EP2248201A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung einer dotierten organischen halbleitenden schicht - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung einer dotierten organischen halbleitenden schichtInfo
- Publication number
- EP2248201A1 EP2248201A1 EP09715308A EP09715308A EP2248201A1 EP 2248201 A1 EP2248201 A1 EP 2248201A1 EP 09715308 A EP09715308 A EP 09715308A EP 09715308 A EP09715308 A EP 09715308A EP 2248201 A1 EP2248201 A1 EP 2248201A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dopant
- matrix material
- charge
- complex
- derivatives
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 triazole derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940079865 intestinal antiinfectives imidazole derivative Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005041 phenanthrolines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940042055 systemic antimycotics triazole derivative Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IXHWGNYCZPISET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(dicyanomethylidene)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]propanedinitrile Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(=C(C#N)C#N)C(F)=C(F)C1=C(C#N)C#N IXHWGNYCZPISET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-[4-(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)phenyl]carbazole Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2N1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N2C3=CC=CC=C3C3=CC=CC=C32)C=C1 VFUDMQLBKNMONU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RAPHUPWIHDYTKU-WXUKJITCSA-N 9-ethyl-3-[(e)-2-[4-[4-[(e)-2-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)ethenyl]phenyl]phenyl]ethenyl]carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC(/C=C/C4=CC=C(C=C4)C4=CC=C(C=C4)/C=C/C=4C=C5C6=CC=CC=C6N(C5=CC=4)CC)=CC=C3N(CC)C2=C1 RAPHUPWIHDYTKU-WXUKJITCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical group N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylaluminium Chemical compound CC[Al](CC)CC VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-naphthoquinone Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C=CC(=O)C2=C1 FRASJONUBLZVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHXOHPVVEHBKKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)-4-[4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C=1C=C(C=2C=CC(C=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)C=CC=1C=C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 UHXOHPVVEHBKKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DRGAZIDRYFYHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine Chemical group N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2N=CC=CC=2)=N1 DRGAZIDRYFYHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEQBRULPNIVQPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3,5-bis(1-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-1-phenylbenzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N1C2=CC=CC=C2N=C1C1=CC(C=2N(C3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=CC(C=2N(C3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 GEQBRULPNIVQPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTUBTKOZCCGPSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-n-naphthalen-1-yl-1-n,1-n,2-n-triphenylbenzene-1,2-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 MTUBTKOZCCGPSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NSMJMUQZRGZMQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-naphthalen-1-yl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C12=CC=CN=C2C2=NC=CC=C2C2=C1NC(C=1C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=1)=N2 NSMJMUQZRGZMQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDPZKXQDCKOCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-propan-2-ylcyclopenta-1,3-diene;terbium(3+) Chemical compound [Tb+3].CC(C)C1=[C-]CC=C1.CC(C)C1=[C-]CC=C1.CC(C)C1=[C-]CC=C1 DDPZKXQDCKOCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LOIBXBUXWRVJCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-aminophenyl)-3-phenylaniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N)C=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 LOIBXBUXWRVJCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRHRWHRNQKPUPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n-naphthalen-1-yl-1-n,1-n-bis[4-(n-naphthalen-1-ylanilino)phenyl]-4-n-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(N(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=C1 CRHRWHRNQKPUPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLLVKWMULLMCMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1(C=CC=C1)[Sm](C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 Chemical compound C1(C=CC=C1)[Sm](C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 HLLVKWMULLMCMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVMAYNWFQZIHCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC(C=C1)[Yb](C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 Chemical compound C1=CC(C=C1)[Yb](C1C=CC=C1)C1C=CC=C1 PVMAYNWFQZIHCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020707 Co—Pt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1,10]phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=NC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 DGEZNRSVGBDHLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000074 antimony hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RBFQJDQYXXHULB-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsane Chemical compound [AsH3] RBFQJDQYXXHULB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000319 biphenyl-4-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C1=C([H])C([H])=C([*])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910000072 bismuth hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPBOBPIKWGUSQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuthane Chemical compound [BiH3] BPBOBPIKWGUSQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZCJVWCMJYNSQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl pbd Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1C1=NN=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)O1 XZCJVWCMJYNSQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CMPSFTFHQOLFAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbanide;cyclopenta-1,3-diene;hafnium(4+) Chemical compound [CH3-].[CH3-].[Hf+4].C1C=CC=[C-]1.C1C=CC=[C-]1 CMPSFTFHQOLFAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001716 carbazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDGBXTFCUISDFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);cyclopenta-1,3-diene Chemical compound [Ce+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KDGBXTFCUISDFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FZUDUXQEGDBTNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;erbium(3+) Chemical compound [Er+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 FZUDUXQEGDBTNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YAYGFOZNMGYPRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;gadolinium(3+) Chemical compound [Gd+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 YAYGFOZNMGYPRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYPIGRVRIMDVFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;lanthanum(3+) Chemical compound [La+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 DYPIGRVRIMDVFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JQMGKZUFOXNIOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;neodymium(3+) Chemical compound [Nd+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 JQMGKZUFOXNIOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MWWSVGXLSBSLQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;thulium(3+) Chemical compound [Tm+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 MWWSVGXLSBSLQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CVEQRUADOXXBRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadienylthallium Chemical compound [Tl+].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 CVEQRUADOXXBRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical class C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003574 free electron Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-[4-(n-naphthalen-1-ylanilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=C1 IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007978 oxazole derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubrene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 YYMBJDOZVAITBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N stibane Chemical compound [SbH3] OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RGGPNXQUMRMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylgallium Chemical compound CC[Ga](CC)CC RGGPNXQUMRMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVCAAGXCKQGSLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylthallane Chemical compound CC[Tl](CC)CC HVCAAGXCKQGSLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBEFSUTVZWZJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylindium Chemical compound C[In](C)C IBEFSUTVZWZJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZHXAZZQXWJJBHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylbismuthane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[Bi](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZHXAZZQXWJJBHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/16—Deposition of organic active material using physical vapour deposition [PVD], e.g. vacuum deposition or sputtering
- H10K71/164—Deposition of organic active material using physical vapour deposition [PVD], e.g. vacuum deposition or sputtering using vacuum deposition
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/16—Electron transporting layers
- H10K50/165—Electron transporting layers comprising dopants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/30—Doping active layers, e.g. electron transporting layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/331—Metal complexes comprising an iron-series metal, e.g. Fe, Co, Ni
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for doping an organic semiconducting layer and to a method for producing an optoelectronic device having a charge transport layer.
- a doping of organic semiconductive layers may be useful, for example, in optoelectronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes in order to improve the charge carrier injection or the charge carrier transport in the layers.
- Conventional methods for doping an organic semiconductive layer result in dopants which are inhomogeneous and / or diffuse within the layer and thus have a negative effect on the lifetime of the optoelectronic devices as well as on the reliability of the charge carrier injection.
- previous methods are complicated and expensive.
- the object of the invention is to provide a process for producing a doped organic semiconducting layer which is inexpensive and in which manageable materials are used. This object is achieved by a method according to claim 1.
- a method for producing an optoelectronic device having a charge transport layer, which is produced by the method for producing A doped organic semiconducting layer is produced, is specified in claim 12. Further embodiments of the methods are the subject of further claims.
- a method for producing a doped organic semiconductive layer comprises the method steps A) providing a matrix material, B) providing a dopant complex, and C) simultaneously vapor-depositing the matrix material and the dopant complex onto a substrate.
- the dopant complex is decomposed in process step C) and the pure dopant is incorporated into the matrix material.
- a readily manageable, in particular a readily volatile and readily vaporizable dopant complex is selected which, on decomposition, releases the pure dopant, which is then incorporated directly into the matrix material.
- a matrix material can be selected from a group comprising phenanthroline derivatives, imidazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, phenyl-containing compounds, compounds with fused aromatics, carbazole-containing compounds, fluorene derivatives, spiro-fluorene derivatives and pyridine-containing compounds.
- a phenanthroline derivative can be, for example, Bphen (4,7-diphenyl-l, 10-phenanthroline, Formula 1)
- imidazole derivatives are TPBi (1, 3, 5-tris (1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) benzene, formula 3)
- TAZ (3- (4-biphenyl) -4-phenyl-5- (4-tert-butylphenyl) -1, 2, 4-triazole, Formula 4).
- Oxazole derivatives are, for example, Bu-PBD ((2-4-biphenylyl) -5- (4-tert-butylphenyl) -1, 3, 4-oxadiazole).
- Phenyl-containing compounds and condensed aromatic compounds are, for example, DPVBi (4, 4'-bis (2, 2-diphenyl-ethen-1-yl) -diphenyl), rubrene, ⁇ -NPD (N 7 N '-bis (naphthalene-1 yl) -N, N'-bis (phenyl) benzidine), 1-TNATA (4, 4 ', 4 "-tris (N- (naphth-1-yl) -N-phenyl-amino) triphenylamine).
- Carbazole-containing compounds may be BCzVBi (4,4'-bis (9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene) 1,1'-biphenyl), but also smaller carbazole derivatives such as CBP (4,4'-bis (carbazole-9 - yl) biphenyl), which can form complexes mainly via the ⁇ system.
- BCzVBi 4,4'-bis (9-ethyl-3-carbazovinylene) 1,1'-biphenyl
- CBP 4,4'-bis (carbazole-9 - yl) biphenyl
- bipyridyl, terpyridyl or tripyridyl-containing compounds as the matrix material.
- strongly electron-withdrawing substances such as, for example, F 4 TCNQ (tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane).
- the dopant complex can be decomposed into a dopant and at least one ligand.
- Suitable for the process are vaporizable and decomposable dopant complexes, for example complexes with gaseous or volatile ligands.
- the metals may be selected from a group comprising transition metals, lanthanides and metals of the main groups.
- transition metals for example, Zn, Cd, Hg, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Bi, Sn, Pb, Fe, Cr, Co, Os, Ru, Rh, Ir, Ni, Cu, Mn, Re, W, Mo, Nb, Zr, As, Sb, V, Ta, Ti, Sc, and as lanthanides, for example, Ce, Er, Gd, Hf, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Tm, Yb used become.
- a ligand may be selected from a group comprising carbonyl, phosphine, cyclopentadienyl and arene ligands. These ligands are readily volatile and can be cleaved from the dopant in the gas phase under the influence of energy, so that the dopant, for example the metal atoms and / or metal clusters, is obtained in pure form. Table 1 gives examples of dopant complexes with exemplary transition metals.
- Carbonylmetallata- and Carbonylmetallhalogeniden mixed Metallcarbony- Ie are provided, such as (OC) 4 Co-Pt (py) 2 - Co (CO) 4, H 3 REOs 3 (CO) 12 and HCoRu 2 (CO). 13
- the CO ligands may also be partially or wholly by phosphine ligands. be replaced. This expands the range of metals that can be used as dopant in the process in the transition metal series.
- the cyclopentadienyl or arene ligands may also be substituted to thereby adjust the vaporization and decomposition properties of the dopant complexes.
- Main group elements such as Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba can be complexed as Cp 2 Mg, Cp * 2 Mg, Cp 2 Ca, Cp 2 Sr and Cp 2 Ba.
- Al, Ga, In, Tl and Bi single atoms can be converted via their alkyl compounds such as trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri methylgallium, triethylgallium, trimethylindium, triethylthallium, triphenylbismuth as dopant corplexes in the process.
- Thallium can also be complexed as cyclopentadienylthallium.
- Sb, and Bi dopant complexes may be As (III), Sb (III), Bi (III) with alkyl or aryl ligands, and mixed alkyl hydrogen compounds such as arsine, stibine, or bismuthine.
- He, Gd, Hf, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Tm and Yb are, for example
- the dopant complex can be continuously evaporated and decomposed.
- the decomposition of the dopant complex can be carried out by a method selected from thermal heating with, for example, nozzles and / or wires, e electromagnetic radiation, for example with lasers, UV or IR, which is tuned to the absorption spectra of the dopant complexes used, irradiation with radio frequencies or microwave irradiation, for example plasmas with the aid of carrier gases.
- the decomposition of the dopant complex can continue to take place in the gas phase.
- dopants such as metals, which often have very high melting points and are therefore difficult to evaporate, can be employed by the use of a decomposable complex of the metals with a highly volatile compound such as the above-mentioned ligands.
- the dopant complex serves as a precursor for the targeted provision of the dopant, for example single metal atoms or metal clusters. After cleavage of the ligands, which can take place in the gas phase, the single metal atoms or the selectively produced metal clusters are present.
- the metal atoms and / or clusters do not coagulate because under the conditions of manufacture, for example, by applying a vacuum with a pressure ⁇ 10 -4 mbar, the mean free path is greater than the apparatus dimensions.
- the pure metals and / or metal clusters can be incorporated into the matrix materials before it comes to collision and thus clustering with other metal atoms.
- a dopant can be used which forms complexes with the matrix material when it is incorporated into the matrix material.
- the dopant may thus p-type or n-type the matrix material. If, for example, a matrix material and metal atoms and / or clusters are simultaneously vapor-deposited on a substrate, the metal atoms and / or clusters can be complexed by the matrix after the ligands have been split off. This thermodynamically stable complexes of the respective metal atoms and / or clusters can arise.
- the dopant may be an octahedral complex that interacts with three matrix molecules (Scheme 1):
- Scheme 1 schematically shows a symbolic matrix material with two nitrogen atoms that can coordinate to a metal Me.
- Bphen or BCP can be used as the matrix material, Me Fe or Cr as the metal, with three matrix molecules complexing the metal via their nitrogen atoms.
- the metals are firmly bound into the matrix material and can no longer diffuse in the matrix material.
- an organic semiconductive layer is to be n-doped with a dopant, it can be determined by way of example whether free electrons are available for an n-type conduction after introduction of the dopant into the matrix material.
- the electrons are counted at the respective metal atom, in Fe, for example, there are eight outer electrons.
- the matrix material is now the Fe atom in an environment of twenty electrons.
- an electron-stable configuration consists of eighteen electrons. The two excess electrons stand now available as a charge carrier for an electron conduction.
- the matrix material is n-doped.
- the denticity of the matrix is not limited to two. Higher tenses increase the complex stability. Furthermore, this calculation is to be understood as a model.
- Fe or Cr atoms can also undergo ⁇ bonding via two arene ligands.
- the environment of the dopant for example a metal atom, may vary.
- linear, tetrahedral, octahedral or trigonal bipyramidal complexes can be formed with the matrix material.
- the matrix material For example, copper complexes with phenanthroline in a tetrahedral arrangement.
- metal clusters consisting of two, three or more metal atoms.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing an optoelectronic device.
- the device has a substrate, a first electrode on the substrate which, in use, emits charge carriers of a first charge, a first charge transport layer transporting charge carriers of the first charge, at least one emission layer on the first charge transport layer, and a second electrode on the at least one emission layer in operation emits charge carriers of a second charge.
- the first charge transport layer is produced by a method according to the above-mentioned embodiments.
- an optoelectronic device for example an organic light-emitting diode
- the doping may be, for example, an n-type doping.
- the first electrode is an electron injecting cathode and the charge transporting layer is an electron transporting layer.
- Figure 1 shows the schematic side view of an organic light-emitting diode.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows an exemplary apparatus for producing a doped organic semiconducting layer.
- FIG. 1 shows the schematic side view of an organic light-emitting diode with a substrate 10, a first electrode 20, a first charge transport layer 30, an emissive
- the charge transport layer 30 has a doping of the matrix material, and is prepared according to one of the methods described above with the matrix materials and dopants mentioned therein. Such a layer can also be used for other components as needed.
- An organic light emitting diode may further comprise a second charge transport layer and / or multiple emission layers (not shown here).
- FIG. 2 schematically shows an exemplary apparatus for producing a doped organic semiconducting layer.
- a vacuum recipient 60 is a rotating substrate plate 70, on which from a electrically heated ceramic nozzle 80, a dopant complex is deposited on the substrate plate (indicated by dotted arrows). Furthermore, matrix material is vapor-deposited on the substrate plate from a current-heated molybdenum boat 90 (indicated by dashed arrows).
- a current-heated molybdenum boat 90 indicated by dashed arrows.
- a previously evacuated pressure vessel Fe (CO) 5 is heated to HO 0 C.
- the internal pressure rises to about 1 bar.
- the vaporized dopant complex is passed through an electrically heated, white glowing ceramic nozzle 80 into the vacuum receiver 60 at a flow rate of about 20 sccm.
- the nozzle is pointing obliquely onto the rotating substrate 70.
- a similarly mounted current heated molybdenum boat 90 serves to deposit a matrix material, for example BCP.
- the flow through the molybdenum boat is adjusted so that there is a growth rate set to 0.1 nm / s. In this way, 30 nm of iron-doped BCP are displayed within about five minutes.
- the Fe (CO) 5 can also be passed through a cold nozzle. One centimeter above the inlet then focuses on a laser source which is tuned to the absorption pressure frequency of 2200 to 1700 cm -1 of the IR carbonyl bands of Fe (CO) 5 and thus can decompose the dopant complex (the laser source is not shown in FIG shown).
- solid Cr (CO) 5 can be introduced into a current-controlled source and decomposed analogously to the abovementioned examples.
- dibenzenechol may also be used.
- a sufficiently strong red laser can be used.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 can be varied as desired. It should also be noted that the invention is not limited to the examples, but allows other embodiments not listed here.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102008011185A DE102008011185A1 (de) | 2008-02-27 | 2008-02-27 | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer dotierten organischen halbleitenden Schicht |
| PCT/DE2009/000280 WO2009106068A1 (de) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-02-25 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer dotierten organischen halbleitenden schicht |
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| EP2248201A1 true EP2248201A1 (de) | 2010-11-10 |
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| EP09715308A Ceased EP2248201A1 (de) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-02-25 | Verfahren zur herstellung einer dotierten organischen halbleitenden schicht |
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| US (1) | US8841153B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2248201A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP5227425B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR101541941B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN101965653B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102008011185A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2009106068A1 (de) |
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| JP2855727B2 (ja) | 1989-12-14 | 1999-02-10 | 井関農機株式会社 | サンプル乾燥機への乾燥箱搬入出機における往復動制御装置 |
| WO2013161165A1 (ja) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-10-31 | パナソニック株式会社 | 有機el素子、およびそれを備える有機elパネル、有機el発光装置、有機el表示装置 |
| DE102012217587A1 (de) * | 2012-09-27 | 2014-03-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Salze des Cyclopentadiens als n-Dotierstoffe für die organische Elektronik |
| CN102924524B (zh) * | 2012-10-29 | 2015-02-04 | 安徽大学 | 一种具有活体细胞显影功能的锰配合物双光子吸收材料及其合成方法 |
| US9245742B2 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2016-01-26 | Asm Ip Holding B.V. | Sulfur-containing thin films |
| ES2673573T3 (es) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-06-22 | Novaled Gmbh | Material semiconductor con dopaje N que comprende una matriz de óxido de fosfina y un metal dopante |
| US9711350B2 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2017-07-18 | Asm Ip Holding B.V. | Methods for semiconductor passivation by nitridation |
| US10490475B2 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2019-11-26 | Asm Ip Holding B.V. | Methods for semiconductor passivation by nitridation after oxide removal |
| US9741815B2 (en) | 2015-06-16 | 2017-08-22 | Asm Ip Holding B.V. | Metal selenide and metal telluride thin films for semiconductor device applications |
| US9711396B2 (en) | 2015-06-16 | 2017-07-18 | Asm Ip Holding B.V. | Method for forming metal chalcogenide thin films on a semiconductor device |
| EP3109919B1 (de) | 2015-06-23 | 2021-06-23 | Novaled GmbH | N-dotiertes halbleitermaterial mit polarer matrix und einem metalldotiermittel |
| US20180182960A1 (en) | 2015-06-23 | 2018-06-28 | Novaled Gmbh | Organic Light Emitting Device Comprising Polar Matrix and Metal Dopant |
| EP3109915B1 (de) | 2015-06-23 | 2021-07-21 | Novaled GmbH | Organische lichtemittierende vorrichtung mit polarer matrix und metalldotiermittel |
| EP3109916B1 (de) | 2015-06-23 | 2021-08-25 | Novaled GmbH | Organische lichtemittierende vorrichtung mit polarer matrix, metalldotierstoff und silber-kathode |
| DE102015116389A1 (de) * | 2015-09-28 | 2017-03-30 | Osram Oled Gmbh | Organisches elektronisches Bauteil mit Ladungsträgergenerationsschicht und Verwendung eines Zinkkomplexes als p-Dotierstoff in Ladungsträgergenerationsschichten |
| EP3168894B8 (de) * | 2015-11-10 | 2023-07-26 | Novaled GmbH | N-dotiertes halbleitermaterial mit zwei metallischen dotierstoffen |
| CN107464884B (zh) * | 2016-06-06 | 2019-07-12 | 清华大学 | 一种叠层有机电致发光器件 |
| CN107464885B (zh) * | 2016-06-06 | 2019-01-18 | 清华大学 | 一种有机电致发光器件 |
| CN106521423A (zh) | 2016-11-28 | 2017-03-22 | 上海天马有机发光显示技术有限公司 | 一种真空蒸镀装置、方法及有机发光显示面板 |
| CN108269936B (zh) * | 2016-12-30 | 2020-02-11 | 昆山国显光电有限公司 | 一种电极及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN108269931B (zh) * | 2016-12-30 | 2020-01-24 | 昆山国显光电有限公司 | 一种有机电致发光器件及其制备方法 |
| CN109994651B (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2020-12-25 | 昆山国显光电有限公司 | 一种有机电致发光器件及其制备方法 |
| CN109524571B (zh) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-05-14 | 清华大学 | 基于惰性金属实现电子传输材料n型掺杂的方法及其应用 |
| KR102350862B1 (ko) | 2020-08-26 | 2022-01-14 | 동국대학교 산학협력단 | 공액 고분자 전해질이 도핑된 유기 반도체 및 이의 제조 방법 |
| WO2024133366A1 (en) | 2022-12-23 | 2024-06-27 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Electronic device |
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- 2009-02-25 WO PCT/DE2009/000280 patent/WO2009106068A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2009-02-25 EP EP09715308A patent/EP2248201A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2009-02-25 KR KR1020107021471A patent/KR101541941B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| JP2011513902A (ja) | 2011-04-28 |
| CN101965653B (zh) | 2017-04-05 |
| KR101541941B1 (ko) | 2015-08-05 |
| CN101965653A (zh) | 2011-02-02 |
| US8841153B2 (en) | 2014-09-23 |
| US20110124141A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
| JP5227425B2 (ja) | 2013-07-03 |
| KR20100118148A (ko) | 2010-11-04 |
| DE102008011185A1 (de) | 2009-09-03 |
| WO2009106068A1 (de) | 2009-09-03 |
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