.
  • terpolymers contain monomer units of the general formulas (IV) and (VI)
  • R 3 is -H or -CH 3
  • R 2 is -CH 3 or -CH (CH 3 ) 2
  • R 1 is -CH 3 or a saturated straight-chain or branched C ⁇ e-alkyl radical and the sum of the carbon atoms in the radicals R 1 and R 2 is preferably 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2.
  • the terpolymers mentioned above preferably result from the
  • cationic polymers which can preferably be used according to the invention as film material are cationic polymers.
  • the permanent cationic polymers are preferred among the cationic polymers.
  • polymers which have a cationic group irrespective of the pH value are referred to as “permanently cationic”. These are generally polymers which contain a quaternary nitrogen atom, for example in the form of an ammonium group.
  • Preferred cationic polymers are, for example, quaternized cellulose Derivatives as are commercially available under the names Celquat ® and Polymer JR ® The compounds Celquat ® H 100, Celquat ® L 200 and Polymer JR ® 400 are preferred quaternized cellulose derivatives.
  • Polysiloxanes with quaternary groups such as, for example, the commercially available products Q2-7224 (manufacturer: Dow Corning; a stabilized trimethylsilylamodimethicone), Dow Corning® 929 emulsion (containing a hydroxylamino-modified silicone, which is also referred to as amodimethicone), SM -2059 (manufacturer: General Electric), SLM-55067 (manufacturer: Wacker) and Abil ® -Quat 3270 and 3272 (manufacturer: Th. Goldschmidt; di-quaternary polydimethylsiloxane, Quaternium-80),
  • Cationic guar derivatives such as in particular the products sold under the trade names Cosmedia ® Guar and Jaguar ® ,
  • Polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid Under the names Merquat ® 100 (Poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)) and Merquat ® 550 (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride-acrylamide copolymer) commercially available products are examples of such cationic polymers.
  • Copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylaminoacrylate and methacrylate such as, for example, vinylpyrrolidone quaternized with diethyl sulfate Dimethylaminomethacrylate copolymers.
  • vinylpyrrolidone quaternized with diethyl sulfate Dimethylaminomethacrylate copolymers Such compounds are commercially available under the names Gafquat ® 734 and Gafquat ® 755.
  • Vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers as are offered under the name Luviquat ® .
  • quaternized polyvinyl alcohol and those under the names
  • Polyquaternium 27 known polymers with quaternary nitrogen atoms in the main polymer chain.
  • the polymers mentioned are named according to the so-called INCI nomenclature, with detailed information in the CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 5 th Edition, The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, 1997, to which express reference is made here becomes.
  • Cationic polymers preferred according to the invention are quaternized cellulose derivatives and polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers.
  • Cationic cellulose derivatives, especially the commercial product PoIymer ® JR 400, are very particularly preferred cationic polymers.
  • the film bonded to the molded body forms the detergent tablets produced according to the invention.
  • the structure of the moldings produced according to the invention is reminiscent of a “drum” in which a cavity is closed by a film.
  • the composition of the shaped body and the film must be matched to the filling in order to avoid premature destruction of the film or loss of active substance through the shaped body. This is only necessary to a lesser extent (chemical incompatibility) when solid substances are incorporated into the cavity, so that preferably manufactured detergent tablets further active substance in particle form, preferably in powdered, granular, extruded, pelletized, prilled, flaky or tableted form, contain.
  • the cavity closed by the film can be completely filled with further active substance. However, it is also possible to only partially fill the cavity before closing in this way to allow movement of the filled particles or liquids within the cavity. Particularly when filling with regularly shaped larger particles, attractive optical effects can be achieved.
  • Manufacturing processes for detergent tablets are preferred in which the volume ratio of the space enclosed by the film and the tablet to the active substance contained in this room is 1: 1 to 100: 1, preferably 1.1: 1 to 50: 1, is particularly preferably 1.2: 1 to 25: 1 and in particular 1.3: 1 to 10: 1. In this terminology, a volume ratio of 1: 1 means that the cavity is completely filled.
  • the proportion of the further active substance in the cavity can make up different proportions of the overall shaped body.
  • the production of detergent tablets is preferred, in which the weight ratio of tablet to the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet is 1: 1 to 100: 1, preferably 2: 1 to 80: 1, particularly preferred 3: 1 to 50: 1 and in particular 4: 1 to 30: 1.
  • the weight ratio defined above is the ratio of the mass of the unfilled shaped body (“basic shaped body”) to the mass of the filling. The mass of the film is not taken into account in this calculation.
  • the time at which the substance contained in the cavity is released can be predetermined by suitable preparation of the shaped body and the film material.
  • the film can be instantly soluble, so that the active substance contained in the cavity is dosed into the washing or cleaning liquor right at the beginning of the washing or cleaning cycle.
  • the film can be so poorly soluble that only the molded body is dissolved and the active substance contained in the cavity is thereby released.
  • the production of detergent tablets is preferred, which is characterized in that the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet dissolves faster than the base tablet.
  • detergent tablets in which the active substance contained in the space enclosed by the film and the tablet dissolves more slowly than the base tablet are also preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • the acceleration of the filled moldings in such a way that the filling does not leak onto the top of the moldings it is advisable to take appropriate constructive measures. Since the filling station and the punching or sealing machine are mostly stationary, the device which moves the moldings must be suitably designed.
  • Processes according to the invention are preferred here, in which the base moldings produced in step a) are fed to the filling or sealing stations on a conveyor belt, the conveyor belt having a feed rate of 0.01 to 1 m / s, preferably 0.02 to 0.5 m / s, particularly preferably from 0.03 to 0.3 m / s and in particular from 0.05 to 0.2 m / s.
  • the filling of the shaped bodies with active substance (s), i.e. with liquid (s) and / or particulate preparations, is preferably also carried out in such a way that several base moldings are filled at the same time.
  • Processes according to the invention are preferred here in which the base moldings are filled by means of a filling system which operates at 5 to 30 cycles per minute, preferably at 10 to 25 cycles per minute and in particular at 15 to 20 cycles per minute.
  • a group of base moldings is advantageously filled simultaneously and then sealed.
  • methods according to the invention are preferred in which a plurality of labels are simultaneously cut out, held in place by means of a vacuum and, after application of adhesive, stuck to the tablet surface and / or the underside of the labels.
  • the adhesive can be applied, for example, by application rollers, which are continuously provided with adhesive on one side.
  • the top of the molded body or the underside of the film is then guided past the rotating applicator roller and thus provided with adhesive.
  • One embodiment of the present invention therefore provides that the upper side of the filled base moldings is provided with adhesive by means of application rollers.
  • the tablet surface is more or less rough, so that the application of adhesive to the top of the tablet can be technically difficult.
  • powder residues on the tablet surface can contaminate the adhesive roller and impair the system operation and the adhesion of the film to the tablet.
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention therefore provides for the labels to be provided with adhesive and then to be placed on the filled base moldings. Methods according to the invention are preferred here in which the underside of the labels held by means of vacuum is provided with adhesive by means of application rollers.
  • a casting system can also be used which pours or sprays an adhesive seam around the filled cavity. Since direct contact of the machine with the base molding surface is not necessary here, this process variant is one Another possibility to avoid the problems outlined above with rough or "dusty" base moldings.
  • Methods which are likewise preferred according to the invention are therefore characterized in that the top of the filled base moldings is provided with adhesive by means of a casting installation which can, under computer control, pour any line shape onto the surface.
  • adhesives substances can be used which give the shaped body surfaces to which they are applied sufficient adhesion so that the films applied in the subsequent process step adhere permanently to the surface.
  • the substances mentioned in the relevant adhesive literature and in particular in the monographs lend themselves to this, but in the context of the present invention the application of melts, which act as adhesives at elevated temperature, are no longer sticky after cooling but are solid Importance.
  • Particularly preferred adhesives in the context of the present invention are solutions of polyvinyl alcohols (see above) and dispersions of polyacrylates.
  • the amount of adhesive applied per shaped body can vary depending on the size of the shaped body, its composition and its surface roughness and is 0.05 to 0.3 grams per tablet in preferred methods according to the invention.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
EP03811371A 2002-11-21 2003-11-12 Procede pour produire des corps moules detergents et nettoyants garnis ii Expired - Lifetime EP1563052B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10254314 2002-11-21
DE10254314A DE10254314B4 (de) 2002-11-21 2002-11-21 Verfahren zur Herstellung befüllter Wasch- und Reinigungsmittelformkörper II
PCT/EP2003/012624 WO2004046298A2 (fr) 2002-11-21 2003-11-12 Procede pour produire des corps moules detergents et nettoyants garnis ii

Publications (2)

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EP1563052A2 true EP1563052A2 (fr) 2005-08-17
EP1563052B1 EP1563052B1 (fr) 2006-06-07

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US (1) US20050225003A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1563052B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE329004T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003302123A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10254314B4 (fr)
ES (1) ES2266918T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004046298A2 (fr)

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DE102004051553B4 (de) * 2004-10-22 2007-09-13 Henkel Kgaa Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittel
DE102004051620A1 (de) * 2004-10-22 2006-04-27 Henkel Kgaa Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittel
DE102004062327A1 (de) * 2004-12-20 2006-06-29 Henkel Kgaa Mehrphasiger Wasch- oder Reinigungsmittelformkörper
US11338548B2 (en) 2005-06-09 2022-05-24 United States Gypsum Company Light weight gypsum board
US9802866B2 (en) 2005-06-09 2017-10-31 United States Gypsum Company Light weight gypsum board
US9840066B2 (en) 2005-06-09 2017-12-12 United States Gypsum Company Light weight gypsum board
US11306028B2 (en) 2005-06-09 2022-04-19 United States Gypsum Company Light weight gypsum board
US8980817B2 (en) * 2007-01-18 2015-03-17 Reckitt Benckiser N.V. Dosage element and a method of manufacturing a dosage element
JP5563444B2 (ja) 2007-05-04 2014-07-30 エコラボ インコーポレイティド 清浄化剤としての水溶性マグネシウム化合物を用いる方法
US20090270566A1 (en) * 2008-04-23 2009-10-29 Fina Technology, Inc. Olefin Polymerization Processes and Catalysts for Use Therein
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WO2004046298A3 (fr) 2004-07-15
US20050225003A1 (en) 2005-10-13
DE10254314B4 (de) 2004-10-14
DE10254314A1 (de) 2004-06-09
ES2266918T3 (es) 2007-03-01
AU2003302123A8 (en) 2004-06-15
EP1563052B1 (fr) 2006-06-07
ATE329004T1 (de) 2006-06-15
DE50303740D1 (de) 2006-07-20
WO2004046298A2 (fr) 2004-06-03
AU2003302123A1 (en) 2004-06-15

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