EP1996752A2 - Procédé physico-chimique de fabrication de fibres végétales - Google Patents

Procédé physico-chimique de fabrication de fibres végétales

Info

Publication number
EP1996752A2
EP1996752A2 EP07736670A EP07736670A EP1996752A2 EP 1996752 A2 EP1996752 A2 EP 1996752A2 EP 07736670 A EP07736670 A EP 07736670A EP 07736670 A EP07736670 A EP 07736670A EP 1996752 A2 EP1996752 A2 EP 1996752A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
production
chemical
fibres
vegetable
fact
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07736670A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Giuseppe Chidichimo
Cosimo Alampi
Teresa Cerchiara
Bartolo Gabriele
Giuseppe Salerno
Mabel Valeria Vetere
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Universita della Calabria
Original Assignee
Universita della Calabria
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Universita della Calabria filed Critical Universita della Calabria
Publication of EP1996752A2 publication Critical patent/EP1996752A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01C—CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FILAMENTARY OR FIBROUS MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FILAMENTS OR FIBRES FOR SPINNING; CARBONISING RAGS TO RECOVER ANIMAL FIBRES
    • D01C1/00—Treatment of vegetable material
    • D01C1/02—Treatment of vegetable material by chemical methods to obtain bast fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C3/00—Pulping cellulose-containing materials
    • D21C3/02—Pulping cellulose-containing materials with inorganic bases or alkaline reacting compounds, e.g. sulfate processes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/005—Treatment of cellulose-containing material with microorganisms or enzymes

Definitions

  • the present invention regards a physical chemical process for the production of vegetable fibers; that is for the extraction of the cellulose fibers contained in the Liberian vessels of plants with rapid reproductive cycles.
  • the celluloses on the basis of their behaviour with reactive chemicals, can be subdivided in ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ -celluloses.
  • the ⁇ -cellulose or noble cellulose, used as a textile fibre is a polymer with a high molecular weight, constituted by monomeric units of glucose.
  • the ⁇ and ⁇ -celluloses are polymers with a lower molecular weight in whose monomeric glucose units a primary alcohol group is substituted by a carboxyl (acid). These celluloses are more commonly known by the name of hemicelluloses.
  • the encrusting substances are:
  • Pectic substances we are dealing with polymers of galacturonic acid. In water they release colloidal solutions; they dissolve easily in diluted alkali. Enzymes and bacteria attach easily to them, making them soluble in water.
  • Lignins these are thought to be polymers of the ethyl-phenolic group with a highly complex structure.
  • Resinous substances they are amorphous substances, not soluble in water, present in small percentages in fibres such as cotton and linen, but in much greater percentages in resinous woods such as pine and fir. They are eliminated by treatment with organic acids which salify them, making them soluble.
  • Cutin is a substance with an extremely complex chemical structure; in fact, it is an ester of some fatty acids with a very high molecular weight. It is soluble in warm alkali.
  • Starch this is also a polymer with the formula [CeH 10 Os] n , but, in contrast to the other sugars, the glucose molecules in it are linked in a different way; specifically it can be admitted that it is constituted by two different polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin. Through partial hydrolysis of the starch a disaccharide is obtained, maltose, while with partial hydrolysis of the cellulose cellobiose is obtained.
  • the chemical process is generally constituted by a digestion of the vegetable substance in an alkaline solution, which eats into not only the hemi-celluloses and the pectins that hold the fibrous bundles of the phloem, cohering between themselves and with the xylem, but also the macro-molecules that constitute the cuticle.
  • the softness of the fibre depends on the diameter of the elementary fibres that should, preferably, be of only a few microns. In reality it is impossible to obtain fibres of such a diameter from a simple process of the chemical kind when this last is not taken to extreme levels that can have an effect on the mechanical resistance of the cellulose fibres. With the simple process of the chemical kind the fibre obtained is generally coarse (with diameters in the order of hundreds of microns), and cannot be used in textiles of good quality. It generally results as possible to improve the diameter of the fibres coming from a process of the chemical kind, through mechanical type processes, in which the fibres are refined by passing them through rollers or other mechanical grinding systems. Mechanical treatments are, however, difficult to standardize, so that the same type of machine cannot be applied to different vegetable varieties. Wet oxidation (1 *
  • Wet oxidation is another process that has been used for the production of cellulose fibre.
  • the basic material eventually previously ground or anyway reduced to fine pieces, is suspended in water enriched in oxygen at temperatures between 125° and 320° C and at pressures between 0.5 and 20 Mpa. This process does not appear to be convenient for the separation of Liberian fibres.
  • the microbiological processes are those in which the basic material is retted in water in the presence of greater or lesser concentrations of bacteria that are capable of producing enzymatic substances that hydrolyse and/or break up the peptic substances and the encrusting lignins of the cellulose fibres.
  • the problem of microbiological retting for the extraction of the cellulose fibres, conducted by vegetable varieties of rapid growth, is complicated by the fact that the enzymes produced by funguses and bacteria that could be used to separate the lignins and the pectic substances are generally substances with high molecular weights and that are soluble in water.
  • pectinolithic or pectinase enzymes are a heterogeneous group of enzymes that hydrolyze the pectic substances.
  • the pectinolithic enzymes can be divided into two great classes (4>:
  • the Hydrolase enzymes of depolymerization break the glucosidal bridge, introducing water and generating two hydroxylic groups.
  • the liase or trans-eliminase brings about a non-hydrolitic separation, breaking the glucosidal link in C4 and simultaneously eliminating H from C5, producing an unsaturation between the positions 4-5.
  • the process combines, with a chemical stage of alkaline digestion, with times, that according to the concentration of the alkali, range from about ten minutes to a few hours, during which the fibrous part is separated both from the external cuticle and from the ligneous internal part, a successive physical stage in an autoclave for compression in hot air, the coarse fibre produced at the chemical stage which, because of the characteristics to be imparted to the fibres, can be conducted at temperatures ranging between 80 and 12O 0 C and at pressures between 4 and 60 atmospheres, followed by a successive stage of rapid decompression of the system.
  • the fibre can eventually be subjected to a final process of softening, in those cases where characteristics of particular softness are necessary.
  • Said softening process can be conducted by enzymatic treatment of the fibres coming from the second stage, or by traditional carding and combing machines.
  • the process includes the following stages: a.
  • the initial vegetable material is immersed in a hot solution (from 70° to 100°C) for times that vary from 10 minutes to three hours, of alkali (preferably NaOH or KOH), having concentrations in the range between 1% and 15% by weight (the times, the temperature and the percentage of alkalinity vary according to the characteristics to be imparted to the fibre and the conditions in use at the stage of compression in autoclave).
  • alkali preferably NaOH or KOH
  • bundles of cellulose fibres are obtained, still thick (the transversal thickness is in the order of hundreds of microns) and still relatively stiff, constituted by micro-fibrils of cellulose still encrusted with pectins and lignins.
  • the separation of the substances that gradually precipitate in the liquor can be brought about by filtering the liquor through specific filters, or by decanting.
  • the separated substances can be used in the chemical industry to produce various classes of materials: the pectins are useful as gelatinizing agents and alimentary additives, the other substances such as the lignins, the salts from fatty acids and the aliphatic and aromatic polyhydric alcohols are of great interest to the basic chemical industry.
  • the organic substances can also be used in the processes of compost-making for the production of fertilizers for agriculture, or as organic bio-masses for co-generational energy plants, or even in fermentation plants for the production of fuels. b.
  • the fibre resulting from the process of digestion (a), is washed with water and separated from the ligneous .parts that are incorporated in it.
  • the separation of the ligneous parts can take place by mechanical action, with specific mechanical combs, or by suspending the fibres in water.
  • the bambooous parts, having a lower density, can easily be recovered on the surface and removed.
  • Such an operation can also be proposed, according to the equipment, after the stage (f) later described. If carried out after the stage (a) it offers the advantage of reducing the volume of materials that pass through the treatments foreseen in the stages (d) and (e). If it takes place after the stage (f) it offers the advantage of being able to coincide with a process of combing of the fibres.
  • the humid fibre (about 1 A kg of water for lkg of fibre) coming from the stages (a), (b) and (c) is placed in an autoclave and exposed to hot air at a temperature of between 80°- 12O 0 C, pressures in the range of 4-60 atmospheres and a time that can range from 0.5 hours to 4 hours (the conditions change according to the characteristics that one wishes to give to the fibre and the conditions used at the stage of alkaline digestion).
  • a valve is opened, which allows the rapid exit of the hot air and, consequently, a rapid decompression inside the reactor.
  • oxidative conditions are determined, as a result of which the reticulum around the cellulose fibrils breaks.
  • the devastating action generated by the rapid decompression contributes to this process.
  • the bridging hydrogen chains among the various cellulose links also break, with the removal of the water from the reticulum. Fibrils are thus obtained whose diameters are of about ten microns.
  • the fibre is washed in water, to remove products deriving from the demolition of the reticulum of the lignins, dried and sent on to the successive processing equipment.
  • the fibre coming from the stage (f) is sent to one or more tubs of enzymatic digestion, in which pectinolithic enzymes and/or ligninolithic enzymes of the peroxide type are contained. h.
  • a further stage of softening which can also be used as an alternative to step (g), can be constituted by a process of mechanical softening, during which the fibre is passed through pressing rollers and combs.
  • a further stage of softening which can also be used as an alternative to stage (g) and/or (h), can be constituted by a process of digestion in hydrogen peroxide which substitutes the function of the peroxide enzymes.
  • the process is flexible and by varying the temperatures, the percentages of alkali used in stage (a), the proportions of nitrogen/oxygen and the pressure and the temperature of the air in stage (b), the enzymatic concentration or the mechanical parameters in the final softening stage, it is possible to obtain fibres with different characteristics according to the uses to which they are destined.
  • the process, object of the invention brings about a notable reduction in energy costs.
  • the reduction of the energy costs in respect to steam- explosion is tied to the fact that in that process the production of vapour at a temperature of about 200°C is needed.
  • the energy needed to produce the vapour is at least 5 times greater than that which is necessary to produce the compressed air at the temperatures used in the process that is the object of the invention.
  • the treatment equipment is essentially reduced to one or more digestion tanks, one or more washing tanks, to an autoclave and simple apparatus for handling the materials.
  • object of the invention eliminates the risks and the costs relative to the use of pure oxygen under pressure.
  • the process was conducted as in example 1 with the addition of a stage of enzymatic softening, obtained by the digestion for 1 hour of the fibres coming from step (e) in water containing the bacterium Aspergillus Japonicus in the concentration of 2mg/ml. A softer and whiter fibre is obtained with respect to that produced in process 1.
  • the process was conducted as in example 1, with the addition of a stage of enzymatic softening, obtained by the digestion of the fibres coming from step (e) in water containing Basidiomycetes phanerochaete crysosporium funguses in the concentration of O.lmg/ml. A softer and whiter fibre is obtained with respect to process 1.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Inorganic Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé par lequel il est possible d'extraire des fibres de cellulose comprises dans les vaisseaux libériens d'espèces végétales telles que le lin, la ramie, le chanvre, le genêt d'Espagne, le chanvre indien, le jute, etc. Le procédé consiste principalement en une étape de digestion du matériau de départ dans une solution alcaline aqueuse chaude, une étape de compression dans un autoclave avec de l'air chaud et une étape de décompression rapide. Une autre étape peut consister en l'assouplissement ultérieur de la fibre, par des procédés de digestion enzymatique ou des procédés de type mécanique.
EP07736670A 2006-03-06 2007-03-05 Procédé physico-chimique de fabrication de fibres végétales Withdrawn EP1996752A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITCZ20060006 ITCZ20060006A1 (it) 2006-03-06 2006-03-06 Processo chimico-fisico per la produzione di fibre vegetali
PCT/IT2007/000165 WO2007102184A2 (fr) 2006-03-06 2007-03-05 Procédé physico-chimique de fabrication de fibres végétales

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1996752A2 true EP1996752A2 (fr) 2008-12-03

Family

ID=38328379

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07736670A Withdrawn EP1996752A2 (fr) 2006-03-06 2007-03-05 Procédé physico-chimique de fabrication de fibres végétales

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1996752A2 (fr)
IT (1) ITCZ20060006A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2007102184A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITCS20080018A1 (it) * 2008-09-26 2010-03-27 Univ Calabria Biodreni per la bonifica di siti contaminati realizzati con fibre naturali liberiane ad elevato sviluppo superficiale
KR101403527B1 (ko) * 2012-09-24 2014-06-09 주식회사 지클로 항균성 셀룰로오스 섬유의 제조방법 및 이로부터 제조되는 섬유
ITCS20130027A1 (it) * 2013-11-30 2015-05-31 Consorzio Per Le Tecnologie Biomedi Che Avanzate Materiali compositi ottenuti da fibre estratte da fibre vegetali di ginestra e polimeri e processo per ottenerli
IT201700097949A1 (it) * 2017-08-31 2019-03-03 Artes Applied Res Into Training And Education Systems S R L Impresa Sociale Bioraffineria e metodo di bioraffinamento.
IT201900017339A1 (it) 2019-09-26 2021-03-26 Fabrizio Olivito Processo per convertire materiali lignino-cellulosici in bio-oil e bio-polimeri, impianto per la realizzazione del processo e prodotti ottenibili
CN111676524B (zh) * 2020-07-08 2024-10-01 亚循绿色产业科技有限公司 一种麻类纤维用超音速电磁弹射闪爆裂解脱胶装置

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US369836A (en) * 1887-09-13 blackman
FR2592400B1 (fr) * 1985-12-27 1988-08-26 Inst Textile De France Fibres vegetales liberiennes modifiees et procede d'obtention.
CA1230208A (fr) * 1987-03-24 1987-12-15 Bohuslav V. Kokta Preparation de la pate a papier
DE3728074A1 (de) * 1987-08-22 1989-03-02 Steinbeis Stiftung Fuer Wirtsc Verfahren und vorrichtung zum aufschliessen von bastfasermaterial

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2007102184A3 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2007102184A2 (fr) 2007-09-13
WO2007102184A3 (fr) 2007-12-27
ITCZ20060006A1 (it) 2007-09-07

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