Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
  • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
  • C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
  • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
  • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
  • C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
  • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
  • C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
  • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
  • C22C21/18—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with zinc
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
  • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
  • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
  • B21B2205/00—Particular shaped rolled products
  • B21B2205/02—Tailored blanks

Definitions

• the present invention relates to wrought products and structural elements, in particular for aircraft construction, made of aluminum alloy.
• the wrought products can be rolled products (such as thin sheets, medium sheets, thick sheets), spun products (such as bars, profiles, tubes or wires), and forged products.
• Structural monolithic metal elements with variable properties in space are of considerable interest in the current context of the aeronautical industry. Indeed, the structural elements are subject to a set of contradictory constraints that require particular choices on materials and processing conditions, which can lead to unsatisfactory compromises.
• the replacement of the long and costly mechanical assembly steps by more economical steps of integral machining of monolithic elements is limited by the possibility of obtaining within a monolithic element the most advantageous properties in a monolithic element. each geometric area. It would therefore be very interesting to produce monolithic structural elements having variable properties in space so as to obtain in each zone an optimal compromise of properties while enjoying the economic advantages of integral machining processes.
• FR 2 707 092 discloses a method for producing structurally hardened products having continuously variable properties in at least one direction in which tempering is carried out by carrying one end of the product at a temperature T and the another end at a temperature t in a specific furnace comprising a hot chamber and a cold room connected by a heat pump.
• WO 2005/098072 (Pechiney Rhenalu) describes a manufacturing process in which at least one stage of the treatment of income is carried out in a controlled thermal profile furnace comprising at least two zones or groups of zones Z 1 and Z 2 with initial temperatures T 1 and T 2 in which the length of the two zones is at least one meter.
• the problem is partly solved by locally varying the thickness of structural elements with homogeneous properties in space so as to allow them to withstand the local level of stress.
• the variation in thickness is generally obtained by assembly or by machining.
• CA 2 317 366 Airbus GmbH describes for example the manufacture of fuselage elements by welding plates of various thicknesses. It is also conceivable to directly obtain by rolling sheets of varying thickness so as to avoid the assembly steps and the associated technical and economic problems. Thickness variations are possible in the longitudinal direction or the transverse direction (see for example R. Kopp, C. Wiedner and A. Meyer, International Sheet Metal Review, July / August 2005, p20-24).
• WO 00/21695 discloses a method for obtaining sections of variable thickness in the direction of rolling within a metal strip, these sections having different mechanical properties.
• the problem addressed by the present invention is to develop a process for the manufacture of wrought products and monolithic alloy structural elements. of aluminum, in particular for aircraft construction, having variable use properties in space while having geometrical characteristics identical to those of current products and elements, which is sufficiently economical and controllable, which makes it possible to vary in the space the properties of use of structural elements whose manufacturing process does not necessarily require income and which allows to vary the properties of employment of structural elements at different positions of their length.
• a first object of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a wrought product or a monolithic multi-functional structural element made of aluminum alloy comprising a hot transformation step characterized in that after the hot conversion it also comprises at least one step of transformation by cold plastic deformation in which at least two zones of the structural element of the average generalized plastic deformations different from at least 2% and preferably different by at least 3% are imposed. .
• a second object of the invention is a wrought product or a 2XXX alloy structure element in the T3X state that can be obtained by the method according to the invention.
• a third object of the invention is a wrought product or a structural element made of 2XXX alloy containing lithium in the T8X state that can be obtained by the process according to the invention.
• FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of the invention in which three zones situated at a different position in the direction L undergo different plastic deformations by controlled traction thanks to a displacement of the jaws of the traction bench.
• FIG. 2 schematically shows an embodiment of the invention in which three zones situated at a different position in the direction L undergo different plastic deformations by controlled traction thanks to a variation of the section.
• Figure 3 schematically shows an embodiment of the invention in which three zones at a different position in the direction L undergo different plastic deformations by cold rolling due to a variation of the thickness before rolling.
• Figure 4 schematically shows an embodiment of the invention in which three zones at a different position in the direction / undergo different plastic deformations by cold rolling due to a variation of the thickness before rolling.
• FIG. 5 schematically shows an embodiment of the invention in which three zones situated at a different position undergo different plastic deformations by compression.
• the static mechanical characteristics that is the breaking strength R m , the yield point R p o, 2 , and the elongation at break A, are determined by a tensile test according to the EN 10002-1 standard, the location and direction of specimen collection being defined in EN 485-1.
• the toughness K 1C is measured according to the ASTM E 399 standard.
• the definitions of the European standard EN 12258-1 apply, in particular an alloy without heat treatment is an alloy which can not be substantially hardened by a heat treatment and alloy to heat treatment an alloy that can be hardened by a suitable heat treatment.
• sheet metal is used here for rolled products of any thickness.
• cold plastic deformation is meant here plastic deformation for which the metal is deliberately heated neither before being deformed nor during the deformation.
• cold plastic deformations including cold rolling, controlled pulling (planing), drawing, drawing, stamping, stamping, bending, compression and cold forging.
• hot transformation is meant a deformation step for which the initial temperature of the metal is at least 200 ° C.
• Generalized plastic deformation is known to those skilled in the art, it is defined for example in the manual "Shaping metals - Calculations on plasticity" P. Baque, Felder E., Hyafil J. and Y. D ' Escatha edited by Dunod, Paris (1973) or in the book "Shaping metals and alloys", texts collected by B. Baudelet, published by the CNRS editions, 1976, Paris.
• the generalized deformation is the measure of the amplitude of deformation and one takes as value of the strain ⁇ that which corresponds to a simple tensile test according to the criterion
• the average generalized plastic deformation is the average of the generalized plastic deformation in a given volume.
• machining includes any material removal process such as turning, milling, drilling, reaming, tapping, EDM, grinding, polishing, chemical machining.
• spun product also includes products that have been drawn after spinning, for example by cold drawing through a die. It also includes drawn products.
• wrought product refers to a semi-finished product (i.e., an intermediate product) ready to be processed, in particular by sawing, machining and / or forming a structural element. In some cases the wrought product can be used directly as a structural element.
• the wrought products can be rolled products (such as thin sheets, medium sheets, thick sheets), spun products (such as bars, profiles, tubes or wires), and forged products.
• the method of manufacturing the wrought product comprises a controlled pulling step, the ends of the workpiece which are under the grip of the jaws of the traction bench are sawed so as to render the workpiece usable in mechanical engineering.
• structural element refers to an element used in mechanical engineering for which the static and / or dynamic mechanical characteristics are of particular importance for the performance and integrity of the structure, and for which a calculation of the structure is usually prescribed or performed. It is typically a mechanical part whose failure is likely to endanger the safety of said construction, its users, its users or others.
• these structural elements include the elements that make up the fuselage (such as fuselage skin (fuselage skin in English), stiffeners or stringers, bulkheads, fuselage (circumferential frames), wings (such as wing skin), stiffeners (stiffeners), ribs and spars) and the empennage composed in particular of horizontal and vertical stabilizers (horizontal or vertical stabilizers), as well as the floor beams, the seat tracks and the doors.
• fuselage such as fuselage skin (fuselage skin in English), stiffeners or stringers, bulkheads, fuselage (circumferential frames), wings (such as wing skin), stiffeners (stiffeners), ribs and spars
• empennage composed in particular of horizontal and vertical stabilizers (horizontal or vertical stabilizers), as well as the floor beams, the seat tracks and the doors.
• monolithic structural element refers to a structural element which has been obtained from a single piece of semi-finished product, rolled, forged or molded, without assembly, such as riveting, welding, gluing, with another room.
• multi-functional structural element refers here primarily to the functions conferred by the metallurgical characteristics of the product and not by its geometric form.
• the problem is solved by a method of manufacturing a wrought aluminum alloy product or a monolithic multi-functional aluminum alloy structural element which comprises at least one step of plastic deformation to cold after the hot transformation, in which at least two zones of the wrought product or of the structural element undergo different average generalized plastic deformations of at least 2%, preferably at least 3% and even more preferentially at least 4% or even 5%.
• the areas considered have a significant volume relative to the total volume of the structural element.
• the volume of the zones considered represents at least 5%, preferably at least 10% and more preferably at least 15% of the total volume of the wrought product or the structural element.
• all zones of the wrought product or the structural element undergo minimum generalized plastic deformation of at least 1% and preferably at least 1.5%.
• the process according to the invention comprises at least two stages of transformation by cold plastic deformation after the hot transformation.
• the methods according to the invention make it possible to produce wrought products and structural elements having a main dimension or final length L f in the principal direction or direction of the length L and a final section in the plane perpendicular to this direction S f .
• the section S f is substantially constant at all points of the wrought product.
• the wrought product is a sheet of final length L f
• final width If and final thickness ⁇ f , it is advantageous that the thickness ⁇ f is substantially constant at all points.
• Machining may be one of the last step of the method according to the invention so as to obtain a final section and / or a final thickness of the wrought product substantially constant at any point.
• the process according to the invention can be used to produce wrought products, preferably sheets and profiles, and structural elements of any wrought aluminum alloy.
• the invention can be used with non heat-treated alloys such as IXXX, 3XXX, 5XXX alloys and certain 8XXX series alloys, and particularly advantageously with scandium-containing 5XXX alloys at a preferred content of 0.001 to 5% by weight and even more preferably 0.01 to 0.3% by weight.
• the differences in mechanical properties resulting from the differences in workmanship obtained by the process according to the invention give the structural elements obtained from wrought products of alloy without heat treatment according to the invention a multi-functional character.
• a heat-treated aluminum alloy is used, and between the hot conversion and the first cold plastic deformation transformation, a solution step, a quenching step and optionally a step of income posterior to the transformation steps by cold plastic deformation.
• the invention can be used to develop wrought products or aluminum alloy structural members of the 2XXX, 4XXX, 6XXX and 7XXX series, as well as 8XXX series-containing structural alloy containing lithium.
• alloy containing lithium an alloy whose lithium content is greater than 0.1% by weight.
• an income can be used to obtain for example a T8X state or, on the contrary, to use a natural aging to a T3X state.
• the invention is particularly advantageous for producing wrought products or structural elements made of 2XXX alloy in the T3X state.
• the invention makes it possible to produce wrought products or structural elements made of 2XXX alloy in the T3X state, characterized in that they contain at least two zones Z1 and Z2 having mechanical properties (measured at mid-thickness) selected in the group consisting of (i) Zl: R m (L)> 500 MPa and preferably R m (L)> 520 MPa and Z2: A (L) (%)> 16% and preferentially A (L) (%)> 18 % (ii) Zl: R m (L)> 450 MPa and preferably R m (L)> 470 MPa and Z2: A (L) (%)> 18% and preferentially A (L) (%)> 20% ( iii) Zl: R m (L)> 550 MPa and preferably R m (L)> 590 MPa and Z2: A (L) (%)> 10% and preferentially A (L) (%)> 14%
• Zl R m (L)> 550 MPa and preferably R m (L)> 590 MPa and Z2: K lc (LT)> 45 MpaVm and preferentially K lc (LT)> 55 MpaVm. It is also possible to obtain wrought products or structure elements of 2XXX alloy in the T3X state, characterized in that they contain at least two zones Z1 and Z2 having mechanical properties (measured at mid-thickness) in which:
• R P o, 2> measured in the direction L or in the direction LT has a deviation R p o > 2 (Zl) -
• R m (Z2) of at least 20 MPa and preferably at least 30 MPa and / or (iii) K 10 , measured in the direction LT has a difference Ki c (Zl) -K lc (Z2) of minus 5 MPaVm and preferably at least 15 MPaVm.
• the invention also makes it possible to obtain wrought products or structure elements made of 2XXX alloy containing lithium in the T8X state, characterized in that they contain at least two zones Z1 and Z2 having mechanical properties selected from the group formed of
• the cold plastic deformation carried out after the solution and quenching steps makes it possible to modify the kinetics of income.
• the zones undergoing different average generalized plastic deformations will reach different metallurgical states during the income, which will give the structural element a multi-functional character.
• the tempering is carried out in a furnace having a temperature gradient so as to amplify the differences in properties between the ends of the heat sink element. structure.
• the at least two zones of the wrought product or of the structural element undergoing different average generalized plastic deformations of at least 2% are located at a different position in the main direction or in length.
• the zones considered advantageously have a section Sz in the plane perpendicular to the direction L equal to the section of the product wrought in this plane.
• the section S f of the wrought product is substantially constant the section Sz is advantageously substantially equal to S f .
• the length of said zones in the direction L is preferably at least 1 ⁇ m and preferably at least 5 ⁇ m.
• the method according to the invention comprises in the first variant at least one cold plastic deformation step by controlled traction.
• Controlled traction is usually used to perform planing or straightening and to release residual stresses.
• a controlled traction step in which one of the ends of the intermediate product on which the controlled traction is carried out significantly exceeds the jaws of the traction bench, can also be used to generate average generalized plastic deformations. between two areas of the wrought product.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which 3 controlled traction steps are successively performed.
• the intermediate product (2) of useful initial length (that is to say situated between the jaws) Lo is in a first step A tractionned as a whole which allows to hover and / or straighten it.
• at least one of the jaws can be moved again so as to perform at least a third pulling step on a portion of length L 2 .
• a fourth step D the ends of the part which were under the grip of the jaws of the traction bench during step A are sawn.
• the operation may be repeated as many times as necessary so as to obtain an average generalized plastic deformation difference of at least 2% between at least two zones located at a different position in the main direction L.
• the method using successive tractions described in FIG. 1 can be applied to sheets as well as to spun products.
• Figure 2 describes another embodiment of the first variant of the invention.
• an intermediate product having a variable section in the direction of length L by shearing, shoring, machining or any other suitable method, an intermediate product having a variable section in the direction of length L.
• the intermediate product thus obtained has an initial length Lo and three different section areas Si, S 2 and S 3 .
• the deformations undergone by these zones are different.
• at least one cold plastic deformation step is performed by compression. This embodiment is illustrated in FIG.
• the method according to the invention comprises a cold rolling step in which the thickness of the sheet is variable. at the entrance of the rolling mill and substantially constant at the exit of the rolling mill.
• 3 illustrates an embodiment in which a sheet having three zones Z31, Z32 and Z33 of the respective thicknesses ei, e 2 and ⁇ 3 and an initial length Lo undergoes a cold rolling step between two rolls (5) leading at a final thickness ⁇ f .
• the sheet having a variable thickness in the direction L required in the embodiment described in FIG. 3 can be obtained for example by modifying the thickness target during hot rolling.
• this sheet of variable thickness can be obtained by machining a sheet of constant thickness resulting from the hot rolling step.
• FIG. 3 describes an embodiment in which the variation of thickness is obtained on one face, the other face remaining flat. It is also possible to vary the thickness on both sides and not to keep a plane face.
• the method according to the invention comprises a cold rolling step in which the thickness of the sheet is substantially constant at the input of the rolling mill and variable in the direction L at the exit of the rolling mill and a subsequent machining step which makes it possible to obtain a substantially constant thickness at all points.
• the areas of the structural element undergoing different average generalized plastic deformations of at least 2% are located at a different position in the transverse direction /.
• the zones considered advantageously have a thickness ez in the direction of the thickness e equal to the thickness of the wrought product.
• the thickness ez is advantageously substantially equal to ef.
• the width of said zones is preferably at least 0.2 m and preferably at least 0.4 m.
• the method according to the invention comprises a cold rolling step in which the thickness of the sheet is variable in the transverse direction / at the input of the rolling mill and is substantially constant at the exit of the rolling mill.
• the thickness variation of the sheet may in particular be obtained by ! hot rolling, machining after hot rolling or forging.
• This embodiment is illustrated in Figure 4, where a sheet whose thickness is ei for the zones at the ends of the element in direction / is e 2 for the zone located in the center in the Z direction is laminated in the direction L to a substantially homogeneous thickness ⁇ f .
• the embodiment in which the zones Z41 and Z43 have the same initial thickness is advantageous, however an embodiment in which the thicknesses are different is also possible.
• the method according to the invention comprises a cold rolling step in which the thickness of the sheet is substantially constant at the input of the rolling mill and variable in the direction I at the exit of the rolling mill and a subsequent machining step which makes it possible to obtain a substantially constant thickness at any point.
• FIG. 5 depicts another embodiment in which compression is performed using a tool (6) moving in the direction symbolized by an arrow.
• the thickness is reduced from eo to e 15 and then in a second step from ⁇ to e 2 on a part of the structural element, then finally in a third stage of e 2 to e 3 , which defines three zones Z51, Z52 and Z53.
• a final machining step allows to obtain a final thickness e f substantially equal at any point. It is also possible to machine the sheet to different thicknesses and then compress it so as to obtain a constant thickness at all points.
• a sheet 30 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and 28.2 mm thick was manufactured by hot rolling a rolling plate.
• composition of the alloy used is given in Table 1 below: Table 1: composition of the alloy rolling plate AA2023 (% by weight)
• the rolling plate was homogenized for 12 hours at 500 ° C.
• the inlet temperature of the hot rolling was 460 ° C.
• the sheet was machined as shown in FIG. 3 so as to obtain three zones Z31, Z32 and Z33, with a length equal to 10 meters, having the following thicknesses: zone Z31: 28.1 mm zone Z32 Z33 area: 25.5 mm
• zone Z31 28.1 mm
• zone Z32 Z33 area 25.5 mm
• the sheet was then dissolved at 500 ° C. and quenched.
• the sheet was then cold-rolled, so as to obtain a substantially constant thickness of 25.5 mm over the entire sheet, then underwent a controlled pull with a permanent elongation of about 2% at the end of which ends of the piece which were under the grip of the jaws of the traction bench were sawn
• the rolling step led the zone Z31 to reach a length of about 11 meters
• Table 3 Results of mechanical tests carried out in zones Z31, Z32 and Z33.
• zone Z31 is characterized by a high mechanical strength, to the detriment of a limited elongation while zone Z33 is distinguished by a significant elongation but for a lower static mechanical resistance.
• a sheet 30 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and 16.8 mm thick was manufactured by hot rolling a rolling plate.
• the composition of the alloy used is given in Table 4 below:
• Table 4 composition of the alloy rolling plate AA2024A (% by weight)
• the rolling plate was homogenized and then hot rolled. After hot rolling, the sheet was machined as described in FIG. 3 so as to obtain three zones Z31, Z32 and Z33, with a length equal to 10 meters, having the following thicknesses: zone Z31: 16.7 mm zone Z32 : 15.9 mm zone Z33: 15.3 mm
• the sheet was then dissolved at 500 ° C. and quenched.
• the sheet was then cold-rolled, so as to obtain a substantially constant thickness of 15.3 mm over the entire sheet, then underwent a controlled pull with a permanent elongation of about 2% at the end of which ends of the piece which were under the grip of the jaws of the traction bench were sawed.
• zone Z31 is characterized by a high mechanical strength, to the detriment of a limited elongation while zone Z33 is distinguished by a significant elongation but for a lower static mechanical resistance.
• Example 3 In this example, a profile having variable properties was obtained in the 170 x 45 mm section space made of AA2027 alloy.
• composition of the alloy used is given in Table 7 below: Table 7: composition of the alloy rolling plate AA2027 (% by weight)
• the spinning billet was homogenized at 490 ° C. and extruded while hot.
• Table 9 Results of the mechanical tests carried out in zones ZIl, Z12 and Z13.
• the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain compromises of different properties in zones ZI1, Z12 and Z13.
• the ZIl zone is characterized by a high mechanical strength, to the detriment of a limited elongation and tenacity whereas the Zl 3 zone is distinguished by a significant elongation and tenacity but for a lower static mechanical resistance.
• Example 4 In this example, a sheet having variable properties in the space of 30 mm thickness AA2195 alloy was obtained.
• a sheet 30 meters long, 2.5 meters wide and 33 mm thick was manufactured by hot rolling a rolling plate.
• the composition of the alloy used is given in Table 10 below:
• Table 10 Composition of rolling plate alloy AA2195 (% by weight)
• the rolling plate was homogenized and then hot rolled.
• the sheet was then dissolved at 510 ° C. and quenched.
• One half of the sheet (zone G) was then cold-rolled to a thickness of 30 mm while the other half underwent a controlled pull in offset jaws of 2.5%
• the sheet was then machined so as to obtain a substantially constant thickness of
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to obtain compromises of different properties in the zones G and H.
• the zone G is characterized by a high mechanical resistance, to the detriment of a limited elongation and tenacity whereas the zone H is distinguished by greater elongation and toughness but for lower static strength.

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• Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

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