EP1997633A2 - Chambre à racles pouvant être commandée - Google Patents

Chambre à racles pouvant être commandée Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1997633A2
EP1997633A2 EP08009234A EP08009234A EP1997633A2 EP 1997633 A2 EP1997633 A2 EP 1997633A2 EP 08009234 A EP08009234 A EP 08009234A EP 08009234 A EP08009234 A EP 08009234A EP 1997633 A2 EP1997633 A2 EP 1997633A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transfer roller
ink
ink chamber
ink transfer
doctor blade
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP08009234A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1997633B1 (fr
EP1997633A3 (fr
Inventor
Josef Kleinschnitz
Frank Kirchner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
KBA Meprint AG
Original Assignee
KBA Metronic GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by KBA Metronic GmbH filed Critical KBA Metronic GmbH
Publication of EP1997633A2 publication Critical patent/EP1997633A2/fr
Publication of EP1997633A3 publication Critical patent/EP1997633A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1997633B1 publication Critical patent/EP1997633B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41FPRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F31/00Inking arrangements or devices
    • B41F31/02Ducts, containers, supply or metering devices
    • B41F31/027Ink rail devices for inking ink rollers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a paint chamber, comprising at least one working doctor blade and at least one squeegee, to each of which a doctor blade is fastened / secured, wherein between the edges of the doctor blade an opening is formed, is transferred by the color from the ink chamber to a ink transfer roller of a printing press.
  • Working doctor blade or closing squeegee on which doctor blades are fastened or fastened are also referred to as squeegee bars or squeegee bars.
  • the invention further also enters a printing machine or a printing unit with at least one such ink chamber, as well as a method for operating a printing press or a printing unit with at least one such ink chamber.
  • Ink chambers for receiving ink in a printing unit of a printing press are well known in the art and are used to apply ink from this ink chamber to a ink transfer roller of a printing press.
  • a ink transfer roller is often referred to as an anilox roller.
  • Such a ink chamber has the ink transfer roller to an opening which is sealed by means of doctor blades and corresponding side shields relative to the ink transfer roller so that ink can not escape uncontrollably from the ink chamber.
  • This is the ink transfer roller the two respective edges of the two doctor blade under a mechanical bias, whereby formed by the rotation of the ink transfer roller on a first, a doctor blade forming doctor blade a rotating ink roller and ink color is transferred from the ink roller to the ink transfer roller.
  • the closing blade opposite the working doctor essentially serves to seal the opening of a paint chamber with respect to the ink transfer roller when the ink transfer roller is stationary, ie. when the color in the ink chamber is completely dispersed in the ink chamber.
  • the locking doctor blade as well as the working doctor blade rests under a mechanical bias on the surface of the ink transfer roller and the closing blade viewed in the direction of rotation of the ink transfer roller usually forms an acute angle with the surface of the ink transfer roller, it is not possible this foreign body To remove the rotational movement and the associated transport effect of the ink transfer roller from this area and to transport, for example, in the interior of the ink chamber, where they would disturb only slightly, but these foreign matter remain in the wedge-shaped space between the closing blade and ink transfer roller and wedged there.
  • the ink transfer properties of the ink transfer roller change in this area, with the result that appear in these areas in the printed image unwanted color stripes.
  • the object of the invention is, therefore, to largely avoid damage to the ink transfer roller and the doctor blade due to applied to the surface of the ink transfer roller foreign bodies, thereby increasing the life of the ink transfer roller and the doctor blade.
  • the object of the invention is also to reduce the abrasion effect of the doctor blade on the ink transfer roller and thereby increase the service life of the ink transfer roller.
  • the object is achieved by a ink chamber, which is characterized in that at least one of the doctor blade from a surface of the ink transfer roller contacting layer is adjustable in a lifted from the surface of the ink transfer roller layer. Furthermore, the object is achieved by a printing press or a printing unit with such a color chamber, wherein at least one of the doctor blade, in particular operated as a closing doctor blade from a surface of the ink transfer roller contacting position is adjustable in a lifted from the surface of the ink transfer roller layer.
  • the object is achieved in that the operation of a printing press or a printing unit with at least one ink chamber and a color transfer roller, the closing blade of the ink chamber is at least temporarily lifted from the ink transfer roller and forms a gap between the closing blade and ink transfer roller, registered by the foreign body in the ink chamber become.
  • the devices of the invention and the method thus have the particular advantage that the said foreign body or impurities can no longer get caught in a wedge-shaped gap between closing blade and ink transfer roller and transported as directly into the interior of the ink chamber, as viewed from the interior of the ink chamber of the Working blade with the surface of the ink transfer roller forms an obtuse angle and therefore a foreign body can not jam in this area and can not cause damage.
  • Such in the Ink chamber registered foreign body would therefore revolve at best with the forming rotating paint roller, but cause no damage.
  • An adjustment of the position of a doctor blade can be effected by an adjustment of the respective squeegee, to which the doctor blade is attached.
  • the at least one doctor blade, in particular the closing doctor blade is lifted only temporarily from the ink transfer roller.
  • the doctor blade can take the position at standstill of the printing press and when starting or even when leaving the printing press, in which the ink transfer roller is contacted to close the ink chamber.
  • the doctor blade is set in the raised position as long as the printing machine is running until the printing operation is to be stopped or other work measures are to be taken, such as e.g. filling the ink chamber or replacing etc.
  • doctor blade is employed on the ink transfer roller, but temporarily placed in the raised position for a predetermined period to allow foreign matter to escape from the gap between doctor blade and ink transfer roller, then the Doctor blades are returned to the contacting position. It may be provided that the lifting is repeated over and over again, e.g. after predetermined time intervals.
  • the lifting takes place as a function of the rotational angle position of the ink transfer roller.
  • a drive provided for lifting can be actuated.
  • the front edge of the doctor blade of the at least one movable doctor blade is lifted in a first position from the surface of the ink transfer roller, so that between the leading edge of the doctor blade and the surface of the ink transfer roller, a gap is formed.
  • the front edge of the doctor blade of the at least one movable blade bar rests in a second position without mechanical bias or only with a negligible mechanical bias on the surface of the ink transfer roller and that the leading edge of the doctor blade of at least one movable blade bar in a third position under a mechanical bias on the surface of the ink transfer roller rests.
  • the leading edges of the doctor blade so abut each other or overlap each other so that the opening of the ink chamber is closed to the ink transfer roller.
  • the front edge of the doctor blade of the at least one movable blade bar to reach the fourth position can be moved over the surface of the ink transfer roller that excess ink on the ink transfer roller is doctored off in this area and transported into the ink chamber.
  • This closing movement can be carried out so that the tightness of the ink chamber with respect to the ink transfer roller is ensured during this movement.
  • doctor blade of the at least one movable blade bar in each of the positions mentioned with the surface of the ink transfer roller can take an arbitrary regardless of the position arbitrary angle.
  • the movement of the least one movable squeegee between the selectable positions by means of a controlled drive can take place.
  • the ink chamber can only be removed from its receiving device mounted in the printing press when the at least one movable doctor bar is in a defined predetermined position, in particular in the fourth position mentioned and the ink chamber thus closed to the ink transfer roller.
  • a first embodiment according to the invention it can be provided that at least the squeegee blade of the squeegee blade of a paint chamber is movable, since with conventionally constructed ink chambers, foreign bodies may wed in the region between the doctor blade and the surface of the ink transfer roller just outside the ink chamber due to the conveying effect of the rotating ones Ink transfer roller are driven deeper and deeper into the gap while they can damage this due to their abrasive action on the ink transfer roller and the Schrörakelmesser.
  • ink Since due to the conveying effect of the ink transfer roller in the normal printing operation located in the interior of the ink chamber ink is conveyed in the direction of the working doctor blade and jams there is also a there opposite to the direction of rotation of the ink transfer roller rotating ink roller, which almost depending on the degree of filling of the ink chamber includes entire ink located in the ink chamber.
  • the formation of the paint roller also depends on the rotational speed of the ink transfer roller, it can be inventively further provided to adjust the size of the gap depending on the speed of the ink transfer roller, for example by means of a speed sensor, the instantaneous speed of the ink transfer roller determined and transmitted to a higher-level control.
  • This sets, for example, by means of a corresponding drive on the movable doctor bar a desired gap between doctor blade and ink transfer roller.
  • the first position of the movable blade bar against a mechanical bias for example, against a spring tension
  • a mechanical bias for example, against a spring tension
  • in case of failure for example in case of failure of an example electric or pneumatic drive to move the doctor beam of the movable doctor bar automatically into a defined Returns position, for example, in a second or third or fourth position described below, whereby the ink chamber is closed to the surface of the ink transfer roller out and thus no ink can escape from the ink chamber uncontrolled.
  • the ink Since no paint roller is formed on the work doctor blade at standstill of the printing press, the ink is evenly distributed in the ink chamber, which also ink comes to the squeegee.
  • it may further be provided according to the movable closing doctor blade in a second position on the surface of the ink transfer roller, that the doctor blade without contact pressure or only with a minimal contact pressure on the surface the ink transfer roller rests.
  • the ink chamber may be expedient to operate the ink chamber in particular at the start of the printing machine initially in a conventional manner in which the closing blade is pressed with an increased contact pressure on the surface of the ink transfer roller. It may therefore be provided according to the invention to operate the doctor bar in a third position, in which the doctor blade is pressed in a conventional manner and with a conventional force on the surface of the ink transfer roller.
  • the at least one movable doctor bar can assume a fourth position, in which the leading edges of the squeegee knife and the working doctor blade so against each other or each other that the opening of the ink chamber to the ink transfer roller is closed color-tight and no ink can escape uncontrollably and the filled ink chamber easily from the Printing machine can be removed and replaced, for example, against a filled with a different ink ink chamber.
  • the ink chamber can be removed from the printing press exclusively in its closed state, ie when the closing doctor bar is in the said fourth position, for example by a mechanical device, e.g. Coupling between the ink chamber and printing unit opens only in said fourth position of the closing blade bar and the ink chamber is thereby removed. This ensures that no ink from a filled ink chamber due to incorrect operation of the ink chamber can escape uncontrollably.
  • it may be provided to perform both doctor bar with their respective attached doctor blades movable and provided with a respective controllable drive, whereby it is possible to operate such a color chamber in both directions of rotation of the ink transfer roller.
  • both squeegee bars can be moved as described above for one of the squeegee bars.
  • Such an operation of the printing unit and thus the ink transfer roller for example, be required if a cleaning of the respective rollers must be performed or if, for example, in a printing machine for web-shaped substrate of the substrate to be removed from the printing unit or if existing production machines, for example with a Printing unit to be retrofitted.
  • the drive for moving the respective squeegee bar between different positions can be carried out electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically and / or via a mechanical coupling.
  • the drive itself can be arranged in a first embodiment of the invention in a stationary support on the printing machine and a power transmission to the movable doctor bar, for example, via a mechanical gear and / or interengaging levers and / or couplings.
  • the stationary drive for example, have a gear and / or a mechanical coupling, which engages positively and / or positively with a color chamber located in their recording device in a corresponding attached to the ink chamber mechanical counterpart.
  • the squeegee bar can furthermore be frictionally connected to said counterpart via corresponding movement elements, such as levers, guide devices or the like, so that upon actuation of the stationary drive, the force is applied to the at least one movable element via said elements Squeegee bar is transmitted.
  • movement elements such as levers, guide devices or the like
  • the mechanical coupling of the stationary drive and the attached to the ink chamber counterpart can only be separated from each other when the at least one movable doctor bar is in its fourth position, whereby the ink chamber is closed to the ink transfer roller.
  • the coupling and the associated counterpart can simultaneously serve as a mechanical locking of the ink chamber in its receiving device, so that a removal of the ink chamber from its receiving device not is possible, as long as the movable doctor bar is in a first, a second or a third position and the ink chamber is thereby opened to the ink transfer roller. This makes it possible to effectively prevent incorrect operation and thus an uncontrolled leakage of color from the ink chamber.
  • a removal of an ink chamber filled with ink is then carried out in that the at least one movable doctor bar is brought into a fourth position by means of the controlled drive, whereby on the one hand, the ink chamber is closed to the ink transfer roller and the other said coupling and her to the ink chamber attached counterpart are rotated or pushed depending on their execution in such a situation that they can be easily separated from each other and the ink chamber can be removed from its receiving device.
  • the ink chamber in addition to a mechanical lock, which fixes the ink chamber used in the receiving device and effectively prevents removal of the ink chamber from the receiving device, at least in said first, second and third position of the movable doctor blade effectively, in addition a corresponding electrical and / or pneumatic connection to the printing machine, depending on the drive used.
  • the ink chamber may possibly include additional sensors required to control the movement of the movable doctor bar, which are also connected via a corresponding releasable connection with a higher-level control.
  • the connection can be designed as a separately detachable connector or executed as part of the recording device for the ink chamber, so that at a removal of the ink chamber from the receiving device at the same time the electrical and / or pneumatic connections are released or when inserting the ink chamber in the Recording device these are closed.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic representation of a paint chamber according to the invention with a movable doctor bar in a first position shows FIG. 1 ,
  • the ink chamber 2 comprises substantially the two end boundary elements 2a and 2b and the squeegee 2c and 2d, to each of which a doctor blade 3a, 3b is fixed so that the leading edges can rest on the surface 1 b of the ink transfer roller 1 and based on the respective surface normals at the point of contact form an angle of attack between 0 ° and 90 °, preferably between 10 ° and 80 °, particularly preferably between 20 ° and 70 °.
  • the side elements 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d together define an inner volume 20 of the ink chamber 2 for receiving ink.
  • the ink chamber 2 is further attached to a ink transfer roller 1 so that the ink located inside the ink chamber can be transferred to the surface 1b of the ink transfer roller 1 through the opening 30 formed by the side members 2a, 2b and the doctor blades 3a, 3b.
  • Upon rotation of the ink transfer roller about its axis 1 a in the direction 100 are thus in the Surface 1 b of the ink transfer roller 1 located wells filled with ink and excess ink on the working doctor blade 3b from the surface 1 b of the ink transfer roller and doctored back into the ink chamber.
  • the side elements 2a, 2b in the area of the ink transfer roller to a corresponding color transfer roller adapted form.
  • the doctor bar 2c is designed to be movable with the doctor blade 3a fastened thereto so that it can be displaced along the direction 101, in particular parallel to the surface of the doctor bar / doctor blade, to assume a first position in a first embodiment according to the invention.
  • the closing blade 3a is lifted from the surface 1b of the ink transfer roller 1, so that a gap 4 is formed between the leading edge of the doctor blade 3a and the surface 1b ink transfer roller 1.
  • the movement of the movable squeegee blade 2c with the doctor blade 3a attached thereto between a first and a second or a third position, for example, linear along the directions of movement 101 and 102, for example, by the movable squeegee bar 2c is movably mounted in respective first guides and by means of a not shown outer adjusting device can be moved.
  • the movable doctor bar 2c as in FIG. 3 can take a fourth position in which the front edge of the closing blade 3 a rests against the front edge of the working doctor blade 3 b, or the doctor blade edges are superimposed so that the opening 30 of the ink chamber is closed to the ink transfer roller and thereby at a removal of the Color chamber from the printing press no ink can escape uncontrolled.
  • the movable doctor bar 2 c is moved along the direction 103 until the leading edges of the doctor blades 3 a, 3 b abut each other or overlap each other and the opening 30 is closed. It may be appropriate to perform the movement along the direction 103 so that the front edge of the doctor blade 3a always rests with a certain contact pressure on the surface 1 b of the ink transfer roller 1 and during the movement along the direction 103 over the surface 1 b of the ink transfer roller 1 strokes and this strikes off, making one on the Surface 1b resting or adhering ink is conveyed into the interior of the ink chamber.
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment according to the invention of a paint chamber with two movable doctor bar, the squeegee bars are in their respective fourth position and thus the ink chamber is closed to the ink transfer roller out.
  • both squeegee bars are designed to be movable in this embodiment, wherein each squeegee bar can assume a first position, a second position, a third position and a fourth position.
  • the respective first positions of the squeegee bars 2c, 2d correspond to each other as well as the second positions of the squeegee bars 2c, 2d, as well as the third positions of the squeegee bars 2c, 2d, as well as the fourth positions of the squeegee bars 2c, 2d, whereby it is possible operate this type of ink chamber regardless of the direction of rotation 105 of the ink transfer roller 1 each in the desired operation.
  • the function of the respective doctor blade 3a, 3b is reversed, so that from the work squeegee is the closing squeegee and vice versa.
  • the squeegee bars 2c, 2d each have mutually independent adjusting devices. This also makes it possible, as in FIG. 4 have shown that, in order to adopt a fourth position of the squeegee bars, both squeegee bars 2c, 2d are moved toward one another along the directions of movement 103, 104 until the opening 30 is closed.
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of a color chamber according to the invention, wherein the at least one movable doctor blade 2c with a doctor blade attached thereto 3a can perform a pivoting movement, in particular about an axis, so as to be brought, for example, from a first to a second or third position.
  • the doctor bar is rotatably supported, for example via brackets 31 about a rotational axis 32 and connected to a corresponding actuator, not shown. It may be expedient to provide additional linear movement devices for taking the said fourth position, for example via slides, sliding bearings or guide slots, so that a superposition of a rotational movement and / or a tilting movement and / or a linear movement may result.
  • FIGS. 6, 7, 8 A schematic functional representation of a color chamber according to the invention with a movable doctor bar show the FIGS. 6, 7, 8 , wherein the movable squeegee bar in FIG. 6 in a said fourth position, in which the opening 30 between the ink chamber 2 and ink transfer roller 1 is closed.
  • the movable doctor bar 2c with the doctor blade 3a attached thereto can be pivoted in this exemplary embodiment by means of a parallel-jack-like mechanical drive 20 between a fourth position and a second or third position, as in FIG. 6 or in FIG. 7 are shown.
  • the drive 20 can consist, for example, of holders 21a, 21b fastened to the doctor bar 2c, which are each connected via pivot joints 27a, 27b to two, in particular parallel, arms 22a, 22b.
  • the arms 22b, 22b in turn, also respectively at their opposite ends a pivot on 27c, 27d, via which the arms 22a, 2b are connected to a common connecting element 23.
  • the connecting element 23 is in turn connected, for example via the shaft of one of the swivel joints, here the swivel joint 27d with a holder 24 and in particular biased by a spring, not shown, against the holder 24, that without additional external force of the drive 20 with the doctor blade attached thereto 2c, for example, automatically in FIG. 6 shown fourth position occupies.
  • the opening 4 is maintained only as long as the outer drive via the clutch 28, a force is applied, so that for example in case of failure in case of failure of the outer drive of the doctor bar automatically in a second or third position or In addition, swinging back over other not shown spring elements in a fourth position, whereby the gap 4 is closed and, where appropriate, the ink chamber is closed, so that no ink can escape uncontrollably from the ink chamber.
  • the coupling 28 has, for example, a preferred direction in which it engages in its corresponding counterpart, not shown ,
  • this preferred direction is parallel to a removal direction 107 for the ink chamber 2, which is predetermined by a corresponding receiving device for the ink chamber 2, so that the ink chamber 2 only in the in FIG. 6 shown fourth position of the movable blade bar 2c in the direction 107 can be removed from the printing press, in which the leading edges of the doctor blades 3a, 3b lie against each other so that the ink chamber 2 is closed to the ink transfer roller 1 out.
  • the ink chamber 2 is fixed via the coupling 28 in the receiving device of the ink chamber 2, so that a removal is not possible.
  • FIGS. 9, 10 . 11 show the in the FIGS. 6, 7, 8 mentioned embodiment of the invention for clarity in perspective view.
  • FIGS. 12, 13, 14, 15 show a further embodiment according to the invention according to a like in the FIGS. 6, 7, 8 shown principle for moving a blade beam, with the difference that both blade beams 2c, 2d are each designed to be movable and have a respective drive 20a and 20b.
  • the direction of rotation 113 of the ink transfer roller 1 can be arbitrary, since in this case no gap 4a or 4b is formed and thus no ink can escape uncontrollably from the ink chamber 2.
  • Each of the actuators 20a and 20b can in this case have a respective coupling 28a, 28b with the above-mentioned features, as well as a respective associated, independently controllable drive, so that the ink chamber 2 can be removed in a similar manner only from their receiving device, if both clutches 28a , 28b occupy a respective fourth position, as in FIG. 15 shown, so that the ink chamber can be removed, for example, in direction 107 from its receiving device.

Landscapes

  • Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
EP08009234A 2007-05-29 2008-05-20 Chambre à racles pouvant être commandée Not-in-force EP1997633B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007025166A DE102007025166A1 (de) 2007-05-29 2007-05-29 Steuerbare Rakelmesser

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1997633A2 true EP1997633A2 (fr) 2008-12-03
EP1997633A3 EP1997633A3 (fr) 2012-06-27
EP1997633B1 EP1997633B1 (fr) 2013-01-09

Family

ID=39713993

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08009234A Not-in-force EP1997633B1 (fr) 2007-05-29 2008-05-20 Chambre à racles pouvant être commandée

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US8006616B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1997633B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN101439612A (fr)
DE (1) DE102007025166A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2399676T3 (fr)

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EP2033787A3 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2010-10-27 Kba-Metronic Ag Chambre d'encrage

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WO2008025172A1 (fr) * 2006-08-29 2008-03-06 Daetwyler Swiss Tec Ag Lame de docteur
EP2969568A4 (fr) 2013-03-13 2016-11-23 Probity Engineering Llc Appareil encreur et procédé de réglage du débit d'encre pour appareil de flexographie
CN104512092A (zh) * 2014-12-15 2015-04-15 陕西北人印刷机械有限责任公司 一种用于凹版印刷机的封闭刮刀装置
US9579878B1 (en) * 2015-10-30 2017-02-28 Industrial Technology Research Institute Gravure printing system and method of using the same
CN106423712A (zh) * 2016-09-30 2017-02-22 漳州华飞体育用品有限公司 出胶装置
DE102017222158A1 (de) * 2017-12-07 2019-06-13 Koenig & Bauer Ag Farbkasten und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Farbkastens
WO2019181115A1 (fr) * 2018-03-22 2019-09-26 アイマー・プランニング株式会社 Dispositif d'encrier
CN108556463A (zh) * 2018-05-13 2018-09-21 吴长海 一种丝网印刷机
CN109177479A (zh) * 2018-10-15 2019-01-11 深圳市雷凌广通技术研发有限公司 一种具有清洁功能的环保型印刷设备
US11969989B2 (en) 2020-01-30 2024-04-30 Bobst Bielefeld Gmbh Printing machine and method of operating a printing machine
CN111516390A (zh) * 2020-06-09 2020-08-11 武汉积墨包装印刷有限公司 一种水墨印刷机用自调整的墨斗辊
US12005471B2 (en) * 2021-10-27 2024-06-11 Kompac Technologies, Llc System with sealing chamber

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EP2033787A3 (fr) * 2007-09-04 2010-10-27 Kba-Metronic Ag Chambre d'encrage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20080295718A1 (en) 2008-12-04
EP1997633B1 (fr) 2013-01-09
EP1997633A3 (fr) 2012-06-27
DE102007025166A1 (de) 2009-01-22
ES2399676T3 (es) 2013-04-02
CN101439612A (zh) 2009-05-27
US8006616B2 (en) 2011-08-30

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