EP1642681A2 - Dispositif de serrage - Google Patents
Dispositif de serrage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1642681A2 EP1642681A2 EP05021311A EP05021311A EP1642681A2 EP 1642681 A2 EP1642681 A2 EP 1642681A2 EP 05021311 A EP05021311 A EP 05021311A EP 05021311 A EP05021311 A EP 05021311A EP 1642681 A2 EP1642681 A2 EP 1642681A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- clamping
- base part
- lever
- push rod
- arm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING, OR HOLDING
- B25B5/00—Clamps
- B25B5/06—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws
- B25B5/08—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws using cams
- B25B5/085—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws using cams with at least one jaw sliding along a bar
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING, OR HOLDING
- B25B5/00—Clamps
- B25B5/06—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws
- B25B5/068—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws with at least one jaw sliding along a bar
Definitions
- the invention relates to a clamping clamp and a stepper drive, as it can be used to drive such a clamping clamp.
- the clamping clamp consists of two relatively movable parts, namely a base part and guided therein or mounted clamping part which can be pressed under application of a clamping force against the base part or pressed away from them.
- a clamping clamp is a screw clamp, in which after the loose juxtaposition of the clamping part and the base part - with the workpieces to be compressed therebetween - by means of a threaded spindle which extends through the base, for example, the desired clamping force is applied.
- a threaded spindle and toggle and other mechanisms are known.
- each drive understood that causes a stepwise forward movement of the relatively moving parts and / or in which the manually operated drive element is moved stepwise, so for example.
- stepper drive as it can be used in particular for such a design of the clamping clamp, it is known that a conventional stepper drive can be operated by means of a clamping lever with only one hand.
- the object of the invention is therefore to be able to accomplish both the positioning and the application of a high, in particular automatically adjusting clamping force, the loosening and opening of the clamp with only one hand of the operator, so that the other hand for Hold and free to position the two workpieces.
- the object of the invention is to form the stepper drive so that all functions can be performed by only one hand of the operator and in particular the direction of action of the stepper should still be reversible.
- the clamping member may also be pivotable relative to the base part, so undergo a circular movement or a different type of arcuate movement.
- the base part having a handle-like shaped part, and the clamping lever is arranged there, the simultaneous holding and pressing the clamping clamp with one hand of the user is possible.
- the direction of movement of the clamping member can be adjusted in the opposite direction, which means for the same clamping operation that is switched from terminals to release, or it can also be changed for a new clamping operation, the clamping direction, e.g. from pressing against each other on pressing apart.
- this switch can again be performed by the same hand of the user and during the clamping process that no second hand is needed, thus for holding the workpiece or the workpieces is available.
- this center position can be used for the fact that the clamping member relative to the base member in both directions of movement is freely displaced.
- a clamping insert By arranging a clamping insert in the corresponding extensions of the base part or clamping part, such a clamping insert also in his Transverse distance can be varied by the push rod by being used in different spaced receiving positions, whereby the transverse distance of the clamping point can be influenced.
- the clamping force applied by the stepper drive can be further increased if the clamping insert additionally contains a threaded spindle which can be actuated by means of a spindle lever, the force increase being dependent on the length of the spindle lever and the thread pitch - the clamping force applied by the stepper drive is further increased by means of the threaded spindle ,
- the step drive to be used in particular in the clamping clamp, has special features which make these functions possible:
- the direction of action of the stepper drive can be adjusted by the fact that the pivoting direction of the push arm from the starting position to the operating state in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction, and in particular for this purpose, the push arm, when it assumes the starting position, be displaced, be shifted in particular in the longitudinal direction, so that its operating end with a different area than before, that is, with another active surface of the clamping lever, in contact.
- the push arm which is preferably in its deactivated position, is displaced and pivoted relative to the push rod in the longitudinal direction and pivoted, from a positive angle relative to the transverse direction to a negative angle and vice versa.
- the support arm is biased by a Stauerarmfeder in the starting position.
- clamping lever itself is biased by means of a clamping lever spring in its initial position, in which he goes back to release to relocate by re-actuation the push arm.
- both the force curve and the absolute force height, which are applied during actuation of the clamping lever of the cutting drive can be specified differently.
- the support arm is also converted from the switch by means of a preferably mechanical connection, in particular a combined tension spring, can be converted by means of a single switch the entire stepper drive in its direction of action at a time.
- the action of the spring which biases the support arm can be supported by the bearing pin in the pivotable bearing arm with respect to the pivot point the bearing arm is arranged so that the pressure exerted by the clamping lever - when actuated - on the bearing arm pressure increases the bias of the support arm in the prestressed support position and conversely favors the release of the clamping of the support arm when changing the effective direction.
- Figure 1 shows a conventional stepper drive according to the prior art, as used for example in a commercial clamping clamp.
- the extension direction of the Schubarmö réelle 23a is exactly perpendicular to the plane of the push arm 23 ', and the starting position the exact right-angled position of the push arm 23 'to the longitudinal direction 10 or already slightly inclined to the operating end in the pressing direction.
- the pivoting is effected by means of a hand operated by the user pivot lever 21 '(operating state), which is moved back together with the push arm 23' in the starting position after releasing, e.g. due to a push arm spring 26 'extending around the push rod 4, biasing the push arm 23' to the home position.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 which illustrate a detail enlargement from FIG. 2 b, show a clamping clamp 1 with a step drive 20 developed further in comparison with the design of FIG.
- such a clamping clamp 1 consists of a base part 2, on which the clamping part 3, which is to apply a clamping force relative to the base part 2, is mounted movable and, above all, fixable.
- clamping clamps for this purpose - as usual with clamping clamps - in the base part 2 extending in the longitudinal direction 10 push rod 4 of the clamping part 3 out, and at least in the unloaded initial state at least in the pressing direction slidably guided, from which approximately at right angles the clamping extension 3a strives.
- the base part 2 has a base extension 2a, in which in commercial clamping clamps a clamping insert 5, which contains a threaded spindle 8, which extends in the longitudinal direction 10, is guided.
- Such a clamping insert 5, especially one containing a threaded spindle 8 extending in the longitudinal direction 10 may also be present in a clamping clamp according to the invention.
- a threaded screw which can be screwed in and against the clamping direction opens up additional possibilities, for example the application of pressing force by means of the pressing head 9 with a threaded spindle 8 screwed far forward in a groove or other recess of a workpiece, for example on the bottom of a U-profile.
- the push rod 4 in the desired clamping direction 12a or b relative to the base part 2 extends or retracts.
- the extension direction may also be the clamping direction.
- the push rod 4 terminates freely at the end remote from the clamping extension 3a, so that the entire base part 2 can be pulled off the push rod 4 and rotated 180 ° again can be plugged (see Figures 4), so that then with otherwise unchanged base part. 2 and especially unchanged position of the switch 22, will be discussed below, now the clamping direction 12 would be the opposite direction.
- the clamping insert 5 can be inserted into one of a plurality of differently far radially spaced from the longitudinal extent of the push rod 4, insert receptacles 6a, b.
- the clamping insert 5 if it itself contains a threaded spindle 8 as in the case shown, with a sufficiently large spindle lever 7 and correspondingly low pitch of the threaded spindle 8 are used to increase the force applied by the stepper drive 20 clamping force even further by turning the Screw 8 by means of the spindle lever. 7
- Another advantage of the clamping clamp 1 according to the invention is a smaller spreading of the clamping clamp in the loaded state, ie a bending of the clamping clamp, so that clamping extension 3a and base extension 2a are largely as in the unloaded state parallel to each other.
- the base part 2 in the longitudinal direction 10 is much longer than in commercial clamps due to the existing pistol-like handle, which is also traversed over its entire length from the push rod 4, resulting in a much greater overall guide length.
- the fit between the outer circumference of the push rod 4 and the inner circumference of the guide, in particular in the base part 2, can be selected to be lower than in the conventional clamping clamps, so that overall results in a lower spread.
- the stepper 20 works in principle as explained with reference to the figure 1 to the prior art, and has in accordance with the push rod 4, on the one hand the push arm 23 and on the other hand, the support arm 24 penetrates, the push arm 23 moves at its operating end of the clamping lever 21 in the pressing direction and is moved back by the Schubarmfeder 26 back to the starting position.
- clamping lever 21 itself is biased by a lever spring 30 in its initial position.
- this stepper drive 20 has additional advantages:
- push arm 23 and support arm 24 are shown in side view in FIG. 2, with a view into the open side of a half shell of the base part 2, these two arms 23, 24 are cut open in the illustration of FIG. 2b along their longitudinal extension, so that the push arm opening 23a and the Schubarmö réelle 24a are better visible through which the push rod 4 extends therethrough.
- FIGS. 3a and 3b are correspondingly enlarged detailed representations, drawn in detailed sectional views analogous to FIG. 2b, and differ only in the pressing direction 12a / b represented by the position of the changeover switch 22, which are downward along the longitudinal direction 10 in FIG. 3a and in FIG 3b is directed upward (as in Figures 2).
- Fig. 3a is described:
- the switchability of the pressing direction 12 is effected by a switch 22 displaceable in this case in the longitudinal direction 10, the handle part 22d of a slot of the base part 2 projects and can be grasped and adjusted, and is connected to a support member 22e, which in the interior of the base part. 2 is guided displaceably in the longitudinal direction 10.
- the support end 23 c of the push arm 23 is located on the same side of the push rod 4 as the support member 22 e of the switch 22, and is connected thereto by a train / compression spring 27 a, which is firmly attached to a corresponding pin on the support end 23 c, which - the lateral guide on the push rod 4 through the shells of the base part 2 - the storage of the push arm 23 represents.
- This support point of the push arm 23 is thus adjustable by means of the switch 22 from top to bottom corresponding to the end positions 22a, b of the switch 22 and the additional spring action in the base part second
- the operating end 23b of the push arm 23 engages not on an outer contour, but on an inner contour 21 'of the clamping lever 21, which is designed here approximately triangular, sitting on the actuating end 23b roller 31 in the end positions of the switch 22 with either one of the active edges 21 a, b of this inner contour 21 'are in contact, which are designed so that in the operating state of the clamping lever 21, this effective surface of the push arm 23 from the initial position in which the Schubarmö réelle 23 a loosely surrounding the push rod 4, (operating state) in that the push arm opening 23a is increasingly inclined to the push rod 4 and jammed with the side surface and is taken from this in the pressing direction 12.
- the support arm 24 is at its, the switch 22 adjacent end by turn a tension / compression spring 27b connected to the handle portion 22d of the switch 22 and thus also in its inclination and thus effective direction of the one side to the other side with respect are transposed to the longitudinal direction 10 perpendicular transverse direction 11, wherein in each case a movement of the push rod 4 against the pressing direction 12 is prevented.
- the pivot axis of the support arm 24 is located on the side facing away from the switch 22 and is in this case by receiving the bearing end 24c of the support arm 24 between two e.g. formed prism-shaped projections of the base part 2.
- the bearing end 24c of the support arm and the support end 23c of the push arm of the two arms are thus on opposite sides with respect to the push rod 4, as well as the two actuating ends 23b, 24b, wherein the actuating end 23b of the push arm 23 on the side of the clamping lever 21 and the operating end 24b of the support arm 24 is on the side of the switch 22 and thus on the side facing away from the clamping lever 21 side.
- the push rod 4 is freely displaceable in both directions to the base part 2.
- the operating end 23 b is displaced downwardly by means of the active surface 21 a and in the Schubarmö réelle 23 a the push rod 4 initially jammed and taken on further clamping movement of the push arm 23 in the pressing direction 12a, ie down.
- the tension roller 31 at the operating end 23 b of the push arm 23 moves from the end point 33 a of the active surface 21 a, which represents the starting position, to the end point 33 b, which represents the end of the operating state at the other end of the active surface 21 a, as in Fig. 3b shown for the tension roller 31, but at different switching position of the switch 22nd
- the change-over switch 22 is in its lower end position 22b and accordingly also the operating end 24b of the support arm 24 and also the support end 23c of the push arm 23, whereby a pressing direction 12b is achieved in an upward direction.
- Fig. 3b1 shows the situation with relaxed tensioning lever 21 (initial position), Fig. 3b2 when used on the base part 2 position (operating state).
- the tension roller 31 thereby moves from the end point 33c (initial position) along the active flank 21b in FIG. 3b up to its upper end point 33b (end of the actuation state, ie in the case of the tensioning lever 21 fully engaged with the grip part), wherein the tension pulley 31 one Distance 32b measured in the pressing direction 12b between these end points 33b, c overcomes.
- measure of longitudinal movement (distances 32a and b) of the tension roller 31 thus represents the size of the longitudinal movement of the push rod 4 at a stroke of the clamping lever 21, and thus the gear ratio of the entire stepper drive 20:
- Figures 3 further show that the pivotable clamping lever 21 is not mounted directly in the base part 2, but via a bearing pin 28 in a self-moving, namely pivotable, bearing arm 29, which is preferably not only in the figures 2b and 3, not only behind but also extends transversely in front of the push rod 4.
- the storage end located in a fixed bearing point 29 c is located on the side facing away from the switch 22 side, while the operating end 29 b is located on the side of the switch 22 and is connected to the operating end 24 b of the support arm 24.
- the base part 2 consists of two mutually juxtaposed half-shells, with corresponding recesses on the mutually facing contact surfaces to receive the aforementioned movable parts and to leave a passage for the push rod 4 free.
- the figures 4 show different constellations of the clamping clamp according to the invention, which are possible in that the entire base part 2 withdrawn from the push rod 4 and pushed onto the handle for this purpose, the rear free end of the push rod 4 in a different position and the clamping insert about the longitudinal axis or a transverse axis turned pushed and can accordingly serve different purposes:
- Figure 4a shows a constellation in which the base part 2 is pushed onto the push rod 4 so that the clamping extension 3a and the base extension 2a protrude to the same side, and the clamping insert 5 used with its pressing head 9 in the clamping extension 3a against the base extension 2a has.
- This constellation is used for clamping, so the bracing of a workpiece between base extension 2a and clamping extension 3a.
- FIG. 4b serves the same purpose, however, for workpieces dimensioned larger in the clamping direction, for which a greater distance between base extension 2a and clamping extension 3a is necessary. Accordingly, in contrast to the solution of FIG. 4 a, in the case of FIG. 4 b the base part 2 with its handle for the clamping part 3 is pushed towards the push rod 4.
- FIG. 4c shows the constellation as in FIG. 4a, but rotated by 180 ° with the clamping insert 5, namely with its pressing head 9 pointing away from the clamping extension 3a in the base extension 3a.
- This arrangement is used to spread apart, so pressing apart, two components, set in the press head 9 of the base extension 2a and clamping member 3a therebetween and moved apart.
- the clamping insert 5 with its clamping head 9 points in the direction of the clamping extension 3a,
- the clamping extension 3a of the clamping part 3 protrudes in a different direction from the push rod 4 as the base extension 2a.
- This embodiment is used for clamping in special situations, for example, the clamping of workpieces on a large-scale clamping table with a greater distance from the edge:
- the clamping clamp 1 can be fastened, for example screwed, to the clamping extension 3a pointing downwards on such a clamping table, so that a workpiece can then be pressed against the clamping table by means of the base part 2.
- Exemplary solutions are described with reference to the following FIGS. 5 to 7 in order to change the maximum producible force, in particular with increasing pressure build-up at the clamping point, which can be set automatically or manually.
- the increase in the maximum force is achieved by reducing the longitudinal distance 32a or b, over which the push arm 23 is moved with a stroke of the clamping lever 21, since the applied force is greater, the lower the distance, so the distance 32a, b, is.
- Fig. 5a shows a solution in which the inner contour 21 'of the clamping lever 21 in the direction of the figures 5a-c, ie transversely to the main plane of the clamping lever 21 and thus in the direction of the roller axis 34 of the tension roller 31 - two or more consecutive active edges 21 a , 21 * a and 21 b, 21 * b, respectively, on which the tension roller 31 can roll off optionally:
- the tension roller 31 in the direction of the roller axis 34 relative to the clamping lever 21 and the inner contour 21 'displaceable, preferably relative to the push arm 23, in whose forked end it is mounted on a pivot pin 34 '.
- the tension roller 31 can be manually reciprocated in the direction of the roller axis 34, but preferably it is biased in accordance with FIGS. 5d and 5e by means of a spring in one direction.
- the outer contour of the tension roller 31 is substantially cylindrical (31 '), at a front end, namely facing away from the plate spring 35 end, but conically shaped (31 *).
- the axial (in the direction of the roller axis 34) extension of the active edges 21 a, b of the inner contour 21 'of the clamping lever 21 is divided into a normal active edge 21 a, b, which is perpendicular to the main plane of the contour 21', and on the cylindrical periphery 31 'of the tension roller 31 can run, and an adjoining obliquely corresponding to the angle of the conical periphery 31 * of the tension roller 31 standing inclined flank 21 * or 21 * b available on which the tension roller 31 roll with this conical periphery 31 * can when it is in the biased by the plate spring 35 end position.
- distance 32 between the end points 33 of the respective active surfaces are different in the direction of the roller axis 34 successive active surfaces, ie: distance 32a between the end points 33a and 33b of the active surface 21 a is less than the distance 32 * a between the endpoints 33 * a and 33 * b of the effective area 21 * a.
- This configuration causes up to a certain confirmation force of the hand lever 21, so long as the bias of the plate spring 35 in the direction of the roller axis 34 is not overcome, the tension roller 31 with its conical circumference 31 * on the conical active edges 21 * a and 21 * b rolls, and per stroke of the hand lever 21 a relatively large longitudinal distance 32a and 32b overcomes. With increasing pressure build-up at the clamping point, however, an ever greater actuation force of the clamping lever 21 is necessary.
- the axial joining of two different sized cylindrical sections, optionally with conical outer edges therebetween, can be chosen to be at a limit for the displacement of the tension roller 31 operating force on the clamping lever 21st to avoid unwanted switching back and forth of the tension roller in its axial direction during the run along the active flank.
- the active surface which is intended to cooperate with the smaller diameter of the tension roller 31, in its initial area still inclined to the vertical with respect to the main plane of the clamping lever 21, and would only be perpendicular in their course, so that in the inclined region of the tensioner role due their on the outer edge still existing conical design at the beginning of the movement path would still be applied in the direction of axial displacement.
- the active flanks 21a / b are designed as resilient fingers 36a / b projecting into the interior of the inner contour 21, the ends of which are fastened in the vicinity of the starting position corresponding to the end points 33a, which are the active flanks 21a / b in the clamping lever 21.
- the inner edges of the fingers 36a / b form the active edges 21a / b for the tension roller 31, while the outer edges of the fingers 36a / b at a distance from the inner contour 21 ', and in this direction until it rests against the inner contour 21' elastic can be bent, whereby the distance to be overcome per stroke 32a / b decreases steplessly.
- the spring force of the fingers 36a / b is designed so that at the beginning of the use of the clamping clamp, so if the clamping lever 21 is moved with moderate hand force, because the clamping member 3 is still in idle stroke or despite applying to the workpiece only a small resistance by the Workpiece is opposed, run the tension roller 31 on the fingers 36 a / b in the initial state and a relatively large distance 32 a / b is overcome per stroke.
- Fig. 7 shows a solution in which the active edges 21 a / b are indeed contoured, in their position to the clamping lever 21, however, are changeable, which in turn the distance traveled per stroke longitudinal spacings 32 a / b are affected.
- the rotary disk 37 is pivotable back and forth between two end positions, preferably delimited by a nose 37 projecting radially outwards from the rotary disk 37 and extending over the outer circumference of the rotary disk 37, e.g. projects radially outward and between two settings A and B.
- the end positions A and B of the turntable shown in Figs. 7a / b differ in that e.g. the end position A of FIG. 7a for the active edge 21 a means a small distance 32a, while the end position B for this active edge 21 a results in a large distance 32 a.
- the turntable 37 can either be adjusted manually by the user in one of the end positions A or B and remains there by means of engagement or dead center formation of the movement of the turntable.
- An automatic changeover of the turntable 37 can be effected by being biased by means of the force of a spring - depending on the selected pressing direction 12 and thus the position of the switch 22 - in a pivoting direction, preferably in the pivoting direction with still large longitudinal distance 32a / b and the force of this biasing spring is overcome only at a defined value of the operating force on the clamping lever 21 and then the turntable 37 is automatically swiveled increasingly or digitally towards the other end position.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Jigs For Machine Tools (AREA)
- Knitting Machines (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004047356 | 2004-09-29 | ||
| DE102004051833A DE102004051833A1 (de) | 2004-09-29 | 2004-10-25 | Klemmzwinge |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1642681A2 true EP1642681A2 (fr) | 2006-04-05 |
| EP1642681A3 EP1642681A3 (fr) | 2006-06-07 |
Family
ID=35478425
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP05021311A Withdrawn EP1642681A3 (fr) | 2004-09-29 | 2005-09-29 | Dispositif de serrage |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1642681A3 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE102004051833A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103538004A (zh) * | 2012-07-11 | 2014-01-29 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | 快速夹紧装置 |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2908063B1 (fr) * | 2006-11-06 | 2009-08-21 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Dispositif pour le mise en place d'un raccord metallique a l'extremite d'une tuyauterie souple |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8710129D0 (en) * | 1987-04-29 | 1987-06-03 | Rhombus Tools Ltd | Clamp |
| US4926722A (en) * | 1988-08-19 | 1990-05-22 | Petersen Manufacturing Co., Inc. | Quick-action bar clamp |
| DE19731579A1 (de) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-01-28 | Wolfcraft Gmbh | Spannwerkzeug, insbesondere Spannzwinge, Spannstock oder Spanntisch |
| US6382608B1 (en) * | 2000-10-31 | 2002-05-07 | Steven W. Michell | Adjustable clamping and spreading bar clamp or bench vice |
| IL150884A (en) * | 2002-07-23 | 2006-04-10 | Tefenplast Kirur Ltd | Bar clamp |
| GB0305098D0 (en) * | 2003-03-06 | 2003-04-09 | Framex Ltd | Support assembly structure |
| DE102004013066B4 (de) * | 2004-03-12 | 2006-11-23 | Bessey & Sohn Gmbh & Co. Kg | Spann- und Spreizvorrichtung |
-
2004
- 2004-10-25 DE DE102004051833A patent/DE102004051833A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-09-29 EP EP05021311A patent/EP1642681A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103538004A (zh) * | 2012-07-11 | 2014-01-29 | 罗伯特·博世有限公司 | 快速夹紧装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1642681A3 (fr) | 2006-06-07 |
| DE102004051833A1 (de) | 2006-04-13 |
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