EP1896529A1 - Procede de dotation antimicrobienne de polymeres - Google Patents

Procede de dotation antimicrobienne de polymeres

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Publication number
EP1896529A1
EP1896529A1 EP06754480A EP06754480A EP1896529A1 EP 1896529 A1 EP1896529 A1 EP 1896529A1 EP 06754480 A EP06754480 A EP 06754480A EP 06754480 A EP06754480 A EP 06754480A EP 1896529 A1 EP1896529 A1 EP 1896529A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polymer
antimicrobial
organophilic
layered silicate
chloride
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP06754480A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Norbert Schall
Thomas Engelhardt
Klaus Heinemann
Nicole Klose
Wolfgang Müller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sued Chemie AG
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Sued Chemie AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sued Chemie AG filed Critical Sued Chemie AG
Publication of EP1896529A1 publication Critical patent/EP1896529A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/17—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C08K5/19—Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
    • C08K5/0058—Biocides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
    • D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
    • D01F1/10—Other agents for modifying properties
    • D01F1/103—Agents inhibiting growth of microorganisms

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process by which polymers, especially thermoplastic polymers, are antimicrobially finished using layered silicates, i. a process for the preparation of polymers or polymer compositions with antimicrobial properties.
  • the antimicrobial finish of polymers is important for various technical fields. Originally, technical textiles produced from polymers were provided with antimicrobial properties in order to avoid, for example, infestation with mold fungi. In addition to technical textiles, other textiles made of polymeric materials are increasingly being equipped with antimicrobial properties. Especially in the healthcare sector, antimicrobial properties are desired, for example, for workwear, textile equipment and consumer textiles (eg bed linen, towels) as well as for medical products (eg surgical suture material). Also with personal care and hygiene products (eg toothbrushes) an antimicrobial effect can be advantageous. In the food industry, for example, antimicrobially treated polymeric packaging agents are of interest. In addition, sports and leisure time clothing increasingly provided with antimicrobial functionality.
  • non-diffusing or non-leachable substances such as metals and metal compounds
  • DE 199 56 398 A1 describes an antibacterially active polymer-based synthetic fiber which contains silver or a silver compound.
  • US 6,037,057 discloses an antimicrobial polyester fiber, which contains silver, silver oxide, silver halides, copper, copper (I) oxide, copper (II) oxide, copper sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide and / or zinc silicate.
  • JP 2002155424 is directed to a polyester fiber containing inter alia a silver-based inorganic antimicrobial agent.
  • JP 10292107 A2 describes an antimicrobial polyamide containing copper.
  • JP 10085590 A2 is directed to a filter for water purification.
  • the filter consists of two layers, one layer containing a metal ion-containing zeolite and a binder.
  • the metal used is silver, copper, zinc and / or cobalt.
  • the binders mentioned are clays, synthetic resins and fibers. Examples of clays are kaolin and bentonite.
  • Examples of synthetic resins are polyesters, polyamides, cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylic resins and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers.
  • the disadvantage of using silver and other metals is that the metal has to be brought into a very fine distribution by technical / technological measures in order to have antimicrobial activity and, on the other hand, a necessary silver, copper or other doping places a burden on the economy of the respective procedure.
  • JP 2004018661 A2 describes antimicrobial active moldings of thermoplastic polymers which contain hinokitiol (2-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatriene-1-one).
  • the hinokitiol is present in the intermediate layers of a clay mineral with a layer structure.
  • a film is made from a composition containing polyethylene and the hinokitiol-clay composite.
  • the hinokitiol-clay composite is made by mixing of montmorillonite with tetramethylammonium chloride and adsorption of hinokitiol.
  • the antimicrobial effectiveness of the polymer molding is based on the use of Hinokitiols.
  • a clay mineral containing no hinokitiol but only tetramethylammonium chloride is not antimicrobially active. Furthermore, during compounding in thermoplastics, there is no exfoliation of the phyllosilicates, which limits the microbiological effectiveness. In addition, a deterioration of the mechanical properties can be observed.
  • antimicrobially finished polymers are produced from a polyester which has condensed phosphorus-containing chain links.
  • a disadvantage of these fiber products is that the content of phosphorus is reduced under hydrolysis conditions during the aftertreatment of the textiles produced from the fiber products. This reduction is due to the presence of hydrolysis-sensitive phosphoric acid ester groups.
  • the hydrolysis is also associated with a decrease in molecular weight.
  • measurable changes in the textile-physical properties of the polymer may result, e.g. a reduction in the tensile strength of the filaments (see M. Sato et al., J. of Appl., Polym., Sc., 78 (2000) 1134-1138).
  • Clay minerals containing antimicrobial onium ions are described in J. of Materials. 29 (1994) 11-14. However, there is no indication that these clay minerals can be incorporated into polymers while retaining and even advantageously providing the antimicrobial activity.
  • EP 0 846 660 A2 also discloses that onium ions can be intercalated into phyllosilicates and describes the mixing of exfoliated phyllosilicates with polymers. However, this document also does not indicate that phyllosilicates containing antimicrobial onium ions can be used to antimicrobialize polymers.
  • the object starting from the methods for the antimicrobial finishing of polymers known in the prior art, the object, according to a first aspect, to provide a method which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art and in particular provides an improved antimicrobial activity.
  • the antimicrobially active component is introduced into the polymer in a form which ensures that the antimicrobial activity is retained during use of the polymer and the risk of health impairments (eg skin irritation and skin irritation) Allergies) is minimized.
  • the antimicrobial finish obtained by the process is also maintained under hydrolysis conditions. The process results in a technically simple and cost-effective manner to an antimicrobial polymer.
  • a process for the antimicrobial finishing of a polymer or for the production of a polymer composition with antimicrobial properties in which an organophilic phyllosilicate containing antimicrobial onium ions is produced, wherein a starting point layered silicate is loaded with onium ions, preferably to an extent in excess of the cation exchange capacity of the starting layer silicate; the resulting organophilic layered silicate is mixed with the polymer, and preferably the polymer is not finished with antimicrobial metals or metal compounds.
  • antimicrobial equipment an antimicrobial, e.g. an antibacterial, fungicidal, virostatic and / or a-caricoid activity or property understood. All substances from the literature that have antimicrobial activity are recorded. In principle, any tests which are familiar to the person skilled in the art for the detection of the antimicrobial activity can be used; Specific tests are mentioned below.
  • Antimicrobially active metals and metal compounds include e.g. Silver, copper, zinc, cobalt and their compounds, e.g. Silver oxide, silver halides, copper oxides, copper sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide and zinc silicates.
  • no hinokitiol (see above) is used.
  • the polymer is preferably a thermoplastic polymer, for example a polyolefin (for example polyethylene and polypropylene), a polystyrene, a vinyl polymer (for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol), a polyester ter (for example, polyethylene terephthalate), a polyamide, a polyacrylonitrile, a copolymer of said polymers or a mixture of said polymers and / or copolymers.
  • a polyolefin for example polyethylene and polypropylene
  • a polystyrene for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol
  • a polyester ter for example, polyethylene terephthalate
  • a polyamide for example, polyacrylonitrile, a copolymer of said polymers or a mixture of said polymers and / or copolymers
  • thermoplastic polymer is a polyester or a polyamide.
  • the organophilic layered silicate containing antimicrobial onium ions is prepared by subjecting a starting layer silicate to cation exchange with onium ions, including antimicrobial onium ions.
  • the starting layer silicate is loaded with (antimicrobially active) onium ions to an extent beyond the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the starting layer silicate goes.
  • CEC Cation Exchange Capacity
  • the determination of the cation exchange capacity of the starting layer silicate is preferably carried out by the ammonium chloride method.
  • 5 g of phyllosilicate are sieved through a 63 ⁇ m sieve and dried at 110 ° C. Then exactly 2 g are weighed into an Erlenmeyer flask and mixed with 100 ml of 2N NH 4 C1 solution. The suspension is boiled under reflux for 1 hour.
  • the NH 4- exchanged phyllosilicate is filtered off via a membrane filter and washed with demineralized water (about 800 ml) until extensive freedom from ions.
  • the washed out NH 4 - layer silicate is removed from the filter, dried at HO 0 C for 2 hours, ground, sieved and dried again at 110 0 C for 2 hours.
  • the NH 4 - of the layered silicate to Kjeldahl.
  • the loading level of the layered silicate exchanged with onium ions can be determined by carbon analysis with a Vario EL 3 carbon analyzer from Elementa according to the manufacturer's instructions, the carbon content being converted into the amount of onium ions and compared with the CEC.
  • the amount of onium ions used for the treatment of the starting layer silicate can also be calculated via the respective molecular weight such that it is computationally sufficient to overcoverage the layered silicate beyond its cation exchange capacity.
  • the coating of the layered silicate with the onium ions is at least about 105%, in particular at least about 110%, preferably at least about 120%, based on the CEC of the layered silicate.
  • a preferred range is between more from 100% to about 250% of the CEC, in particular from greater than 100% to about 200% of the CEC of the layered silicate.
  • starting layer silicate natural or synthetic phyllosilicates can be used. Natural or synthetic swellable phyllosilicates are preferably used. Examples of preferred phyllosilicates are Montmorillonite, Hectorite, Illite, Vermiculite, Krullite, Nontronite, Volkonskoite, Saukonite and Saponite. For example, Na + , Ca 2+ , K + , Mg 2+ and / or NH 4 + ions are present in the intermediate layers of the starting layer silicates. The starting layer silicates can be used singly or as a mixture of several different starting layer silicates. More preferably, natural sodium montmorillonite is used as the starting layer silicate.
  • the starting layer silicates can be cleaned before use.
  • the starting layer silicate is slurried in water, optionally filtered, and then, for example. wet-cleaned by means of cyclones or centrifuges.
  • a powdered natural sodium bentonite Volclay Dust from Volclay International
  • Volclay Dust from Volclay International
  • the suspension is then diluted to 3% with water and passed through a 0.063 mm sieve.
  • the passed suspension is then pumped through a cyclone at a pressure of 2 bar and thus purified at a rate of 2 liters per minute.
  • the cation exchange can be carried out using one or more (antimicrobially active) quaternary onium compounds. It is also possible to use mixtures of antimicrobially active and non-antimicrobially active quaternary onium Connections are used.
  • the antimicrobial activity of the onium ions used can be determined as known to the person skilled in the art from the literature, see, for example, H. Hamada et al., J. Antibact. Anti Fung. Agents 17 (1989), 319 or Y. Nakagawa, i-bid. 17 (1989), 333.
  • the quaternary ammonium compounds may e.g. Be compounds having the following formula:
  • Ri, R 2 and R 3 independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms or an aralkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms
  • R 4 represents an alkyl group having 10 to 18 carbon atoms - represents atoms
  • Examples of preferred ammonium compounds are compounds in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 independently represent an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R 4 represents an alkyl group of 8 to 18 carbon atoms and X 'is a chloride or bromide ; Compounds in which R 1 and R 2 independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R 3 and R 4 independently represent an alkyl group having 10 to 18 carbon atoms and X "is a chloride or bromide, and compounds wherein Ri and R 2 independently represent an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R 3 represents an aryl or aralkyl group of 6 to 12 carbons, R 4 represents an alkyl group of 10 to 18 carbon atoms, and X " Chloride or bromide.
  • Particularly preferred antimicrobially active quaternary ammonium compounds are benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, benzyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride.
  • pyridinium compounds can also be used in the cation exchange process.
  • antimicrobial pyridinium compounds are compounds of the formula
  • R 5 represents an alkyl group with 10 to 18 carbon atoms and X "is a fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide .
  • Pyridinium compounds which are preferably used are, for example, dodecylpyridinium chloride, dodecylpyridinium bromide, hexadecylpyridinium chloride and hexadecylpyridinium bromide
  • antimicrobial agents which can be used Pyridinium compounds are acriflavinium chloride (3, 6-diamino-10-methyl-acridinium chloride) and dequalinium chloride [1,1'-decamethylenebis (4-amino-quinaldinium) dichloride].
  • the cation exchange can be carried out using antimicrobially active quaternized guanidine derivatives, for example quaternized chlorhexidine.
  • Quaternized sulfonamide derivatives for example quaternized sulfanilamide, quaternized 4- (aminomethyl) benzenesulfonamide, quaternized sulfothiazole and quaternized 2- (4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole are also suitable as antimicrobial onium compounds.
  • the quaternization of the guanidine derivatives and the sulfonamide derivatives can be carried out in a known manner, for example with dimethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride, Ethyl or methyl 4-toluenesulfonate take place (see eg Organikum, 20th edition, 1999, Verlag Wiley-VCH, page 236). Phosphonium compounds are also detected.
  • onium ions having two or more positive charges (two or more quaternary onium groups) in one molecule are not used. These have turned out to be less advantageous. This could be due to the fact that (without the invention being limited to this assumption), the bridging of the sheet silicate platelets is prevented, which prevents advantageous exfoliation in the polymer.
  • onium compounds of the same kind can be used or a mixture of different onium compounds can be used.
  • the cation exchange is preferably carried out as follows:
  • the starting layer silicate is suspended in a solvent, preferably water, and swollen.
  • the suspending and swelling of the starting layer silicate is preferably carried out with stirring and at a temperature of 20 to 90 0 C over a period of 0.5 to 3 hours.
  • one or more onium compounds are mixed with the suspension of the starting layer silicate.
  • the mixing of the réelle Mrssilicats with the onium compound or onium compounds can be carried out between 40 and 80 0 C, in a preferred embodiment also with stirring and at a temperature of 20 to 90. 0 C, preferably. It is preferred after mixing the starting layer silicate with the onium compound (s). Bindung (s) the resulting mixture or suspension for a further 0.5 to 3 hours at 40 to 90 0 C stirred.
  • the resulting organophilic layered silicate is separated, for example by filtration.
  • the amount of water used can also be minimized by extruding the layered silicate and the onium compound (s) with little or no water added.
  • the organophilic layered silicate is preferably dried so that the residual moisture content is not more than about 0.8% (determined by drying at 110 ° C.). The drying can be carried out for example at 80 to 90 0 C in a convection oven and / or vacuum oven.
  • the organophilic layered silicate is preferably ground (eg in a centrifugal mill) and classified (eg by sieving), so that a particle size (D 90 ) of less than 40 ⁇ m is obtained.
  • the Di 00 is less than 40 microns.
  • the smallest possible grain size can contribute to a uniform distribution of the organophilic layer silicate in the polymer.
  • the use of a (dried) organophilic layered silicate having the above particle size favors the effect of an additionally applied nonionic antimicrobial substance (see below).
  • the layered silicate undergoes a layer widening, for example from 10 ⁇ to about 19 ⁇ , and this can reach values of up to about 48 ⁇ , depending on the space requirements of the intercalated and / or adsorptively bound molecules.
  • the organophilic layer silicate containing the antimicrobial onium ions wherein the starting layer silicate is loaded with onium ions to an extent in excess of the cation exchange capacity of the starting layer silicate. This can be done in one or more steps.
  • such loading can be achieved by moistening the organophilic layered silicate prepared as described above in a further step with water and adding one or more onium compounds.
  • the onium compounds mentioned may be the same compound or compounds used to prepare the organophilic layered silicate.
  • an onium compound or a mixture of onium compounds which has not already been used in the preparation of the organophilic layered silicate can be used.
  • the onium compound or the mixture of several onium compounds is preferably used in the form of an aqueous solution.
  • the organophilic phyllosilicate moistened with water and mixed with the onium compound (s) is well mixed, eg in a Werner & Pfleiderer Z-kneader at room temperature for 30 minutes at medium speed.
  • the material for example 80 is milled to 90 0 C in a convection oven and / or vacuum drying oven and, if necessary, and classified (see above).
  • the portion of the onium ions which exceeds the cation exchange capacity of the layered silicate plays a role for a particularly good antimicrobial effectiveness, in particular a long-term effectiveness. It is therefore possible according to an invention that in a first step the cation exchange capacity of the Partially or partially by conventional (and possibly particularly inexpensive) non-antimicrobial effective O- nium- ions is occupied, and in a subsequent step further treatment with antimicrobial onium ions takes place.
  • at least one antimicrobially active quaternary onium compound is used both in the first and in the second treatment step.
  • the already treated in a first step with at least one onium compound or occupied organophilic layered silicate is additionally treated with at least one further antimicrobial substance.
  • This is preferably selected from antimicrobial onium ions (as described herein) and / or at least one non-ionic antimicrobial substance.
  • the antimicrobial activity of the organophilic layer silicates described above can still be surprisingly improved if they are treated with at least one additional nonionic antimicrobial substance.
  • the organophilic phyllosilicate and the non-ionic antimicrobial substance apparently act synergistically together.
  • the organo philated sheet silicates additionally loaded with at least one anti-microbially effective non-ionic, in particular non-cationic (cationic), substance. This loading is, as stated above, more preferably beyond the CEC of the layered silicate addition.
  • the further antimicrobially active substance (s), in particular the non-ionic antimicrobial substance (s) takes place according to a preferred embodiment in a 2-stage process.
  • the starting layer silicate already coated with onium ions in a first step is treated in a second step with the further antimicrobially active substance.
  • the antimicrobial substance used in the second stage particularly preferably has a higher antimicrobial activity than the onium compound used in the first stage, in particular based on equal molar amounts.
  • the starting layer silicate is preferably initially coated with the onium ions, dried and optionally ground, as described above.
  • the organophilic phyllosilicate thus obtained is kneaded or intensively mixed with the nonionic antimicrobial substance, in particular in the form of a solution in an organic solvent.
  • the nonionic antimicrobial substance in particular in the form of a solution in an organic solvent.
  • a natural sodium bentonite is dispersed in water and the non-swellable secondary constituents are separated off by a wet cleaning process.
  • the cation-active Interkalationskomponente onium ions
  • the resulting precipitate is separated, filtered, washed and dried.
  • the dried precipitate with a suitable mill to a particle size D 10 o ⁇ 40 microns milled.
  • the dried and dried Grinded organophilized bentonite is then preferably placed in a Z-kneader or high-speed heating-cooling mixer and then intensively mixed with vigorous stirring or mixing with the dissolved in a suitable organic solvent non-ionic antimicrobial substance.
  • the mixing or kneading process can be carried out both at room temperature and elevated temperature. Experience has shown that mixing or kneading times between 2 and 40 minutes are sufficient.
  • the product usually obtained as moist granules is dried, then ground with a suitable mill and classified to a particle size Di 00 ⁇ 40 microns. In this form, the product can then be incorporated into the polymer.
  • isothiazolines such as octhilinone (2-octyl-3 (2H) -isothiazolone) or 4,5-dichloro-2-octyl-3 (2H) -isothiazolin-3-one are preferred non-ionic, antimicrobially active substances (DCOIT), carbamate derivatives such as 3-iodo-2-propynyl-N-butylcarbamate, halogenated sulfonamides such as chloramine T (N-chloro-4-toluenesulfonamide - Na-SaIz), halo-containing phenol derivatives such as tebuconazole (1- (4-chloro -phenyl) -4,4-dimethyl-3- (IH-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) -3-pentanol), tricarboicarban (N- (4-chlorophenyl-N "(
  • the mixing of the polymer with the organophilic (loaded) layered silicate (incorporation) is preferably carried out in a manner which results in at least partial exfoliation of the organophilic layered silicate.
  • Exfoliated phyllosilicates are characterized in that the layers (platelets) which are originally connected to one another in the phyllosilicate are present in a matrix, for example a polymer, separated from one another and present in highly isolated form. Exfoliation can be achieved, for example, by heating the organophilic layered silicate, subjecting it to mechanical stress (eg in an extruder, stirrer, Banbury mixer, Brabender mixer or in an injection molding apparatus), sonication or pressure fluctuations.
  • mechanical stress eg in an extruder, stirrer, Banbury mixer, Brabender mixer or in an injection molding apparatus
  • exfoliation by mechanical stress is achieved, for example, at shear rates in the range of 10 s "1 to 20,000 s " 1 .
  • the exfoliation can be checked by WAXS examination as indicated before the examples.
  • the exfoliation of the organophilic layered silicates is clearly evident from the fact that it is no longer possible to determine layer distances which can be measured by X-ray analysis in the case of non-exfoliated, organophilic layered silicates, even when mixed with the corresponding polymers.
  • the polymer and the organophilic layered silicate are extruded together.
  • Exfoliation of the layered silicate can be achieved in the extruder, for example under the following conditions: use of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with 25 mm screw diameter, L / D ratio> 20, speed of the screw 100th to 500 rpm, preferably 300 rpm, throughput of the polymer layered silicate Mixture ⁇ 10 kg / h, preferably ⁇ 5 kg / h.
  • the temperature during mixing depends on the polymer used.
  • incorporation of the layered silicate in polyamide 6 at 230 to 26O 0 C take place.
  • the speed of the screws is in this case preferably 200 to 400 rpm, resulting in a throughput of about 3 - 6 kg / h.
  • the speed of the screw can also be 200 to 400 rpm, resulting in a throughput of 3-6 kg / h.
  • the organophilic layered silicate may be added to the monomers from which the polymer is made prior to or during polymer synthesis to obtain a polymer in which the organophilic layered silicate is in exfoliated form.
  • the polymerization temperature and / or mechanical stress of the layered silicate are adjusted so that exfoliation of the layered silicate occurs (e.g., by agitation of the polymerization batch to give a shear rate in the above range).
  • the organophilic layered silicate can be added to the molten monomer (caprolactam) in a stirred autoclave with intensive stirring at 250 rpm, the caprolactam already intercalating the layered silicate and Subsequently, during the polymerization at 220 to 250 0 C with further stirring at 250 rpm exfoliation begins.
  • the organophilic layered silicate the polycondensation approach in a stirred autoclave with stirring at about 250 rpm are added.
  • the organophilic layered silicate can be added to the reaction mixture at the time that about 40% by weight of the theoretically expected ethylene glycol is distilled off. By doing so, the thermal stress of the layered silicate can be reduced.
  • the organophilic layered silicate is added to the polymer preferably in an amount of from 0.01 to 5.00% by weight, more preferably in an amount of from 0.05 to 3.00% by weight, based on the polymer.
  • the organophilic layered silicate can be added to the polymer in pure form in the stated amounts.
  • the organophilic layered silicate can be used in the form of a concentrated mixture of the layered silicate (masterbatch).
  • masterbatch the organophilic layered silicate is present in a polymer, preferably in the same polymer to which the layered silicate is added.
  • the concentrated mixture may have a concentration of 5 to 40% by weight of phyllosilicate based on the polymer contained in the concentrated mixture.
  • the concentrated mixture is added to the polymer in an amount corresponding to a content of the organophilic layer silicate in the polymer of 0.01 to 5.00 wt .-%, more preferably to a content of the organophilic layer silicate in the polymer of 0.05 to 3, 00 wt .-%, based on the polymer leads.
  • the polymer is preferably in the form of films, fibers or moldings, e.g. Injection molded bodies obtained.
  • the polymer obtained in this way can be used, for example, as packaging material, in particular as packaging material for foodstuffs. medium, cosmetics and medicines.
  • the antimicrobial polymer can be used for the production of clothing (especially workwear and sportswear), home textiles (eg bedding, curtains and towels), automotive textiles (eg seat covers), technical textiles (eg screens and filters) as well as hygiene and medical products (eg toothbrushes, diapers, sanitary napkins, surgical sutures).
  • Polymers obtained as moldings can be used, for example, in the production of furniture for equipping hospitals and medical practices.
  • the process according to the invention leads to the antimicrobial activity of the onium ions contained in the organophilic layered silicate being retained in the polymer.
  • the antimicrobial onium ions are immobilized in the polymer due to their attachment to the layered silicate so that the onium ions can not migrate out of the polymer.
  • An overlay of the layered silicate beyond its cation exchange capacity, in particular the treatment of the layered silicate in at least two successive stages (see above), is particularly advantageous for long-term antimicrobial activity. This may, without the invention being limited to this assumption, being due to the different bonding of the onium ions or the additional antimicrobially active substance applied beyond the cation exchange capacity.
  • the advantageous preservation of the antimicrobial activity of the immobilized onium ions in the polymer is probably also due, inter alia, to the fact that by the mixing of the polymer and the organophilic layered silicate is achieved under at least partially exfoliating conditions, a distribution of the organophilic layer silicate in the polymer in the nanoscale. That is, the antimicrobial onium ions contained in the layered silicate are present in high singulation and even distribution in the polymer, particularly at the polymer surfaces, thereby providing high antimicrobial efficacy of the finished polymer.
  • a further aspect of the present invention thus relates to the use of an organophilic layered silicate as described herein for the antimicrobial finish of a polymer or a polymer composition, in particular in the exfoliated state.
  • Fig. 1 shows the result of the WAXS examination of the antimicrobially finished polymer according to Example 2;
  • FIG. 2 shows the result of the WAXS examination of a mixture of polymer powder and the organophilic phyllosilicate according to Example 2 in the same concentration ratios
  • FIG. 3 shows, for comparison, the result of the WAXS examination of the pure organophilic layered silicate according to Example 2.
  • the particle size distribution was determined according to Malvern. This is a common procedure. A Mastersizer from Malvern Instruments Ltd, UK was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. The measurements were carried out with the intended dry powder feeder in air and the values related to the sample volume were determined. 100% by volume of the particles are below the D ⁇ oo value; 90% by volume of the particles are below the D 90 value.
  • Bruker's "D8 Advance" system with a horizontal tube goniometer was used for the X-ray structure investigations (WAXS) .
  • WAXS X-ray structure investigations
  • the filter cake is ground to a particle size Di oo ⁇ 40 microns. 50 g of this ground powder are then placed in a Werner & Pfleiderer Z kneader and mixed there with a mixture of 20 g of n-hexane and 0.5 Hinokitiol (4-isopropyl-2-hydroxy-2,4, 6-Cycloheptatrien- l-on) at room temperature for 30 minutes at room temperature.
  • the still moist mixture is removed from the Werner & Pfleiderer kneader and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 0 C over a period of 12 hours. Subsequently, the dried material is ground to a particle size Dioo ⁇ 40 microns.
  • organophilic phyllosilicate 100 g of a purified, natural sodium montmorillonite (Nanofil 757 Süd-Chemie AG), whose cation exchange capacity is 80 meq / 100 g, in 6000 ml of water with stirring at 60 0 C over a period of 30 minutes swollen.
  • a solution of 30.6 g of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (Fluka Co., corresponding to 9OmVal) in 1000 ml of water is added gradually to this suspension, with continuous stirring. After completion of the addition is stirred at 60 0 C for 4 hours.
  • the relatively rapidly forming organophilic layered silicate settles from the aqueous phase slightly. It is separated by filtration from the aqueous phase, predried in a convection oven at 80 0 C and then dried in a vacuum oven at 80 0 C to a residual moisture content of less than 0.8%. The yield is 93.8%.
  • the dried organophilic phyllosilicate is ground in a centrifugal mill ZM 100 (Retsch GmbH & Co.) and the millbase is classified via a sieve, so that a particle size Dioo ⁇ 40 microns is obtained.
  • X-ray analysis shows a layer separation of 18.1 ⁇ .
  • polyamide 6 of the type Ponamid BS 300 (Unylon Polymers AG) are mixed with 250 g of the organophilic phyllosilicate prepared in Example 1 and, in the twin-screw extruder ZSK 25, granules containing 5% by weight of organophilic phyllosilicate , extruded.
  • the L / D ratio of the extruder is 40
  • the speed of the screw at 300 rpm the throughput is 5 kg / h.
  • the temperature is raised, starting at 230 0 C in zone 1 to 250 0 C in the exit zone (nozzle).
  • the exfoliation of the layered silicate in the nanocomposite (polymer) is checked by X-ray diffraction analysis (WAXS). It can be seen that no layer spacings can be determined, which means the complete exfoliation, see FIG. 1. If, in comparison, a mixture of polymer powder and organophilic phyllosilicate is prepared in the same concentration ratios and checked by X-ray diffraction (see FIG. Thus, the layer spacings as in pure organophilic layered silicate (see Figure 3) are determined.
  • Example 2 The procedure was as in Example 2 and an organophilic phyllosilicate prepared analogously to Example 1 was used, but only 20.4 g of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (Fluka Co., corresponding to 60 meq) were used in its preparation. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • the L / D ratio of the extruder is 25, the speed of the screw at 120 rpm, the throughput is about 1 kg / h.
  • the temperature is raised, starting at 230 0 C in zone 1 to 250 0 C in the exit zone (nozzle).
  • an organophilic phyllosilicate is prepared by cation exchange with benzyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride (Aldrich).
  • This quaternary salt per se exhibits a lower antimicrobial activity than the benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride used in Example 1.
  • polyamide 6 is antimicrobially finished with the resulting organophilic phyllosilicate.
  • an organophilic phyllosilicate which is adsorptively loaded with quaternary onium ions beyond its cation exchange capacity
  • an organophilic phyllosilicate is first prepared according to Example 1, with the exception that dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride is used as the onium compound instead of the benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride.
  • 100 g of the organophilic phyllosilicate produced in this way are moistened with 90 ml of water and admixed with a solution of 16 g of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride in 40 ml of water.
  • the mixture is kneaded in the Werner & Pfleiderer kneader for 30 minutes and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 0 C.
  • the dried organophilic phyllosilicate is ground in a centrifugal mill ZM 100 (Retsch GmbH) and the millbase is classified via a sieve, so that a particle size D 10 o ⁇ 40 microns is obtained.
  • an organophilic layer silicate adsorbed over its cation exchange capacity with an antimicrobially active compound 100 g of an organoclone prepared using benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride (Example 4) are moistened with 90 ml of water and treated with a solution of 4.4 g of 3 , ⁇ -diamino-lO-methyl-acridinium chloride in 40 ml of water / ethanol. The mixture is kneaded for 30 minutes in a Werner & Pfleiderer kneader and dried in a vacuum cabinet at 80 0 C.
  • the dried organophilic phyllosilicate is ground in a centrifugal mill ZM 100 (Retsch GmbH) and the millbase is classified via a sieve, so that a particle size Dioo ⁇ 40 microns is obtained.
  • the result of the X-ray diffraction study shows an unchanged layer thickness of the organophilic phyllosilicate of 19 ⁇ compared to the starting material.
  • This product is processed to a nanocomposite granules with an organoclay content of 1%.
  • organoclay prepared using benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride are moistened with 90 ml of water and admixed with a solution of 7.5 g triclosan in 40 ml isopropanol. The mixture is stirred for 30 minutes in the Werner & Pfleiderer kneader. kneads and dried in a vacuum oven at 80 0 C.
  • the dried organophilic phyllosilicate is ground in a centrifugal mill ZM 100 (Retsch GmbH) and the millbase is classified via a sieve, so that a particle size Di oo ⁇ 40 microns is obtained.
  • the result of the X-ray structure investigation shows a layer spacing of the organophilic layer silicate of 19 ⁇ , which is unchanged compared to the starting material.
  • This product is processed to a nanocomposite granules with an organoclay content of 1%.
  • X-ray analysis shows a layer spacing of 1.25 nm, which shows that there was no intercalation of the triclosan between the bentonite layers during the mixing process.
  • WAXS X-ray analysis
  • 9 parts of the polyamide 6 are mixed with 1 part of the masterbatch granules and extruded with the mini-extruder from the company "RandCastle” under the same conditions as in Example 3.
  • samples of the granules produced are processed into films having a thickness of 0.05 to 0.1 mm.
  • films of a thickness in the range from 0.05 to 0.1 mm are produced from the polyamide 6 of the type Ponamid BS 300 (Unylon Polymers AG) which does not contain an organophilic layered silicate used in Example 2.
  • Test specimens are punched out of the films and subjected to a microbiological test. The test is carried out by applying the WST-I test described below. The test results are shown in Table 1.
  • Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are used as test germs.
  • the antimicrobially treated polymers in the form of round planar foil sections with a diameter of 15 mm (-0.5 mm) serve as test specimens. These specimens are inserted in multiwell plates. For sufficient statistical safety, 6 parallel tests shall be carried out using a total of 24 specimens per material configuration.
  • the specimens inserted into the multiwell plates are inoculated with 1 ml each of a suspension whose bacterial density is 10 7 nuclei / ml and incubated sterile for 48 hours.
  • the specimens are then removed, cautiously rinsed in PBS to remove bacteria that are not adherent, and split for the analyzes (one sample for the WST-I test and one sample for fluorescence analysis for each parallel experiment).
  • the analysis by WST-1-test takes place on the biofilms directly on the surface of the Specimen.
  • the biofilm is not detached for this purpose.
  • 1 mL of fresh WST-1 reagent (tetrazolium salt solution) is added and the specimens are further incubated in sealed vessels for 3 hours under static conditions.
  • the photometric determination of the formazan formed by measuring the optical density of the media supernatant at 450 nm (against 690 nm) on the spectrophotometer, depending on the number of bacteria and their activity.
  • the bacteria are detached from the sample surface by means of ultrasound, suspended and treated with selective fluorescence markers.
  • the quantitative analysis of the living and dead bacteria is carried out by counting on the fluorescence microscope.
  • the effectiveness of the antimicrobial polymer is assessed by comparing the totality of the analytical data for the organophilic phyllosilicate polymer and for the polymer without the phyllosilicate phyllosilicate.
  • Table 1 shows the good antimicrobial activity of the products according to the invention. Allocation of the layered silicate with ammonium ions beyond the CEC leads to clearly advantageous results, see Example 2 compared to Example 2a. Also, the synergistic effect of the onium ions and an additional antimicrobial substance is evident, with the product of Example 7 giving the best results.
  • Example 8
  • Granules are prepared analogously to Example 3, which contain the organophilic layer silicate obtained in Example 1 in different amounts in order to investigate the influence of the organophilic layer silicate on the textile-physical parameters of filaments.
  • the granules obtained are spun into filaments by means of a melt spinning apparatus at a take-off of 1000 m / min. After the stretching process, filaments of a fineness of 35 dtex f12 result. Under the same conditions also filaments of granules of Example 2 (content of organophilic phyllosilicate 5 wt.%) And of polyamide 6, which does not contain organophilic phyllosilicate prepared.
  • Table 2 shows the influence of the different contents of organophilic phyllosilicate on the textile-physical parameters:
  • polyethylene terephthalate having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.663 are mixed with the organophilic layer silicate from Example 1 in an amount of 25 g, and in Twin-screw extruder ZSK 25 extruded into granules containing 0.5 wt .-% organophilic layered silicate.
  • the L / D ratio of the extruder is 40, the speed of the screw at 300 rpm, the throughput is 5 kg / h.
  • the temperature is raised, starting at 230 0 C in zone 1 to 270 0 C in the exit zone (nozzle).
  • the layer spacing of 18.1 A which is shown by the organophilic layered silicate from Example 1 in the WAXS investigation, is no longer detectable in the extrudate, which is proof of its exfoliation.
  • test specimens are punched out of these films and subjected to a microbiological test. The test is carried out by using the WST-1 test (see Example 7). As test germs Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are used. The test specimens of the antimicrobially treated polyethylene terephthalate show a reduced total number of adhering bacteria to those of the starting polymer for both bacterial species. The reduction in bacterial counts is 53% on average (E. coli) and 65% (S. aureus) and is significant for both species.
  • the organophilic sheet silicates were prepared analogously to Example 1, with the following difference:
  • Example 10 Use of 44.2 g of hexadecylpyridinium chloride instead of 30.6 g of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride;
  • Example 11 Use of 47.8 g of benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride instead of 30.6 g of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride;
  • Example IIa Use of 22.08 g of benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (60 meq) in place of 30.6 g of benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride;
  • Example 12 Analogously to Example 1, an organophilic phyllosilicate is prepared by cation exchange with a mixture of 29.4 g of benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride and 17 g of hexadecylpyridinium chloride. Both quaternary ammonium compounds are dissolved together in 1000 ml of water and processed analogously to Example 1 with the bentonite.
  • EXAMPLE 13 (2-stage process, otherwise identical onium compounds as Example 12): To produce an organophilic layered silicate having an antimicrobially active, adsorptively loaded, organophilic sheet silicate in excess of its cation exchange capacity, 100 g of an organoclone prepared using 29.4 g of benzyldimethyl-tetradecylammonium chloride (Example 4) moistened with 20 ml of water and then treated with a solution of 17 g Hexadecylpyridiniumchlorid in 60 ml of water.
  • the RandCastle mini-extruder is equipped with a 0.8 mm x 50 mm film die and a mixture of 10% phyllosilicate masterbatch and 90% polyamide 6 is further processed.
  • the temperatures were in zone 1 at 255, in zone 2 at 260 and in zone 3 at 265 ° C.
  • the pressure varied between 60 and 80 bar, the rotational speed of the extruder shaft was 50 U / min.
  • the thickness of the film thus produced varied between 0, 5 and 0, 6 mm.
  • Test strips of 2 cm width and 15 cm length are cut out of the polyamide 6 films produced in this way. About a rectangular plastic tub using a suitable device, the plastic test strips are clamped vertically, without touching each other. A total of 64 test strips were attached in the test apparatus.
  • test strips were then sprayed every 24 hours with 2 liters of artificial welding solution according to DIN EN 1811. The spraying took place with the help of a plastic flower syringe at room temperature. The entire spraying process took about 5 minutes. After spraying 14 times a day, all test strips were sprayed with a total of 5 liters of demineralized water. Connection was made over a further 14 days Liehe spraying with artificial welding solution. Finally, all test strips were again sprayed with 5 liters of demineralized water and then subjected to the Zeilgentticianstest WST 1.

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  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de dotation antimicrobienne d'un polymère, selon lequel on réalise un phyllosilicate organophile contenant des ions onium à effet antimicrobien, un phyllosilicate de départ doté d'ions onium étant de préférence chargé de manière à dépasser la capacité d'échange de cations dudit phyllosilicate de départ, puis le phyllosilicate organophile est mélangé au polymère et le polymère n'est de préférence pas doté de métaux ou de composés métalliques à effet antimicrobien. La présente invention porte également sur un additif synthétique antimicrobien et sur une composition polymère antimicrobienne.
EP06754480A 2005-06-21 2006-06-21 Procede de dotation antimicrobienne de polymeres Withdrawn EP1896529A1 (fr)

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GB2450475A (en) * 2007-06-12 2008-12-31 Univ Nottingham Trent Antimicrobial polymer nanocomposite
DE102013005479A1 (de) 2013-03-28 2014-10-02 Institut für Kunststofftechnologie und -recycling e.V. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Pulverlack-Beschichtungsmassen mit antimikrobieller Wirkung
CN117402428A (zh) * 2023-11-15 2024-01-16 宁波石墨烯创新中心有限公司 一种具有除臭抗菌功能的聚合物复合母粒、制备方法及其应用

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WO1993004118A1 (fr) * 1991-08-12 1993-03-04 Allied-Signal Inc. Formation par traitement en fusion d'un nanocomposite polymere en materiau stratifie ecaille
US5876738A (en) * 1996-10-29 1999-03-02 Toagosei Co., Ltd. Antifungal phyllosilicate
JP4203574B2 (ja) * 2002-06-14 2009-01-07 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 ヒノキチオール含有熱可塑性樹脂成形品の製造方法
JP2004217501A (ja) * 2002-11-18 2004-08-05 Toagosei Co Ltd 第四アンモニウム塩化合物を担持させた抗菌性層状珪酸塩
JP2004262795A (ja) * 2003-02-28 2004-09-24 Toagosei Co Ltd 抗菌性層状珪酸塩

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