EP2429257A1 - Chauffage électrique - Google Patents

Chauffage électrique Download PDF

Info

Publication number: EP2429257A1
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: power supply; heater according; activation; heater; spring
Prior art date: 2010-09-10
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

EP11180922A

Other languages

German (de)

English (en)

Other versions

EP2429257B1 (fr

Inventor

Patrick LeCoent

Walter Heidelberger

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

DBK David and Baader GmbH

Original Assignee

DBK David and Baader GmbH

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2010-09-10

Filing date

2011-09-12

Publication date

2012-03-14

2011-09-12 Application filed by DBK David and Baader GmbH filed Critical DBK David and Baader GmbH

2011-09-12 Priority to EP16165765.5A priority Critical patent/EP3073800B1/fr

2012-03-14 Publication of EP2429257A1 publication Critical patent/EP2429257A1/fr

2016-04-20 Application granted granted Critical

2016-04-20 Publication of EP2429257B1 publication Critical patent/EP2429257B1/fr

Status Active legal-status Critical Current

2031-09-12 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/10—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being heated, e.g. by heating tank or supply line of the added substance

Definitions

the invention relates to an electric heater according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
Such electric heaters can be used, for example, in the blow-by system of internal combustion engines or for heating a tank of an SCR system (Selective Catalytic Reduction).
SCR system Selective Catalytic Reduction
resistance elements for example PTC heating elements are used, which are energized via the power supply lines of the contacting and as possible abut against a wall portion of the housing portion, so that the heat transmitted directly through the wall of the heating section and the adjacent wall of the component to be thermostated becomes. It is important that on the one hand to improve the heat transfer, a large heat exchange surface is present and further no insulating air gaps are arranged in the heat transfer path.
the problem is that it may come to an insulating air gap in the area of the system of the heating element to the wall due to tolerances in the production and temperature fluctuations in the operation of the heater or the component to be heated.
This disadvantage can only be ruled out if the fits for the heating elements supporting areas are very narrow, but then the installation of the heater due to the required tight fitting dimensions is relatively difficult, so that especially in the use of PTC devices the risk of Damage to the heating element is.
the invention has for its object to provide an electric heater, in which an optimal heat transfer is ensured with simple installation.
the electric heater according to the invention has a heating section which can be inserted into a receptacle of a component to be thermostated.
the heater also has heating elements powered by power supply.
the heater is designed with an activation pin, which is adjustable from a release position into an activation position. In the release position, the heating element is in a play-loaded mounting position in which the heating element is not or only slightly in thermal contact with the wall or in electrical contact with the power supply lines. By moving the activation pin in the activation position, the heating element or the power supply is adjusted to an operative position in which the thermal and / or electrical contact is formed substantially free of play and area.
a heater in which the heating elements are initially arranged in a game-afflicted, not in a compact system on the wall to be heated or the power supply lines.
the activation pin is adjusted, so that the heating elements are adjusted or moved into their operative position. In this way, the assembly of the Heater much easier, since the heating elements are initially taken up with relatively large game in the housing. In the activation position of the activation pin this game is then canceled, so that the desired thermal and electrical contact is made with very good heat transfer.
the thermal and / or electrical contacting produced by virtue of the displacement of the activation pin is preferably accompanied by mechanical contacting, which ensures that the heating elements are pressed against the corresponding wall of the receptacle of the component.
the Applicant reserves the right to claim this mechanical contact additionally or independently of the thermal and electrical contact. In this case, the mechanical contacting of the heating elements indirectly, i. via intermediate components or directly.
the activation pin has an actuating projection projecting from a housing section and a heater-element-side activation section which comes into operative connection with the heating element for activating the heater by adjusting the actuating projection, wherein the activation pin can abut directly or indirectly on the heating element.
the structure of the heater is particularly simple if at least one of the power supply lines is formed with a spring element which, in the active position of the activation pin, acts on the heating element in the direction of the wall.
a spring element is attached to a power supply. This can be maintained, for example, via Crimplaschen the power supply.
At least one of the power supply lines is resilient, so that by the spring action tolerance deviations can be compensated and a flat contact of the heating element is ensured in its operative position.
the power supply can have an approximately U-shaped construction, wherein on a U-base, a spring effect providing concavity is formed.
both power supply lines are resilient and / or formed with spring elements, via which, for example, at least one heating element in the direction of its operative position can be acted upon.
the heater has at least two opposing heating elements, each associated with a spring element in the sense of the foregoing, wherein the activation pin dips in its activation position between the two spring elements to bias the heating elements by the spring force in the direction of the wall ,
two heating elements are thus pressed against mutually opposite walls of the receptacle of the component to be heated, so that a significantly improved heat input with high power density can be realized due to the improved heat transfer surface compared to the cited in the introduction of the prior art.
a variant of the invention provides that a total of four heating elements are provided which face each other in pairs and between which spring elements and an activation pin is arranged.
the activation pin can be made of metal as a stamped and bent part with a folded activation section or made of plastic.
the activation pin is fixed in position in its activation position by frictional or positive engagement with a further component of the heater, for example, the aforementioned plug part.
This fixation can be done, for example, by latching, in which a tongue snaps into a recess of the activation pin or in kinematic reversal, a projection of the activation pins in a recess of the plug part or other housing-fixed portion of the heater.
the electrical heater is designed with PTC resistor elements.
An advantage of the described embodiment also that the heater is removable again. After deactivation of the activation pin, the heater is again powerless removable and can be replaced, for example, in case of service. However, it is important to ensure that the heater is not removed arbitrarily. It makes sense to use a special tool here.
FIG. 1 shows a view of a heater 1, which consists in principle of a heating section 2 and a plug part 4.
the power supply lines for contacting the heater 1 are arranged in this plug part 4.
the heating section 2 is inserted into a receptacle or pocket of a component to be heated, for example an SCR tank, the heating section 2 lying flat against the wall of this receptacle so that a good heat transfer is ensured.
a non-electrically insulating insulating film 6 which optimizes the heat transfer is provided in the abutment region on the receptacle, not shown, on the heating section 2, which will be described in more detail later.
a plug contour is attached, to which a correspondingly profiled plug connection of the power supply is applied, this plug contour 8 being designed so that a correct position mounting is ensured.
FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the plug part 4 FIG. 1 , It can be seen a plug flange 10, in accordance with the view FIG. 2 covers the heating section 2 and also acts as insertion limit for this.
the profiled plug part 4 engages with a peripheral wall a plug space 12, in which the above-mentioned plug of the power supply is at least partially immersed.
a plug space 12 At the bottom of this plug space 12 can be seen two projecting into this tongue-shaped power supply lines 14, 16 of the heating section 2 and also in this plug space 12 hineing protruding actuating projection 18 of an activation pin 20.
This actuating projection 18 is supported on two spring tongues 22, 24 of the plug part 4 and extends through the bottom of the plug space 12 into the heating section 2.
the spring tongues 22, 24 each have a locking projection which dips into recesses 26, 78 of the activation pin 20. In the release position of the activation pins 20, the spring tongues 22, 24 engage in the recess 78 of the activation pin 20, this is thus fixed in position against accidental displacement. If one acts on the actuating projection 18 in the illustration according to FIG. 2 From the viewer forth with a thrust, so the resilient engagement of the spring tongues 22, 24 is released, so that the activation pin 20 can be moved in the direction of the heating section 2. In the operative position, the Spring tongues 22, 24 then into the recess 26 of the activation pin and lock it. This feature is explained in detail below.
FIG. 3 shows the heater 1 according to FIG. 1 With removed insulating film 6.
FIG. 4 shows the plug part 4 alone without heating section 2. Accordingly, extending from the plug flange 10 down on both sides of the heating section ( Fig. 3 ) arranged holding legs 28, 30, which form practically end walls of the heating section 2. These holding legs 28, 30 are in turn designed with a profile 32, which allows a positional fixation in the recording of the component to be heated.
the plug part 4 of the heater 1 is preferably made by injection molding of plastic.
the latching lugs 33, 35 take the force (activating force) resulting from the insertion of the activation pin 20 onto the heating insert FIGS. 5 and 6 on.
FIG. 5 shows a representation of the heater 1 with removed connector part 4. It can be clearly seen the U-shaped insulating film 6, the open side areas by the above, in FIG. 5 not visible retaining legs 28, 30 are covered. In this illustration, one recognizes the two power supply lines 14, 16 and the activation pin 20 with its actuating projection 18. In this the above-described recess 26 is formed, in which the (non-visible) spring tongues 22, 24 resiliently engage, said resilient engagement relatively easily can be canceled.
the heating section 2 of the heater 1 is formed in this case with four PTC heating elements 34a, 34b and 36a, 36b, in the view according to FIG. 6 are clearly visible that the heater 1 shown without plug part 4 in a view rotated by about 90 ° FIG. 5 shows. Accordingly, in each case two PTC heating elements 34a, 34b and 36a, 36b face each other in pairs, the large areas of these PTC resistance elements extending parallel to the large areas of the insulating film 6. The space between the PTC resistance elements 34a, 34b and 36a, 36b is immersed approximately U-shaped trained first contact element 38 of the power supply 16 a, whose structure is particularly good FIG. 6 and the individual presentation according to FIG. 8 is removable.
this first contact element 38 has two electrode plates 40, 42, each of which bears against one of the PTC resistor element pairs 34a, 34b or 36a, 36b and whose base area approximately corresponds to that of the associated resistor element pair.
the two electrode plates 40, 42 are each connected to the front side by a base part 44a, 44b.
Each of these base parts 44a, 44b is designed with an indentation 46a, 46b, so that the two electrode plates 40, 42 are elastically and parallel movable by elastic deformation of the base parts 44a, 44b and the associated indentations 46a, 46b.
FIG. 5 are on the side edges of the electrode plates 40, 42 locking recesses 47, 49 for locking with the locking lugs 33, 35 are formed. In addition to the latching of the recesses 47, 49 and the activation force is added.
the contact tongue 48 is connected to the electrode plate 40 via an approximately U-shaped bent contact leg 50.
a spring element 52, 54 (see FIGS. 6 and 7 ) held.
two Crimplaschen 56a, 56b and 58a, 58b (see FIG. 8 ), each of which laterally surround an upper transverse strut 60, 62 of the respective spring element 52, 54.
the two spring elements 48, 50 further have according to the individual representation in FIG. 9 and the FIGS. 6 and 7 lower transverse struts 64, 66 which extend parallel to the upper transverse struts 60, 62 and between which two mutually spaced spring bridges 68a, 68b and 70a, 70b arch each other.
FIGS. 6 and 7 lower transverse struts 64, 66 which extend parallel to the upper transverse struts 60, 62 and between which two mutually spaced spring bridges 68a, 68b and 70a, 70b arch each other.
each spring bridge 68a, 70a lying in the direction of viewing are visible, and the associated spring bridges 68b and 70b are in the view according to FIG FIG. 7 covered by the spring bridges 68a and 70a and in the view according to FIG. 6 not visible.
At the lateral narrow edges of the upper transverse struts 60, 62 are each two recesses 61 a, 61 b formed in the mounted state of the Crimplaschen 56a, 56b; 58a, 58b are encompassed in order to connect the spring elements 52, 54 with the corresponding power supply lines 14, 16 mechanically.
Each spring element 52, 54 is thus supported with its upper and lower transverse struts 60, 64 and 62, 66 on the associated electrode plate 40, 42, wherein a lateral position fixing on the formed on each electrode plate 40, 42 Crimplaschen 56 a, 56 b and 58a, 58b takes place.
the two vertices 72, 74 ( FIG. 7 ) of the spring bridges 68, 70 are at a comparatively small distance from one another.
an activation section 76 of the activation pin 20 dips into the area between the opposing spring bridges 68, 70 and is in the mounting position or release position (see FIG. 7 ) but not in touching contact with the spring elements 52, 54.
this has an approximately fork-shaped structure, wherein the actuating projection 18 with the recess 26 and a further opening 78 upwards (view FIG. 10 ) protrudes from a slightly raised to the level of the activation section 76 connection 80 from which two legs 82, 84 extend, which together form the activation section 76.
These legs have a folded end portion 86, 88, which is bent back by a bending operation on the plane of the attachment-side part of the legs 82, 84, in which case the end-side end face regions 90, 92 are again slightly bent out of this plane.
the activation pin 20 is displaceable via suitable guides in the plug part 4 (vertically in FIG. 6 ) guided.
FIG. 11 shows a single representation of the second power supply 14, which has a similar structure as that based FIG. 8 explained power supply 16 has and according to the representations in the FIGS. 5 and 6 is nested with this.
the power supply 14 has two electrode plates 94, 96 with approximately the same base area as the electrode plates 40, 42. Both electrode plates 94, 96 are in turn connected to one another via frontally connected base parts 98a, 98b, each with a concavity 100a, 100b.
FIG. 11 shows a single representation of the second power supply 14, which has a similar structure as that based FIG. 8 explained power supply 16 has and according to the representations in the FIGS. 5 and 6 is nested with this.
the power supply 14 has two electrode plates 94, 96 with approximately the same base area as the electrode plates 40, 42. Both electrode plates 94, 96 are in turn connected to one another via frontally connected base parts 98a, 98b, each with a concavity 100a, 100b.
a contact tongue 102 is connected to the electrode plate 94 via a U-part 104.
Both power supply lines 14, 16 are formed as stamped and bent parts.
FIG. 11 is formed on the electrode plate 96, a fixing element 110, the more clearly in the figure FIG. 5 is visible. During assembly, this fixing element 110 engages in a corresponding recess of the plug part 4 in order to fix the heating section 2.
FIG. 12 shows a heater 1 used in a receptacle or pocket of a container to be heated, wherein the heating section 2 is received flush in the pocket 106 and the plug member 4 is seated with the plug flange 10 on an outer surface 108.
the insulating sheet 6 sits flat against the peripheral walls of the pocket 106, wherein, however, the end face of the heating section 2 may be spaced to a bottom of the bag.
the activation pin 20 in its in FIG. 7 leave shown position in which the electrode plates 40, 42 and 94, 96 are not contacted with the PTC resistor elements 34, 36 with bias.
the insulating film 6 is not pressed against the wall of the pocket 106.
the gap s between the inner electrode plates 40, 42 and the respectively associated PTC resistor elements 34a, 34b; 36a, 36b available.
the activation pin 20 via the projecting into the plug space 12 actuating projection 18 from the illustration FIG. 6 moved down ( Fig.
the insulating film 6 serves as electrical insulation.
the insulating film can also be used as a compensation for slight bumps in the recording of the component.
a particular advantage of this design is that any existing manufacturing tolerances and temperature-related dimensional variations can be compensated by the considerable spring force of the spring bridges 74a, 74b, so that a sufficient mechanical, thermal and electrical contact is always ensured.
the assembly of the heater 1 itself and its insertion into the receptacle is facilitated by the game s.
this concept can be further simplified if the actuating projection 18 of the activation pin 20 acts as a power supply, so that then the energization is only possible when adjusting the activation pin 20 in its activation position.
the construction principle underlying the invention can be easily adapted to different sizes and benefits.
an electrical heater with at least one heating element, which can be brought into thermal contact with a wall of a component to be heated.
This heating section is provided with an activation pin, which is adjustable from a release position to an activation position to adjust the heating element after insertion into the receptacle in an operative position in which a sufficient thermal and / or electrical contact is ensured.

Landscapes

Resistance Heating (AREA)

EP11180922.4A 2010-09-10 2011-09-12 Chauffage électrique Active EP2429257B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
EP16165765.5A EP3073800B1 (fr)	2010-09-10	2011-09-12	Chauffage electrique

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
DE102010037479.2A DE102010037479B4 (de)	2010-09-10	2010-09-10	Elektrischer Heizer

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP16165765.5A Division EP3073800B1 (fr)	2010-09-10	2011-09-12	Chauffage electrique

Publications (2)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP2429257A1 true EP2429257A1 (fr)	2012-03-14
EP2429257B1 EP2429257B1 (fr)	2016-04-20

Family

ID=44677701

Family Applications (2)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP16165765.5A Active EP3073800B1 (fr)	2010-09-10	2011-09-12	Chauffage electrique
EP11180922.4A Active EP2429257B1 (fr)	2010-09-10	2011-09-12	Chauffage électrique

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP16165765.5A Active EP3073800B1 (fr)	2010-09-10	2011-09-12	Chauffage electrique

Country Status (4)

Country	Link
EP (2)	EP3073800B1 (fr)
DE (1)	DE102010037479B4 (fr)
DK (1)	DK2429257T3 (fr)
ES (1)	ES2575134T3 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2014077868A1 (fr) *	2012-11-19	2014-05-22	Intelligent Energy, Inc.	Ensemble chauffant, générateur d'hydrogène et procédé de distribution d'hydrogène gazeux
US10093538B2 (en)	2012-11-19	2018-10-09	Intelligent Energy Inc.	Heater assembly, hydrogen generator and method of providing hydrogen gas
WO2019072800A1 (fr) *	2017-10-10	2019-04-18	Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg	Chauffage pour réservoir
CN110145808A (zh) *	2019-06-24	2019-08-20	宁波奥克斯电气股份有限公司	一种可折叠空调辅助电加热装置及空调

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US3940591A (en) *	1974-07-01	1976-02-24	Texas Instruments Incorporated	Self-regulating electric heater
US4395623A (en) *	1980-03-04	1983-07-26	Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.	Self-regulating electric heater
US5194717A (en) *	1990-10-18	1993-03-16	Tecumseh Products Company	Bracket for mounting a crankcase heater
US5262619A (en) *	1991-08-12	1993-11-16	Siemens Matsushita Components Gmbh & Co. Kg	Heating device with PTC resistors non-abrasively positioned in a metallic heat body for heating flowing media
US20020040899A1 (en) *	2000-10-11	2002-04-11	Chang Kee Hung Daniel	Heat sink for a PTC heating element and a PTC heating member made thereof
EP1375997A1 (fr)	2002-06-27	2004-01-02	David & Baader DBK Spezialfabrik elektrischer Apparate und Heizwiderstände GmbH	Dispositiv de chauffage pour un conduit et procédé de construction
US20080117018A1 (en) *	2006-11-16	2008-05-22	Saleh Saleh A	Retainer system
EP2063683A1 (fr) *	2006-09-13	2009-05-27	Calsonic Kansei Corporation	Chauffage électrique et son procédé de fabrication

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
DE10325965B4 (de)	2003-06-07	2007-01-11	Mann + Hummel Gmbh	Heizeinrichtung für Fluide
US7537000B2 (en)	2006-02-14	2009-05-26	Honda Motor Co., Ltd	Engine with breather apparatus

2010
- 2010-09-10 DE DE102010037479.2A patent/DE102010037479B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
2011
- 2011-09-12 DK DK11180922.4T patent/DK2429257T3/en active
- 2011-09-12 EP EP16165765.5A patent/EP3073800B1/fr active Active
- 2011-09-12 ES ES11180922.4T patent/ES2575134T3/es active Active
- 2011-09-12 EP EP11180922.4A patent/EP2429257B1/fr active Active

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US3940591A (en) *	1974-07-01	1976-02-24	Texas Instruments Incorporated	Self-regulating electric heater
US4395623A (en) *	1980-03-04	1983-07-26	Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.	Self-regulating electric heater
US5194717A (en) *	1990-10-18	1993-03-16	Tecumseh Products Company	Bracket for mounting a crankcase heater
US5262619A (en) *	1991-08-12	1993-11-16	Siemens Matsushita Components Gmbh & Co. Kg	Heating device with PTC resistors non-abrasively positioned in a metallic heat body for heating flowing media
US20020040899A1 (en) *	2000-10-11	2002-04-11	Chang Kee Hung Daniel	Heat sink for a PTC heating element and a PTC heating member made thereof
EP1375997A1 (fr)	2002-06-27	2004-01-02	David & Baader DBK Spezialfabrik elektrischer Apparate und Heizwiderstände GmbH	Dispositiv de chauffage pour un conduit et procédé de construction
EP2063683A1 (fr) *	2006-09-13	2009-05-27	Calsonic Kansei Corporation	Chauffage électrique et son procédé de fabrication
US20080117018A1 (en) *	2006-11-16	2008-05-22	Saleh Saleh A	Retainer system

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO2014077868A1 (fr) *	2012-11-19	2014-05-22	Intelligent Energy, Inc.	Ensemble chauffant, générateur d'hydrogène et procédé de distribution d'hydrogène gazeux
US9944521B2 (en)	2012-11-19	2018-04-17	Intelligent Energy Inc.	Hydrogen generator having a thermal actuator
US10093538B2 (en)	2012-11-19	2018-10-09	Intelligent Energy Inc.	Heater assembly, hydrogen generator and method of providing hydrogen gas
WO2019072800A1 (fr) *	2017-10-10	2019-04-18	Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg	Chauffage pour réservoir
CN110145808A (zh) *	2019-06-24	2019-08-20	宁波奥克斯电气股份有限公司	一种可折叠空调辅助电加热装置及空调
CN110145808B (zh) *	2019-06-24	2024-06-07	宁波奥克斯电气股份有限公司	一种可折叠空调辅助电加热装置及空调

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
EP3073800B1 (fr)	2020-01-15
DE102010037479B4 (de)	2023-03-16
EP3073800A1 (fr)	2016-09-28
ES2575134T3 (es)	2016-06-24
DK2429257T3 (en)	2016-08-01
EP2429257B1 (fr)	2016-04-20
DE102010037479A1 (de)	2012-03-15

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