Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
  • A23K50/45—Semi-moist feed
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs

Definitions

• the invention provides food compositions containing high protein, high fat, and low carbohydrate levels which also contain non-fermentable fiber, and methods of using same.
• the present invention provides a food composition for a mammal having high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate, and non-fermentable fiber.
• the present invention further provides a method for feeding a mammal the above composition wherein said mammal is in need of weight management.
• ketogenic foods High protein, low carbohydrate foods are known in the art, and are frequently referred to as “ketogenic” foods.
• a specific example of the use of a ketogenic food would be the popular "Atkins Diet", which uses foods high in protein, high in fat, and low in carbohydrate content.
• the present invention provides a food composition having high protein levels, high fat levels, low carbohydrate levels, and non-fermentable fiber that is useful in managing weight in mammals, especially companion animals, and particularly for use in dogs or cats.
• non-fermentable fiber to a feline or canine food having high protein, high fat, and low carbohydrate can increase the rate of weight change, and/or can provide less lean tissue loss, and/or can increase the rate of fat loss compared to the low carbohydrate food without added non-fermentable fiber.
• wt % as employed throughout the specification and claims refers to wt % calculated on a dry matter basis.
• compositions and methods are particularly useful wherein the overweight condition of the companion animal is not due to a disease state resulting from carbohydrate metabolism, such as wherein the animal has diabetes.
• non-fermentable fibers to a high protein, high fat, low carbohydrate food has been found to be advantageous for managing weight in dogs or cats.
• the non-fermentable fiber of the present composition can provide enhanced weight loss, for example, as expressed above, in addition to enhanced satiety.
• the protein may be from any source.
• a protein source having low carbohydrates is particularly preferred.
• protein sources include animal sources such as meat protein isolate, whey protein isolate, mixtures thereof, and the like, as well as vegetable sources, such as soy protein isolate, corn gluten meal, wheat gluten, mixtures thereof, and the like.
• the fat may be from any source. Examples of such fat sources include poultry fat, beef tallow, lard, choice white grease, soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, mixtures thereof, and the like.
• the fat may be incorporated completely within the food composition, deposited on the outside of the food composition, or a mixture of the two methods.
• the carbohydrate may be from any source, and may enter the food composition as part of another ingredient, such as the protein source.
• carbohydrate sources include starches and grains, such as corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rice, mixtures thereof, and the like.
• non-fermentable fiber is defined as a fiber having an organic matter disappearance rate of less than 15%, preferably less than about 8 to 12%, when fermented by non-ruminant fecal bacteria in vitro for a 24 hour period.
• An alternative definition of non-fermentable fiber is any fiber source which maybe fermented by intestinal bacteria present in the animal to produce less than 0.5 mmol of short chain fatty acids per gram of substrate in a 24 hour period.
• non-fermentable fibers include cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, mixtures thereof, and the like.
• fermentable fibers include pectins, gums, and mucilages. The fiber, both fermentable and non-fermentable, are measured by AOAC Official Method 991.43.
• Protein concentrations provided in the present food composition are from about 25 to about 70 wt %. Suitable representative minimum protein concentrations include 25, 40, 45, and 47 wt %. Suitable representative maximum protein concentrations include 60 and 70 wt %. Preferred for the present invention are protein concentrations of from about 40 to about 70 wt %. Additionally preferred for the practice of the present invention are protein concentrations of from about 45 to about 60 wt %. Particularly preferred for the practice of the present invention are protein concentrations of from about 47 to about 60 wt %. Fat concentrations provided in the present food composition are from about 10 to about 70 wt %. Suitable representative minimum fat concentrations include 10 and 20 wt %. Suitable representative maximum fat concentrations include 60 and 70 wt %.
• Preferred for the present invention are fat concentrations of from about 20 to about 70 wt %. Particularly preferred for the practice of the present invention are fat concentrations of from about 20 to about 60 wt %.
• Carbohydrate concentrations provided in the present food composition are based on Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) determinations and are from about 0 to about 25 wt %. Suitable representative minimum carbohydrate concentrations include 0, 5, and 10 wt %. Suitable representative maximum carbohydrate concentrations include 12, 15, and 20 wt %.
• Preferred for the present invention are carbohydrate concentrations of from about 10 to about 20 wt %. Additionally preferred for the present invention are carbohydrate concentrations of from about 12 to about 20 wt %.
• Non-fermentable fiber concentrations provided in the present food composition are from about 0.75 to about 20 wt %.
• Suitable representative minimum non-fermentable fiber concentrations include 0.75, 3, 5, 7, and 8 wt %.
• Suitable representative maximum non-fermentable fiber concentrations include 10, 12, 15, and 20 wt %.
• Preferred for the present invention are non-fermentable fiber concentrations of from about 5 to about 15 wt %.
• Particularly preferred for the practice of the present invention are non-fermentable fiber concentrations of from about 7 to about 10 wt %.
• Particularly preferred for the practice of the present invention is a food composition containing protein concentrations of about 51 to 53 wt %, fat concentrations of about 21 to 23 wt %, carbohydrate concentrations of about 15 to 16 wt %, and non-fermentable fiber concentrations of about 8 tolO wt %.
• the term "food” when used, this may refer not only to a food product which typically provides most, if not all, the nutrient value for a companion animal, but may also refer to such items as a snack, treat, supplement, and the like.
• the food composition may be provided to any mammal, particularly a companion animal, such as a dog or cat, which is in need of weight management.
• the animal, especially a dog or cat may be one which is currently overweight or one which has a tendency to become overweight, and preferably where the weight issue does not arise from a disease of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, such as, for example, diabetes.
• the need for weight management in the dog or cat may arise due to the animal expending fewer calories than those being ingested. For example, this may result from overeating, insufficient activity, a combination of the two, or for other unknown reasons.
• Temporary abnormal carbohydrate metabolism is not a disease and may result from trauma to the animal, such as illness, injury, or surgery, and the like.
• Temporary abnormal carbohydrate metabolism may also result from feeding an animal an improper diet, such as, for example, feeding a diet that is high in carbohydrates.
• cats and dogs differ in their ability to process carbohydrates and fats based on different enzyme functionality, such as liver and pancreatic enzymes.
• High intake of carbohydrates by an animal adapted to an almost exclusive intake of fat and protein may result in an abnormal regulation of hormones and enzymes that signal the fed and unfed state to the body. This may result in temporary abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, wherein the normal carbohydrate metabolic state returns to the animal once the carbohydrate levels in the food have been altered.
• Obesity by definition, is the accumulation of an excessive quantity of fat. Body weight increases as fat accumulates; thus, having excessive body fat and being overweight are related. Obesity develops when animals are in a positive energy balance for an extended period of time. This occurs when energy intake increases, energy expenditure decreases, or both occur.
• Body weight relative to an animal's optimal weight has been used as a defining criterion for obesity because body weight is easier to measure than body fat.
• Overweight dogs and cats are subdivided into three categories: 1) those animals 1 to 9% above optimal weight that are simply above optimal weight,
• Categories 2) and 3) above are those categories addressed by the present invention for reducing weight in overweight and/or obese animals.
• EXAMPLE 1 CAT STUDY Experimental Design: On day 0 obese cats were weighted, anesthetized, and body composition was determined via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight, and gender.
• DEXA Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
• each cat received a randomly assigned food and the animals remained on their respective weight loss dietary treatment for the duration of the study.
• the canned foods used in this study were in one of two forms, a conventional loaf or minced food preparation.
• each cat received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight (20% body fat).
• the amount of food offered daily to each animal was calculated by dividing the amount of calories to be offered by the caloric density of the food (kcal/kg). Use of this equation allowed animals to lose body weight at a rate of 1.0 to 1.5% of their initial body weight per week.
• Initial body composition was determined by DEXA. Ideal body weight was estimated by calculating fat-free body mass from the DEXA analysis and adding 20% fat to this total.
• the food was provided for a span of about 112 to about 168 days.
• EXAMPLE 2 DOG STUDY Experimental Design: On day 0 obese dogs were weighed, anesthetized, and body composition was determined via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptionmetry (DEXA). Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight and gender.
• DEXA Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptionmetry
• each dog received a randomly assigned food and the animals remained on their respective weight loss dietary treatment for the duration of the study.
• each dog received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight (20% body fat).
• the amount of food offered daily to each animal was calculated by dividing the amount of calories to be offered by the caloric density of the food (kcal/kg). Use of this equation allowed animals to lose body weight at a rate of 1.5 to 2.0% of their initial body weight per week.
• Initial body composition was determined by DEXA. Ideal body weight was estimated by calculating fat-free body mass from the DEXA analysis and adding 20% fat to this total.
• Fiber ; Fiber;
• Non-fermentable Fiber % 8.45 2.22
• Vitamins % 0.28 0.24
• the food was provided for a span of about 52 to about 112 days.
• EXAMPLE 3 DOG STUDY WITH DRY FOOD Experimental Design On day 0 obese dogs were weighed, anesthetized, and body composition was determined via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptionmetry (DEXA). Animals were allotted to treatments based on body composition, weight and gender.
• DEXA Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptionmetry
• each dog received a randomly assigned food and the animals remained on their respective weight loss dietary treatment for the duration of the study.
• each dog received its daily food amount based on energy requirements of its ideal body weight (20% body fat).
• the amount of food offered daily to each animal was calculated by dividing the amount of calories to be offered by the caloric density of the food (kcal/kg). Use of this equation allowed animals to lose body weight at a rate of 1.5 to 2.0% of their initial body weight per week.
• Initial body composition was determined by DEXA. Ideal body weight was estimated by calculating fat-free body mass from the DEXA analysis and adding 20% fat to this total.
• Fiber ; Fiber;
• Non-fermentable Fiber % 8.55 2.58
• the food was provided for a span of about 52 to about 112 days.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Animal Husbandry (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Birds (AREA)
• Botany (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Mycology (AREA)
• Physiology (AREA)
• Fodder In General (AREA)
• Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
• Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
• Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)
• Artificial Filaments (AREA)
• General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
• Catching Or Destruction (AREA)

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