EP1605919A1 - Compositions pharmaceutiques stables de rabeprazole et leurs procedes de fabrication - Google Patents

Compositions pharmaceutiques stables de rabeprazole et leurs procedes de fabrication

Info

Publication number
EP1605919A1
EP1605919A1 EP04715973A EP04715973A EP1605919A1 EP 1605919 A1 EP1605919 A1 EP 1605919A1 EP 04715973 A EP04715973 A EP 04715973A EP 04715973 A EP04715973 A EP 04715973A EP 1605919 A1 EP1605919 A1 EP 1605919A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
pharmaceutical composition
stable pharmaceutical
composition according
rabeprazole
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04715973A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Romi Barat Singh
Pananchukunnath Manoj Kumar
Vishnubhotla Nagaprasad
Rajiv Malik
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd
Original Assignee
Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd filed Critical Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd
Publication of EP1605919A1 publication Critical patent/EP1605919A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Definitions

  • the technical field of the present invention relates to stable pharmaceutical compositions of rabeprazole, and processes for their preparation.
  • rabeprazole belongs to the class of H+ - K+ - ATPase inhibitors. Its intense effect of suppressing gastric acid secretion, and an appropriate duration of action, makes it useful for treatment of various digestive ulcers.
  • Rabeprazole is prone to rapid decomposition and discoloration in the presence of moisture at neutral to acidic conditions.
  • Conventional stabilizing measures of coating acid sensitive compounds with enteric polymers are unsuitable for rabeprazole because the acidic functional groups of the enteric polymer react with rabeprazole, leading to its decomposition.
  • a subcoating to separate the core and enteric coat is used but decomposition of the rabeprazole nonetheless occurs during the coating stage when the rabeprazole is in contact with coating compositions in commonly used coating equipment, such as fluidized bed coaters. Consequently, other approaches have been attempted to stabilize rabeprazole in pharmaceutical compositions.
  • 5,035,899 discloses a method of stabilizing a core containing an acid unstable compound.
  • the unstable core is stabilized by layering the core with a subcoat layer, followed by layering with an enteric coat layer.
  • the subcoat layer or the intermediate layer includes a water insoluble film forming material and a suspended, water insoluble fine material.
  • U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0039597 discloses a chemically stable pharmaceutical preparation of a benzimidazole type compound in which the preparation is stabilized by incorporating in the core at least one substance selected from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, amino alkyl methacrylate copolymer E, arginine aspartate, hydroxypropylcellulose and crospovidone. Summary of the Invention
  • a stable pharmaceutical composition that includes a core.
  • the core includes rabeprazole and at least 10% w/w of low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • Embodiments of the composition may include one or more of the following features.
  • the core may further include an antioxidant.
  • the antioxidant may be one or both of butylated hydroxy toluene and butylated hydroxy anisole.
  • the antioxidant may be from about 0.02% to about 0.2% by weight of the total core weight.
  • the viscosity of the low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose may range from about 5 m. Pas to about 300 m. Pas (i.e., 5 cp to about 300 cp). More particularly, the viscosity of the low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose may range from about 50 m. Pas to about 200 m. Pas.
  • the core may further include polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • the average molecular weight of the polyvinylpyrrolidone may range from about 10,000 to about 360,000. More particularly, the average molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone may range from about 40,000 to about 60,000.
  • the polyvinylpyrrolidone maybe from about 0.5% to about 5% by weight of the total core weight.
  • the core maybe selected from the group consisting of tablet, granule and capsule and, in particular, may be a tablet.
  • the core may be coated with a subcoat layer and an enteric coat layer.
  • the subcoat layer may be one or more film forming agents.
  • the one or more film forming agents maybe one or more of microcrystalline cellulose, carageenan, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol and xanthan gum and, in particular, maybe hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
  • the subcoat layer may include an antioxidant.
  • the enteric coat layer may include one or more enteric polymers.
  • the enteric polymer may be one or more of cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxy propyl phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; and methacrylic acid copolymers and, in particular, may be hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate.
  • One or more of the core, the subcoat layer, and the enteric layer may further include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients.
  • the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients may be selected from the group consisting of binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, diluents, plasticizers, opacifiers, and coloring agents.
  • a process for preparing a stable pharmaceutical composition that includes a core.
  • the process includes preparing a core by (i) blending rabeprazole and a low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose to form a blend, and, one or both of, (ii) granulating the blend and (iii) compressing the blend to form a compact mass core.
  • the low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose makes up at least 10% w/w of the core.
  • Embodiments of the process may include one or more of the following features.
  • the viscosity of the low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose may range from about 5 m. Pas to about 300 m. Pas.
  • the process may further include blending one or more antioxidants with the rabeprazole and low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose. The antioxidant may be adsorbed over a diluent.
  • the core may be selected from the group consisting of tablet, granule and pellet and, in particular, may be a tablet.
  • the core may be prepared by one or more of a wet granulation method, a dry granulation method, or a direct compression method and, in particular, the core may be prepared by direct compression method.
  • the process may further include coating the core with one or both of a subcoat layer and an enteric coat layer.
  • One or both of the subcoat layer and the enteric coat layer may be applied as a solution suspension.
  • the solution/suspension may be prepared in solvents selected from the group consisting of methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methanol, ethanol, water and mixtures thereof.
  • solvents selected from the group consisting of methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methanol, ethanol, water and mixtures thereof.
  • one or both of the subcoat layer and the enteric coat layer are applied using a hot melt technique.
  • One or more of the core, the subcoat layer, and the enteric coat layer may contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients.
  • the one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients may be selected from the group consisting of binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, diluents, plasticizers, opacifiers, and coloring agents.
  • a method of treating digestive ulcers in a mammal by administering to the mammal a stable pharmaceutical composition of rabeprazole.
  • the composition includes a core that includes rabeprazole and at least 10% w/w of low viscosity hydroxypropyl cellulose.
  • Embodiments of the method may include one or more of the following features and those described above.
  • the viscosity of the low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose may range from about 5 m. Pas to about 300 m. Pas.
  • the core may further include an antioxidant.
  • a core containing rabeprazole may be stabilized against decomposition by incorporating a stabilizing amount of low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC-L) alone or in combination with one or more antioxidants in the core.
  • HPC-L low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose
  • an HPC-L concentration of 10% w/w or more gave improved stability results, as evident below in Table 2.
  • HPC-L has proved to be useful in preventing the decomposition and discoloration of compositions containing rabeprazole at a concentration of 10% w/w or more of the core.
  • Combining one or more antioxidants with HPC-L helps to improve stability and allows a reduction of HPC-L in the core to an amount of less than 10% w/w.
  • incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in the core has a positive effect on the stability of rabeprazole.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • HPC-L there is improved stability even with the addition of PVP and a reduction in HPC-L below 10% (w/w).
  • these positive effects are evident from the stability data that has been generated over a period of 1 month at 60°C and is contained herein in Tables 1 and 2.
  • rabeprazole as used herein includes rabeprazole and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of rabeprazole with alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like.
  • rabeprazole sodium or rabeprazole potassium may be used.
  • stable refers to chemical stability of rabeprazole in pharmaceutical compositions and indicates a presence of at least 80%> w/w of rabeprazole when stored at 60° C for 1 month with respect to the initial amount of rabeprazole as measured, for example, by HPLC.
  • core refers to a compact mass having a definite geometric shape such as tablets, granules, pellets and the like; comprising rabeprazole, HPC-L and, optionally, one or more antioxidants.
  • the core may also contain polyvinylpyrrolidione and other pharmaceutically inert excipients.
  • the core may be prepared by any conventional method known in the art such as wet granulation, dry granulation, direct compression, extrusion-spheronization, moldings and the like.
  • HPC-L is low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose which is conventionally used as a binder in low concentrations. It is available in various grades under the trade names Klucel® E, Klucel® G, Klucel® J and Klucel® L., with viscosity varying from about 5 m. Pas to about 300 m. Pas. In particular, Klucel® L (having viscosity of 65 - 150 m Pas.) can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of stabilized rabeprazole described herein. It is noted that 1 m.Pas. is the same as 1 centipoise (cP).
  • antioxidants include lipophilic antioxidants, inorganic antioxidants, and the like.
  • examples of two suitable antioxidants are butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT).
  • BHA butylated hydroxy anisole
  • BHT butylated hydroxy toluene
  • the concentration of the one or more antioxidants may vary from about 0.02% to about 0.2% by weight of the total weight of the core.
  • the one or more antioxidants are generally incorporated in the core, optionally, the subcoat may also or instead contain the one or more antioxidant(s) at concentrations of about 0.02% to about 0.5% of the weight of the subcoat.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a water-soluble polymer that is conventionally used as a binder.
  • the average molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone may vary from about 10,000 to about 360,000. It is commercially available in five viscosity grades identified by their K-value: K-15, K-25, K-30, K-60 and K-90, according to viscosity in ascending order.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30 (average molecular weight of 58,000) is particularly useful.
  • the concentration of PVP may vary from about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight of the total weight of core.
  • pharmaceutically inert excipients includes binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, diluents, plasticizers, opacifiers, coloring agents and the like.
  • binders include methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum Arabic, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, pullulan, pregelatinized starch, agar, tragacanth, sodium alginate, propylene glycol, and the like.
  • disintegrants examples include starch, croscarmellose, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and the like.
  • lubricants and glidants examples include colloidal anhydrous silica, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc, hydrogenated castor oil, sucrose esters of fatty acids, microcrystalline wax, yellow beeswax, white beeswax and the like.
  • diluents include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate-dibasic, calcium phosphate-tribasic, calcium sulfate, microcrystalline cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose powdered, dextrates, dextrins, dextrose excipients, fructose, kaolin, lactitol, lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, starch pregelatinized, sucrose, sugar compressible, sugar confectioners, and the like.
  • plasticizers include acetylated triacetin, triethylcitrate, tributylcitrate, glyceroltributyrate, monoglyceride, poly ethylene glycols, propylene glycol, sesame oil, acetyltributylcitrate, acetyltriethylcitrate, glycerin sorbitol, diethyloxalate, diethyl phthalate, diethylmalate, diethylfumarate, dibutylsuccinate, diethylmalonate, dioctylphthalate, dibutylsebacate, and the like.
  • opacifiers examples include ferric oxide, titanium dioxide and the like.
  • coloring agents include any FDA approved colors for oral use.
  • the subcoat layer comprises a film-forming agent with or without other pharmaceutically inert excipients.
  • the subcoat layer may also contain one or more antioxidants.
  • film forming agents include microcrystalline cellulose, carageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum and the like.
  • the enteric coat layer includes an enteric polymer with or without other pharmaceutically inert excipients.
  • enteric polymers examples include cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxy propyl phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMC phthalate), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; methacrylic acid copolymers such as Eudragit ® L 100-55, Eudragit ® L30 D-55, Eudragit ® L 100, Eudragit ® S 100; and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred enteric polymer for the purpose of the present invention is HPMC phthalate in a concentration of about 50% to about 90% by weight of the total weight of the enteric coat layer.
  • a process for the preparation of a stable tablet of rabeprazole includes preparing a core and coating the core with subcoat and enteric coat layers.
  • Preparing the core includes: (i) blending rabeprazole, HPC-L and, optionally, one or more antioxidants to form a blend, (ii) dry granulating the blend by roller compactor or slugging, (iii) sizing the granules and, optionally, blending with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients, and (iv) compressing to form a compact mass. It is this compact mass that is then coated with the subcoat and enteric coat layers.
  • a process for the preparation of a stable tablet of rabeprazole comprising the steps of (a) preparing a core (i) by blending rabeprazole, HPC-L and optionally antioxidant with or without pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients (ii) forming a wet mass using a granulating fluid or solution dispersion of pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipient in the granulating fluid (iii) drying and lubricating the granules and (iv) compressing to form a compact mass and (b) coating the core with subcoat and enteric coat layers.
  • a process for the preparation of a stable tablet of rabeprazole comprising the steps of (a) preparing a core by (i) blending rabeprazole, HPC-L and optionally antioxidant with or without pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipients (ii) forming a wet mass using a granulating fluid or solution/dispersion of pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipient in the granulating fluid (iii) passing the wet mass through an extruder equipped with a screen; (iv) spheronizing the extrudate in a spheronizer; (v) drying and sizing the spheroids to form a compact mass and (b) coating the core with sub-coat and enteric coat layers.
  • a process for the preparation of a stable tablet of rabeprazole comprising the steps of (a) preparing a core by (i) blending rabeprazole, HPC-L and at least one antioxidant adsorbed over a diluent and (ii) compressing to form a compact mass and (b) coating the core with sub-coat and enteric coat layers.
  • the sub coat layer and enteric coat layer may be applied over the core as solution/suspension of film forming agent or enteric polymer with or without other pharmaceutically inert excipients using any conventional coating technique known in the prior art such as spray coating in a conventional coating pan or fluidized bed processor; or dip coating.
  • coating can also be performed using hot melt technique whenever possible.
  • the solvents used for coating processes or for granulation may be selected from methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methanol, ethanol, water and mixtures thereof.
  • the core tablet compositions for Examples 1-8 are listed in Table 1.
  • the results of the stability evaluation of core compositions for Examples 1-8 over a period of 1 month at 60°C are listed in Table 2.
  • the preparation of the core tablets of Examples 1-3 involved the following steps:
  • Rabeprazole sodium, mannitol, low substituted-HPC, HPC-L and magnesium oxide were mixed together to form a uniform blend.
  • step 2 The blend of step 1 was lubricated by mixing with magnesium stearate.
  • step 3 The final lubricated blend of step 2 was directly compressed into core tablets using suitable size punches.
  • BHA and/or BHT was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol, adsorbed over mannitol, and dried in a fluidized bed dryer at room temperature.
  • Rabeprazole sodium, BHA and/or BHT coated mannitol, low substituted-HPC, L- HPC and magnesium oxide were mixed together to form a uniform blend.
  • step 2 was lubricated by mixing with magnesium stearate.
  • step 3 The final lubricated blend of step 3 was directly compressed into core tablets using suitable size punches.
  • the coating of the core tablets of Examples 1 - 8 with the sub coat layer involved the following steps- 1. Color and titanium dioxide were added in propylene glycol and thoroughly mixed to obtain a homogenous dispersion.
  • Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone were added in water and mixed thoroughly to obtain a uniform dispersion.
  • step 3 The dispersion of step 1 was added to the dispersion of step 2 with stirring to obtain the final sub coat dispersion.
  • step 2 Phthalate and continuous stirring until a clear solution was obtained. 2. Color, titanium dioxide and talc were added to the remaining part of the acetone and thoroughly mixed to obtain a uniform dispersion. 3. The dispersion of step 2 was added to the solution of step 1 with continuous stirring to obtain the final coating dispersion.
  • Sub coated tablets were loaded in a Freund Hi-Coater and coated with the final dispersion of step 3 until the desired weight buildup was achieved, followed by drying wherever required.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des compositions pharmaceutiques stables de rabeprazole et leurs procédés de fabrication. La composition pharmaceutique stable comprend un noyau et le noyau contient du rabeprazole et au moins 10 % en p/p d'hydroxypropylcellulose à faible viscosité.
EP04715973A 2003-02-28 2004-03-01 Compositions pharmaceutiques stables de rabeprazole et leurs procedes de fabrication Withdrawn EP1605919A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
INDE02032003 2003-02-28
IN203DE2003 2003-02-28
PCT/IB2004/000536 WO2004075881A1 (fr) 2003-02-28 2004-03-01 Compositions pharmaceutiques stables de rabeprazole et leurs procedes de fabrication

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1605919A1 true EP1605919A1 (fr) 2005-12-21

Family

ID=32922929

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04715973A Withdrawn EP1605919A1 (fr) 2003-02-28 2004-03-01 Compositions pharmaceutiques stables de rabeprazole et leurs procedes de fabrication

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1605919A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2004216405A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2517289A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004075881A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1901719A2 (fr) * 2005-07-11 2008-03-26 Nycomed Danmark ApS Formulation de benzimidazole
EP1872778A1 (fr) * 2006-06-29 2008-01-02 LEK Pharmaceuticals D.D. Préparation pharmaceutique stable contenant du rabéprazole sodique
JP5228359B2 (ja) * 2007-04-12 2013-07-03 ニプロ株式会社 主薬粒子及びその製造方法ならびに口腔内崩壊錠
CN105434398B (zh) * 2015-12-18 2018-09-18 康普药业股份有限公司 一种雷贝拉唑肠溶微丸及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0642797B1 (fr) * 1993-09-09 2000-05-17 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. Formulation comprenant un agent antibactérien et un agent antiulcère
GB9710800D0 (en) * 1997-05-23 1997-07-23 Cipla Limited Pharmaceutical composition and method of preparing it
WO1999053918A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-28 Eisai Co., Ltd. Compositions stabilisees contenant des composes du type benzimidazole
DE69934505T2 (de) * 1998-05-18 2007-10-04 Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Im munde zerfallende tablette enthaltend ein benzimidazole
SE9902386D0 (sv) * 1999-06-22 1999-06-22 Astra Ab New formulation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2004075881A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2517289A1 (fr) 2004-09-10
WO2004075881A1 (fr) 2004-09-10
AU2004216405A1 (en) 2004-09-10

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