EP1899433A2 - Fluide conducteur contenant des particules magnetiques millimetriques - Google Patents
Fluide conducteur contenant des particules magnetiques millimetriquesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1899433A2 EP1899433A2 EP06778666A EP06778666A EP1899433A2 EP 1899433 A2 EP1899433 A2 EP 1899433A2 EP 06778666 A EP06778666 A EP 06778666A EP 06778666 A EP06778666 A EP 06778666A EP 1899433 A2 EP1899433 A2 EP 1899433A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- magnetic
- particles
- alloys
- conductive fluid
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910001004 magnetic alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 alkylammonium nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011554 ferrofluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- KJNFMGMNZKFGIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide;5-(2-methylpropyl)-5-prop-2-enyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione;1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C.CC(C)CC1(CC=C)C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O KJNFMGMNZKFGIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000497 Amalgam Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001152 Bi alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000846 In alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002051 biphasic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MJFQUUWPZOGYQT-UHFFFAOYSA-O diaminomethylideneazanium;nitrate Chemical class NC(N)=[NH2+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O MJFQUUWPZOGYQT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-O guanidinium Chemical compound NC(N)=[NH2+] ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- XSROMLOMDFTVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 1h-imidazol-1-ium;nitrate Chemical class [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH2+]1C=CN=C1 XSROMLOMDFTVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XFFRJUKTLSVRIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-1-ium;nitrate Chemical class [O-][N+]([O-])=O.C1CN=C[NH2+]1 XFFRJUKTLSVRIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 2
- 229910017082 Fe-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910017133 Fe—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chemical compound CCN1C=C[N+](C)=C1 NJMWOUFKYKNWDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008378 aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075397 calomel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000889 permalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001911 terphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C15/00—Cooling arrangements within the pressure vessel containing the core; Selection of specific coolants
- G21C15/28—Selection of specific coolants ; Additions to the reactor coolants, e.g. against moderator corrosion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/10—Liquid materials
- C09K5/12—Molten materials, i.e. materials solid at room temperature, e.g. metals or salts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/44—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids
- H01F1/442—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids the magnetic component being a metal or alloy, e.g. Fe
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite material consisting of particles of magnetic material and a conductive liquid.
- heat transfer fluids in refrigeration or heating systems, in particular in heat exchangers in industrial environments such as those of nuclear power plants or solar energy converters.
- Heat transfer fluids are generally constituted by liquid chemical compounds or mixtures of these compounds such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol oils derived from petroleum, or silicones. Mention may also be made of mixtures of heavy polyaromatic compounds, aryl ethers, terphenyls, which are particularly resistant to high temperatures and which allow operation up to about 300 ° C. It is also known to use certain organic molten salts containing particulate additives as heat transfer fluid. Such materials can be used over a wide range of temperatures and the role of the particulate additives is to improve the thermal conductivity.
- the flow of fluids is generally caused by mechanical systems, including moving parts, including blades and pumps. These mechanical systems undergo wear due in particular to the friction caused by the passage of the coolant. In addition, when used at temperatures above about 350 0 C, these fluids undergo excessive rapid degradation and cause problems of vapor pressure. Their use in the field of heat exchangers of high power and high temperature for example is excluded.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a material capable of serving as a heat transfer fluid which eliminates the disadvantages of the systems of the prior art, namely the wear of mechanical parts, and which increases the maximum temperature of use.
- the present invention relates to a composite material, a process for its preparation, and its applications.
- the composite material according to the present invention consists of a carrier fluid B and particles of magnetic material A. It is characterized in that:
- Material A is chosen from magnetic compounds and magnetic alloys, and is in the form of particles whose mean diameter is between 0.1 and 2 mm;
- the support fluid B is a conductive fluid chosen from metals, metal alloys and salts which are liquid at temperatures below the Curie temperature of the material A, or from their mixtures.
- a material according to the invention has a high electrical conductivity as well as a high thermal conductivity and, although heterogeneous, it can remain stable due to the good wetting of A by B when the densities are close.
- the magnetic material A may be chosen from metals and magnetic metal oxides, magnetic alloys and magnetic compounds.
- metals and metal oxides mention may be made of iron, iron oxide, cobalt, and nickel.
- alloys mention may be made of steel, and alloys with high magnetic permeability.
- An alloy with high magnetic permeability is an alloy having an initial permeability greater than 1000. Such alloys are described in particular in Chapter 2 of the work "Magnetic alloys and ferrites", MG Say, Ed. Dunod, Paris, 1956.
- alloy of high permeability mention may be made in particular alloys of iron and silicon, and alloys consisting essentially of Ni and Fe and marketed under the name Mumétal® or Permalloy®.
- amorphous magnetic alloys such as, for example, alloys of Fe, Co and Ni containing approximately 20% of B, C, Si or P, and alloys.
- magnetic nanocrystalline such as for example Fe / Cu / Nb / Si / B alloys and Fe / Zr / B / Cu alloys.
- the material A may consist of substantially spherical particles having a mean diameter between 0.1 and 2 mm.
- the material A can also be in the form of two batches: a first batch consisting of substantially spherical particles having a mean dimension between 0.1 and 2 mm; a second batch of micrometric particles, whose size distribution is homogeneous, for example between 1 nm and 50 microns.
- the particles of magnetic material may further consist of a batch of a first magnetic material A and a batch of a second magnetic material A 'selected from the group defined for A.
- electrically conductive fluid is meant a fluid which has an electrical resistivity of less than about 1000 ohms per centimeter in the temperature range in which the electrolysis takes place.
- the electrically conductive fluid B When the electrically conductive fluid B is a metal, it may be chosen from metals which are liquid alone or in the form of mixtures of several of them at temperatures below the Curie point of the magnetic material with which they are associated. By way of example, there can be mentioned Hg, Ga, In, Sn, As, Sb, alkali metals, and mixtures thereof.
- the electrically conductive fluid B When the electrically conductive fluid B is a molten metal alloy, it may be chosen in particular from In / Ga / As alloys, Ga / Sn / Zn alloys, In / Bi alloys, the Wood alloy, the alloy of Newton, the Arcet alloy, the Lichtenberg alloy, and the Rosé alloy. Some of these alloys are commercially available. The composition and melting temperature of some of them are given below:
- Arcet alloy Bi 50, Sn 25 - Pb 25 98
- salts that may constitute the conductive fluid B include: alkylammonium nitrates in which the alkyl group comprises from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, guanidinium nitrates, imidazolium nitrates, imidazolinium nitrates alkali metal chloroaluminates which are liquid at temperatures above 150 ° C., the salts comprising a BF 4 " anion, FFf or trifluoroacetate and a cation chosen from amidinium ions
- each R substituent independently of the other H or an alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms said salts having conductivities up to 10 mS / cm and a high stability.
- bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium.
- the composite materials according to the invention include in particular the materials constituted by the following: steel balls / Hg, steel balls / Ga, steel balls 1 + Fe powder / Hg, balls of steel + Fe / Ga powder.
- Another object of the present invention is a process for producing the composite material. The method comprises introducing a precursor of the magnetic material A into an electrically conductive fluid B, and is characterized in that it is electrochemically implemented in an electrochemical cell in which:
- the electrolyte is constituted by an ionic conductive medium containing the precursor of the material A, under particle shape with an average diameter of between 0.1 and 2 mm;
- the precursor of the material A is a nonionic precursor in solution;
- the cathode is constituted by a film of conductive fluid B connected to a source of potential, capable of delivering a current density between 100 nm and 3 amper / cm 2 ;
- the anode is constituted by a non-oxidizable material under the process conditions, for example platinum or vitreous carbon;
- the cathode is subjected to a negative potential difference with respect to the anode.
- the electrolysis can be controlled either by current with a control of the evolution of the potential of the cathode, or in potential with respect to a reference electrode (with the aid of a servo-control device of the potentiostatic type) .
- the potential applied to the cathode must in all cases be the most negative possible to allow the reduction of the interfacial tension between the materials A and B, but it will have to be limited not to cause other electro-chemical reactions such as the excessive release of hydrogen or the formation of amalgam, detrimental to the performance and stability of the product.
- the anode can be placed in a compartment separated from the cathode by a porous wall.
- the cell further comprises a reference electrode, when the electrolysis is controlled in potential.
- the nonionic precursor in solution of the magnetic material A can be chosen from metals and metal oxides, as well as from the alloys mentioned above.
- the precursor is introduced into the ionic conductive medium forming the electrolyte in the form of particles which are preferably substantially spherical.
- the precursor is in the form of beads having a heterogeneous size distribution.
- the precursor of the magnetic material is introduced in the form of two batches: one first batch consisting of substantially spherical particles having a mean size between 0.1 and 2 mm; a second batch of micrometric particles, whose size distribution is homogeneous, for example between 1 nm and 50 microns.
- the precursor particles may also be constituted by a batch of a precursor of a first magnetic material A and by a batch of a precursor of a second magnetic material A 'chosen from the group defined for A.
- the respective quantities of precursor of material A and of conducting fluid B are such that the final concentration of particles of magnetic material in conducting fluid B remains below the value beyond which the dispersion becomes biphasic or solid, which would result in a precipitation, taking into account the degree of solubility of A in B. The determination of this value is within the reach of the skilled person.
- the precursor particles may be used as defined above. They can also be used after coating them with a metal having an affinity for A in the conducting fluid B.
- the conducting fluid B used during the preparation of the composite material according to the invention is chosen from the conductive fluids defined above for the material itself.
- the electrically conductive fluid B is made of a given metal, one or more elements can be added which can form a stable liquid phase (or a liquid amalgam when said metal is mercury) and which stabilize the dispersion of the particles A within of the conductive fluid avoiding their aggregation.
- B is mercury
- the presence of impurities is capable of significantly modifying the interfacial properties between the magnetic material A and the conducting fluid B, and therefore the wettability of the material A by the conducting fluid B. If the implementation of the process of the invention for a given A / B couple does not achieve a suitable result, it is recommended to check the nature and rate of impurities.
- the method of the present invention can be implemented in particular for the preparation of a composite material having magnetic properties and electrical and thermal conduction properties from the precursors and the above electrically conductive fluids. It is particularly useful for the preparation of a composite material in which the material constituting the magnetic particles A and the material constituting the electrically conductive fluid B have little or no affinity between them, and when the magnetic material is better than weakly wettable by the electrically conductive fluid.
- conductive ferrofluid materials containing the following elements:
- the precursor particles of A may be introduced into the ionic conductive medium and then into the electrically conductive liquid B during electrolysis, i.e., gradually until the desired concentration is achieved in B.
- the current density and / or the potential are modified simultaneously with the precursor introduction of A, which makes it possible, if necessary, to introduce precursor particles of A 'different from the precursor particles of A.
- the ionic conductive medium is preferably non-oxidizing. It may consist of a solution of a non-oxidizing acid (for example HCl) or a strong base in a solvent.
- the solvent may be water, a polar organic liquid or a molten salt.
- Polar organic liquid can be selected from acetonitrile, acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate, and N-methylpyrrolidone.
- the molten salt can be selected from among those 5 . have been defined above as an electrically conductive fluid.
- the potential source to which the cathode is connected must be capable of delivering a current current of at least one hundred mA / cm 2 of cathode.
- the electrochemical cell When the electrochemical cell is controlled in potential, it necessarily comprises a reference electrode, and the potential difference between the cathode and said reference electrode is set in a range such that the interfacial tension between A and B is decreased to allow the wetting of the particles A by the liquid B.
- the particles A are Fe particles and the liquid B is Hg
- the voltage is between -1 V and -3 V relative to the reference electrode.
- the electrochemical cell When the electrochemical cell operates in galvanostatic mode 0, that is to say when it is current-controlled, and it comprises a reference electrode, it is necessary to impose action thresholds which cause the reduction. of the current, so that the potential difference between the cathode and the reference electrode is limited to the defined domain for the case where the cell is controlled in potential.
- the electrochemical cell When the electrochemical cell is current-controlled without a servo-control device and does not include a reference electrode, the total potential must be monitored with respect to a previously determined limit, eg using a temporary reference electrode.
- an electrochemical cell comprising a reference electrode.
- a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the cathode is applied in such a way that subtract the magnetic particles A formed from the electrolyte / cathode interface area, in order to control the kinetics of their growth during the initial phases of their formation.
- other types of action on the material being synthesized can be obtained by superimposing pulses or alternating components on the current or the potential controlling the process, in the absence or in the presence of said perpendicular magnetic field.
- the conductive fluid constituting the cathode is highly enriched in magnetic particles A and is the electrically conductive ferrofluid material of the invention.
- a third object of the invention is the use of the composite material as heat transfer fluid.
- the presence of magnetic particles makes it possible to move the material inside the tubes in which it is supposed to circulate by simple induction effect, which eliminates the need for mechanical parts subject to wear.
- the metallic nature of this electrically conductive support fluid and its thermal conduction greater than that of the usual fluids (even doped with metal particles) promotes the transport of calories.
- Iron powder marketed under ref. 312-31 (reduced iron for analysis) by the company Riedel-de Ha ⁇ n, consisting of spherical particles having a diameter of about 10 ⁇ m
- the materials were prepared in an electrochemical cell which is connected to a source of potential and provided with stirring means, and in which the cathode is constituted by a layer of the electrically conductive fluid B, a platinum electrode ensures contact with the cathode, a second platinum electrode functions as anode, a calomel electrode functions as a reference electrode.
- the volume fraction of iron in the material obtained is 0.127.
- the saturation magnetization measured for this material is 250 kA / m.
- the initial susceptibility to low magnetic field is 1.45.
- the saturation magnetization measured for this material is 72 kA / m.
- the initial susceptibility to low magnetic field is 0.42.
- the volume fraction of magnetic material in the material obtained is of the order of 0.08.
- the saturation magnetization of the material is 110 kA / m.
- the initial susceptibility to low magnetic field is 3.5.
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- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0506509A FR2887680A1 (fr) | 2005-06-27 | 2005-06-27 | Fluides conducteurs contenant des particules magnetiques millimetriques |
| PCT/FR2006/001469 WO2007000509A2 (fr) | 2005-06-27 | 2006-06-26 | Fluide conducteur contenant des particules magnetiques millimetriques |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1899433A2 true EP1899433A2 (fr) | 2008-03-19 |
Family
ID=35976780
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06778666A Withdrawn EP1899433A2 (fr) | 2005-06-27 | 2006-06-26 | Fluide conducteur contenant des particules magnetiques millimetriques |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8404140B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1899433A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP4989642B2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2612452A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2887680A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2007000509A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101373387B1 (ko) * | 2006-09-22 | 2014-03-13 | 바스프 에스이 | 자기유변 제제 |
| WO2008055523A1 (fr) * | 2006-11-07 | 2008-05-15 | Stichting Dutch Polymer Institute | Fluides magnétiques et leur utilisation |
| JP5688500B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-09 | 2015-03-25 | 樫原 宏 | 強磁性有機磁性流体 |
| US8580886B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 | 2013-11-12 | Dow Corning Corporation | Method for the preparation and use of bis (alkoxysilylorgano)-dicarboxylates |
| KR20150003148A (ko) | 2011-12-02 | 2015-01-08 | 다우 코닝 코포레이션 | 에스테르―작용성 실란 및 그의 제조 및 용도; 및 상 전이 촉매로서의 이미늄 화합물의 용도 |
| JP6049112B2 (ja) * | 2013-05-07 | 2016-12-21 | 中国科学院近代物理研究所 | 熱交換媒体、熱交換システム及び原子炉システム |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3449208A (en) * | 1956-12-17 | 1969-06-10 | North American Rockwell | Small nuclear reactor heat source |
| JPS5341359B1 (fr) * | 1968-03-12 | 1978-11-02 | ||
| US3726642A (en) * | 1971-12-29 | 1973-04-10 | Atomic Energy Commission | Suppression of corrosion of iron in sodium |
| US3998669A (en) * | 1974-09-20 | 1976-12-21 | Th. Goldschmidt Ag | Permanent magnet on the basis of cobalt-rare earth alloys and method for its production |
| EP0017472A1 (fr) * | 1979-04-06 | 1980-10-15 | Lintott Engineering Limited | Appareillage à vide comportant un dispositif de transfer thermique et procédé de fabrication de composants semi-conducteurs utilisant cet appareillage |
| US4315827A (en) * | 1979-11-08 | 1982-02-16 | Ferrofluidics Corporation | Low-vapor-pressure ferrofluids and method of making same |
| JPS61112307A (ja) * | 1984-11-07 | 1986-05-30 | Takeo Nishikawa | 磁性流体の製造法 |
| JPS61244004A (ja) * | 1985-04-22 | 1986-10-30 | Takeo Nishikawa | 磁性流体 |
| JP2610055B2 (ja) * | 1990-01-22 | 1997-05-14 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 電気粘性流体組成物 |
| JP3023795B2 (ja) * | 1990-03-15 | 2000-03-21 | 豊久 藤田 | 水ベース磁性流体及びその製造方法 |
| US5382373A (en) * | 1992-10-30 | 1995-01-17 | Lord Corporation | Magnetorheological materials based on alloy particles |
| DE10065671A1 (de) * | 2000-12-30 | 2002-07-18 | Arnold Grimm | Herstellung und Einsatz von Nanopartikel aus Feststoffen mittels Ultraschallenergie zur Erhöhung des Wärmetransportes von Wärmeträgerflüssigkeiten |
| US7373463B2 (en) * | 2003-02-13 | 2008-05-13 | Stmicroelectronics S.A. | Antifraud method and circuit for an integrated circuit register containing data obtained from secret quantities |
| JP3935870B2 (ja) * | 2003-04-21 | 2007-06-27 | 独立行政法人 日本原子力研究開発機構 | 金属等のナノサイズ超微粒子を分散させた液体アルカリ金属 |
| FR2863042A1 (fr) * | 2003-11-28 | 2005-06-03 | Mp 98 | Dispositifs d'extraction de chaleur fonctionnant en haute temperature. |
| US7393463B2 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2008-07-01 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | High temperature magnetorheological fluid compositions and devices |
-
2005
- 2005-06-27 FR FR0506509A patent/FR2887680A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-06-26 JP JP2008518908A patent/JP4989642B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-26 CA CA002612452A patent/CA2612452A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2006-06-26 US US11/922,726 patent/US8404140B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-26 WO PCT/FR2006/001469 patent/WO2007000509A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2006-06-26 EP EP06778666A patent/EP1899433A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2007000509A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2612452A1 (fr) | 2007-01-04 |
| JP4989642B2 (ja) | 2012-08-01 |
| WO2007000509A2 (fr) | 2007-01-04 |
| WO2007000509A3 (fr) | 2007-05-31 |
| US20090173907A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
| JP2008547233A (ja) | 2008-12-25 |
| US8404140B2 (en) | 2013-03-26 |
| FR2887680A1 (fr) | 2006-12-29 |
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