Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/426—1,3-Thiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
  • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/048—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being five-membered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
  • C07D491/044—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring
  • C07D491/052—Ortho-condensed systems with only one oxygen atom as ring hetero atom in the oxygen-containing ring the oxygen-containing ring being six-membered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like.
• an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like.
• Anxiety disorders are a class of psychological problems, important features of which include excess anxiety, fears, concern, avoidance, forced rituals and the like, and these can cause excess incidence rates, overuse of medical care services, and functional impairment, or result in such outcomes. These are one of the most common psychomedical conditions in the US and almost all other countries. The incidence rate for this disorder is fairly uniform across different cultures. Usually, females are more likely to experience anxiety disorders than males. Chronic anxiety disorders can raise the cardiovascular mortality rate, so that the appropriate diagnosis and quick treatment initiation are required.
• the anxiety disorders listed in the " Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” (4th edition - revised in 1994, published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C., US, p.393-444 ) include panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), an anxiety disorder resulting from general medical conditions, drug-induced anxiety disorder, specific phobias, non-specified anxiety disorders and the like.
• OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder
• PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder
• GAD generalized anxiety disorder
• an anxiety disorder resulting from general medical conditions drug-induced anxiety disorder, specific phobias, non-specified anxiety disorders and the like.
• Panic disorders are a type of anxiety disorders, an essential feature of which is recurrent panic attacks (that is, a discrete period of intense fear or discomfort with at least four characteristic related symptoms). Attacks normally last for several minutes (or, in rare cases, several hours) and are unforeseeable. And it does not have the tendency for occurring before exposure to a situation that nearly always causes anxiety, or immediately after exposure, as in the case of simple phobia. This "unforeseeable" aspect of attacks is an essential feature of this type of disorders.
• a panic attack begins with the sudden occurrence of intense anxiety or fear, and is typically accompanied by physical symptoms, for example, short breaths, vertigo, syncope, choking, palpitation, tremors, sweating, ague, nausea, numbness, hot sensation or chilling, chest pain, and the like.
• Panic disorders are sometimes associated with agoraphobia; in serious cases, the affected person substantially refuses to leave his or her house.
• agoraphobia is encountered at a higher rate, whereas in local social samples, about one-third to half of persons diagnosed with panic disorders are also suffering agoraphobia.
• Agoraphobia is a condition characterized by anxiety about being in a place or situation which it may be difficult (or embarrassing) to escape, or where it can be impossible to seek help, in the event of a panic attack or a panic-like symptom (for example, fear of the onset of sudden attacks of vertigo or sudden attacks of diarrhea).
• Agoraphobia occurs in a situation where there are neither panic disorders with agoraphobia nor history of panic disorders. Except that the object of fear resides in the onset of attacks of limited symptoms, rather than immobility-causing or extremely embarrassing panic-like symptoms or complete panic attacks, the essential feature of agoraphobia without history of panic disorders is the same as the feature of panic disorders with agoraphobia.
• OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Obsessions are typically related to pollution, doubt (including loss of self-confidence), and blasphemy of sexual or religious thought.
• Typical compulsions include the act of washing, the act of confirmation, the act of arranging objects in order, the act of counting objects and the like.
• Social phobia is characterized by an obstinate social or public fear that can be embarrassing.
• Typical situations which a person with social phobia fears or avoids include parties, meetings, taking a meal in the presence of other person, writing in the presence of other person, speeches, conversations, the first meeting with a non-acquaintance, other related situations and the like.
• Being exposed to a social or public situation not only causes immediate anxiety reactions, but also almost always causes sweating, tremors, throbbing or striking heartbeats, mental confusion, and the desire to run away.
• Major characteristic symptoms include re-experience of an event due to posttraumatic stress (that is, psychological agony), escape of stimuli that recall the event, general reactive paralysis, increased arousal, and the like.
• Related “events” include, for example, mere bereavement, chronic disease, marital friction and the like.
• GAD Generalized anxiety disorder
• GADs are essentially characterized by a state where unrealistic or excess anxiety and two or more living environmental concerns last for 6 months or more. There are more days on which the sufferer realizes it difficult to control this situation and is annoyed by the concerns than those without. Signs such as motor tension, autonomic hyperactivity, vigilance, and scanning are clearly manifested.
• Specific phobias are anxiety disorders, the essential feature of which is remarkable fear of limited stimulus (a circumscribed stimulus); this limited stimulus can be said to be an object or situation other than the fear of experiencing a panic attack, getting ashamed, or being embarrassed, in a social situation (this is classified under social phobias).
• this is classified under social phobias For example, airplane phobia, acrophobia, zoophobia, trypanophobia, hemophobia and the like can be exemplified.
• anxiety disorders a wide variety of causes are suspected; in particular, genetic temperaments, growth and development in infancy and childhood, as well as combinations thereof with later life experiences are suspected.
• Anxiety disorders are treated by using counseling, psychotherapy, pharmacological therapy (drug therapy) and the like singly or in combination.
• Drugs that are typically used to treat anxiety disorder patients include benzodiazepine; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin/noradrenaline uptake inhibitors (SNRIs), buspirone, and the like.
• Benzodiazepine belongs to a major class of relatively safe, widely prescribed drugs having quick and adequate anxiolytic effects and sedative hypnotic effects.
• Drugs belonging to the class of SSRIs and SNRIs are used for the treatment of, for example, anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, OCD, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, specific phobias, and a broader range of anxiety disorders [ Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 7th. edition, 1, p.1441 (1999 )].
• Buspirone a relatively selective 5HT 1A partial agonist, is approved by the FDA as the most useful anxiolytic drug for the treatment of GAD, and is currently frequently used as an auxiliary for SSRIs [ Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry 7th. edition, 1, p.1441 (1999 )].
• adenosine is widely distributed in the whole body, and exhibits a variety of physiological actions on the central nervous system, the cardiac muscle, the kidneys, the smooth muscle, and the like through its receptors (see non-patent document 1).
• adenosine A 1 antagonists are known to facilitate defecation (Jpn. J. Pharmacol., Vol.68, p.119 (1995 )).
• the adenosine A 2A receptors are known to be involved particularly in the central nervous system, and the antagonists of the adenosine A 2A receptors are known to be useful as, for example, therapeutic drugs for Parkinson's disease (see non-patent document 2), therapeutic drugs for sleep disturbance (see Nature Neuroscience, p. 858 (2005); patent document 3 ), therapeutic drugs for depression ( Neurology, 61(11 Suppl 6), S82-7 (2003 )) and the like.
• There are many reports concerning the relationship between adenosine receptors and Parkinson's disease Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5, p.845 (2006 ); Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, p.1475 (2008 )).
• adenosine A 2A receptor antagonizing action induces behavioral pharmacological changes similar to those with administration of antidepressants ( Br. J. Pharmacol., 134, p.68 (2001 )).
• Xanthine compounds possessing adenosine A 2A receptor antagonizing activity are known to possess antidepressive activity (for example, WO94/01114 ), and are known to further possess anti-Parkinsonian activity (for example, Ann. Neurol., 43, p.
• EP 1 894 930 discloses thiazole derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof having an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonistic activity for use in the treatment or prevention of diseases associated with adenosine A 2A receptor.
• An object of the present invention is to provide an agent for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like.
• an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like.
• the present application discloses the following (1) - (14).
• the present invention provides
• the present invention provides an agent for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder (for example, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like) which comprises a thiazole derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
• an anxiety disorder for example, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like
• an anxiety disorder for example, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like
• a thiazole derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.
• Examples of the lower alkyl moiety of the lower alkyl, the lower alkoxy and the lower alkanoyl include straight or branched alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and more specific examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl and the like.
• aralkyl examples include aralkyl having 7 to 16 carbon atoms, and more specific examples thereof include benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl, phenylhexyl, phenylheptyl, phenyloctyl, phenylnonyl, phenyldecyl, naphthylmethyl, naphthylethyl, naphthylpropyl, naphthylbutyl, naphthylpentyl, naphthylhexyl, anthrylmethyl, anthrylethyl and the like.
• aryl examples include aryl having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and more specific examples thereof include phenyl, naphthyl, azulenyl, anthryl and the like.
• aromatic heterocyclic group examples include a 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocyclic group containing at least one atom selected from a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, a bicyclic or tricyclic fused aromatic heterocyclic group in which 3 to 8-membered rings are fused, having at least one atom selected from a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, and the like.
• More specific examples thereof include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, oxazolopyrimidinyl, thiazolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, imidazopyridinyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolin
• Examples of the aromatic heterocyclyl-alkyl include a group wherein an aromatic heterocyclic group is bonded to alkylene.
• the aromatic heterocyclic group include those exemplified in the above-mentioned aromatic heterocyclic group, and examples of the alkylene include alkylene having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, propylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonamethylene, decamethylene and the like.
• aromatic heterocyclyl-alkyl examples include pyrrolylmethyl, pyrrolylethyl, thiazolylmethyl, pyridylmethyl, pyridylethyl, pyrimidinylmethyl, pyrimidinylethyl, indolylmethyl, benzimidazolylmethyl and the like.
• Examples of the aliphatic heterocyclyl-alkyl include a group wherein the aliphatic heterocyclic group is bonded to alkylene.
• Examples of the aliphatic heterocyclic group include a 5-membered or 6-membered monocyclic aliphatic heterocyclic group containing at least one atom selected from a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, a bicyclic or tricyclic fused aliphatic heterocyclic group in which 3 to 8-membered rings are fused, having at least one atom selected from a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, and a sulfur atom, and the like.
• More specific examples thereof include aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, piperidinyl, azepanyl, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, pyrazolinyl, oxiranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyridyl, oxazolidinyl, morpholino, morpholinyl, thioxazolidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 2H-oxazolyl, 2H-thioxazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzimidazolidinyl,
• alkylene examples include alkylene having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, propylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, heptamethylene, octamethylene, nonamethylene, decamethylene and the like.
• aliphatic heterocyclyl-alkyl examples include 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyridylmethyl, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyridylethyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranylmethyl, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyranylmethyl, 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyranylethyl, morpholinomethyl, morpholinoethyl, piperazinylmethyl, oxazolidinylmethyl and the like.
• the halogen means each atom of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• Compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof used in the present invention is preferably a compound having a potent antagonistic activity against adenosine A 2A receptors from among various subtypes of adenosine receptors (e.g., adenosine A 1 , A 2A , A 2B and A 3 receptors).
• compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the present invention is preferably a compound having a strong affinity for the adenosine A 2A receptors.
• the compound is preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 50% or more at a test compound concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 -8 mol/L, more preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 50% or more at a test compound concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 -8 mol/L, still more preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 50% or more at a test compound concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 -9 mol/L, further preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 50% or more at a test compound concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 -9 mol/L, in the adenosine A 2A receptor binding test shown in the below-mentioned Test Example 1.
• the compound is preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 30 nmol/L or less in an inhibitory constant (Ki value) obtained by the test, more preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 10 nmol/L or less, still more preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 3 nmol/L or less, further preferably one having an inhibitory activity of 1 nmol/L or less.
• Ki value inhibitory constant
• compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof used in the present invention is preferably a compound having selective affinity for the adenosine A 2A receptors from among various subtypes of the adenosine receptors.
• a compound having a higher affinity for the adenosine A 2A receptors than that for the adenosine A 1 receptors is preferable.
• the compound is preferably a compound having 5 times or more affinity, more preferably 10 times or more affinity, further preferably 50 times or more affinity, even more preferably 100 times or more affinity, most preferably 500 times or more affinity for the adenosine A 2A receptors as compared to that for the adenosine A 1 receptors (e.g., compared at Ki value).
• the affinity can be determined according to a conventional method, for example, according to the method of Test Example 1 to be mentioned below, or the methods described in a document [for example, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol., 355(1), p. 59 (1987 ); Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 355(2), p. 204 (1987 ); Br. J. Pharmacol. 117(8), p. 1645 (1996 ) and the like].
• compound (I) is preferably a compound wherein R 1 is phenyl optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by C 1-6 alkoxy or morpholino, C 1-6 alkanoyl, vinyl and C 1-6 alkoxy; pyridyl optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by C 1-6 alkoxy or morpholino, C 1-6 alkanoyl, vinyl and C 1-6 alkoxy; pyrimidinyl optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen, C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by C 1-6 alkoxy or morpholino, C 1-6 alkanoyl, vinyl and C 1-6 alkoxy; 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyridylmethyl optionally substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from halogen, C 1-6 alkyl and C 1-6 alkoxy;
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compound (I) include, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, metal salts, ammonium salts, organic amine addition salts, amino acid addition salts, and the like.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of compound (I) include, for example, inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromate, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate; organic acid salts such as acetate, oxalate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, benzoate, and methane sulfonate, and the like.
• Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable metal salts include alkali metal salts such as a sodium salt, and a potassium salt; alkaline earth metal salts such as a magnesium salt, and a calcium salt; an aluminum salt; a zinc salt, and the like.
• Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable ammonium salts include salts of ammonium, tetramethylammonium, and the like.
• Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable organic amine addition salts include addition salts of morpholine, piperidine, or the like.
• Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable amino acid addition salts include addition salts of lysine, glycine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or the like.
• Compound (I) can be produced according to a known method, for example, the method described in WO 2005/063743 and the like. wherein R 1 and R 2 are as defined above, and X represents a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or the like.
• compound (I) can be produced, for example, by reacting compound (Ia) described in WO 2005/063743 with preferably 0.5 to 5 equivalents of compound (Ib) in a solvent such as methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), pyridine, water, or a mixed solvent thereof and the like, preferably in the presence of 1 to 5 equivalents of a condensing agent such as 1,3-dicyclohexanecarbodiimide (DCC), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) hydrochloride and the like, if necessary, in the presence of preferably 1 to 5 equivalents of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• a solvent such as methanol, dichlorome
• compound (I) can also be produced, for example, by reacting compound (Ia) described in WO 2005/063743 with preferably 1 to 10 equivalents of compound (Ic) without solvent or in a solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, THF, DMF, DMA, pyridine and the like, if necessary, in the presence of preferably 1 to 10 equivalents of a base such as potassium carbonate, triethylamine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and the like, at a temperature between -20°C and 150°C, for 5 min to 72 hr.
• a solvent such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, THF, DMF, DMA, pyridine and the like, if necessary, in the presence
• Compound (I) may exist as stereoisomers such as geometrical isomers or optical isomers, or tautomers. Any possible isomers and a mixture thereof, including those mentioned above, can be used for the agent of the present invention for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder.
• a salt of compound (I) when the compound (I) is obtained in the form of a salt, it may be purified as it is. Further, when the compound is obtained in a free form, compound (I) may be dissolved or suspended in a suitable solvent, followed by addition of an acid or a base to form a salt. Then, the resulting salt may be isolated and purified.
• the compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may exist in the form of an adduct with water or various solvents.
• adduct can also be used for the agent of the present invention for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder.
• the test can be performed according to, for example, the method of Varani et al. (British Journal of Pharmacology, 117, p. 1693 (1996 )).
• human recombinant Adenosine A 2A receptors are expressed in HEK-293 cells.
• the cell membranes of the receptor-expressing cells are collected, and a cell membrane suspension is prepared.
• Tris HCl tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane hydrochloride
• tritium-labeled 2-[ p -(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-( N -ethylcarboxamido)adenosine 3 H-CGS21680: 50 mmol/L
• a test compound solution dimethyl sulfoxide solution of the test compound
• the mixture is subjected to rapid suction filtration using glass-fiber filter paper, and the radioactivity of the glass-fiber filter paper is measured.
• the inhibitory rate of the test compound for the human adenosine A 2A receptor binding 3 H-CGS21680 binding
• the test can also be performed according to the method of Bruns et al. (Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. 29, p. 331, 1986 ).
• rat striatum is suspended in 50 mL of ice-cooled Tris HCl buffer (50 mmol/L, pH 7.7) using a Polytron homogenizer and the suspension is centrifuged. The resulting precipitate is resuspended by adding Tris HCl buffer (50 mmol/L) thereto, followed by centrifugation in the same manner. The resulting final precipitate is suspended in Tris HCl buffer (50 mmol/L) [containing magnesium chloride (10 mmol/L), and adenosine deaminase (0.02 units/mg tissue)] to prepare the suspension at the tissue concentration of 5 mg (wet weight)/mL.
• Tris HCl buffer 50 mmol/L
• Tris HCl buffer 50 mmol/L
• adenosine deaminase 0.02 units/mg tissue
• Tritium-labeled CGS-21680 final concentration of 6.0 mmol/L
• test compound solution dimethyl sulfoxide solution of test compound diluted with Tris HCl buffer
• the mixture is allowed to stand at 25°C for 120 minutes, followed by rapid suction filtration using glass-fiber filter paper, and then immediately washed with ice-cooled Tris HCl buffer (50 mmol/L).
• the glass-fiber filter paper is then placed in a vial, and MicroScinti (PKI) is added. Then, the radioactivity is measured with a TopCount (PerkinElmer), whereby the inhibitory rate for rat adenosine A 2A receptor binding ( 3 H-CGS21680 binding) of the test compound can be determined.
• TopCount PerkinElmer
• the total amount of binding refers to the bound radioactivity of 3 H-CGS21680 in the absence of the test compound.
• the amount of non-specific binding refers to the bound radioactivity of 3 H-CGS21680 in the presence of 50 ⁇ mol/L of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA) or 100 ⁇ mol/L of cyclopentyladenosine (CPA).
• the amount of binding in the presence of drug refers to the bound radioactivity of 3 H-CGS21680 in the presence of the test compound.
• the inhibitory rate for the adenosine A 2A receptor at different concentrations of the test compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the test compound concentration at which the test compound inhibits binding by 50% (IC 50 ) can be calculated by appropriately adjusting the concentration of the test compound.
• Ki IC 50 / 1 + L / Kd
• L denotes the concentration of the 3 H-CGS21680 used in the test
• Kd is the dissociation constant of the 3 H-CGS21680 used in the test.
• 3 H-CGS21680 3 H-5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)pyrazolo[4,3- e ]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5- c ]pyrimidine ( 3 H-SCH58261) and the like may be used.
• the inhibition constant (Ki value) of the test compound for the adenosine A 1 receptors can be calculated in the same manner as in (1), using the materials below.
• human A 1 receptor-expressing CHO cell membranes are used, and, as the labeled compound, for example, tritium-labeled 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine ( 3 H-DPCPX) is used.
• the amount of non-specific binding can be determined by measuring the 3 H-DPCPX bound radioactivity in the presence of, for example, 100 ⁇ mol/L of (-)-N 6 -2-phenylisopropyl adenosine (R(-)-PIA). The affinity of the test compound for the human adenosine A 1 receptors can be confirmed in this manner.
• rat A 1 receptor-expressing cell membrane PerkinElmer
• 3 H-CHA tritium-labeled N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine
• 3 H-CHA bound radioactivity is measured in the presence of, for example, 10 ⁇ mol/L of DPCPX, and the affinity of the test compound for the rat adenosine A 1 receptors can be confirmed.
• inhibitory rate* for human adenosine A 2A receptor binding 3 H-CGS21680 binding
• inhibitory rate* for human adenosine A 1 receptor binding 3 H-DPCPX binding
• IE 93% 33% (IF) 107% 50% (IG) 102% 91% (IH) 98% 67% (II) 85% 19% (IJ) 93% 21% (IK) 92% 24% (IL) 85% 20% (IM) 98% 47% (IN) 93% 21% (IO) 97% 56% (IP) 98% 18% (IQ) 100% 18% (IR) 107% 30% (IS) 90% 10% (IT) 91% 37% (IU) 110% 36% (IV) 98% 23% (IW) 98% 23% (IX) 101% 18% (IY) 97% 8% (IZ) 102% 21% (IAA) 98% 9% * inhibitory rate for compound 100 nmol/L
• compound (I) shows selective affinity for the adenosine A 2A receptors.
• the male ICR mice (weighing 27.6 to 42.9 g; Japan SLC, Inc.) were used in this study.
• a vehicle water for injection (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory) containing methylcellulose (MC) at a concentration of 0.5 w/v%; 0.5 w/v% MC solution; control group] or the test compound (prepared by being suspended in 0.5 w/v% MC solution to obtain a dosing concentration of 0.1 mL per 10 g of mouse body weight; drug group)
• each mouse was placed in a cage, in which 25 marbles (18 mm in diameter) were equally placed on the surface of planer (up to 5 cm from the bottom of the cage).
• the number of marbles more than half-buried in the planer was counted. The counting was performed under blinding conditions.
• Inhibition % number of buried marbles in control group ⁇ number of buried marbles in drug group number of buried marbles in control group ⁇ 100
• the compound (IC) exhibited an inhibition effect in the above-described test, the compound (I) having a selective affinity for adenosine A 2A receptors was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorders.
• Test Example 4 Action of compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in rat social interaction test
• the male SD rats (weighing 201.8 to 285.6 g; Charles River Japan Inc.)were used in this study. On the day of behavioral evaluation, the animals were acclimatized to the test environment from 4 hours before the start of the experiment. Sixty minutes after oral administration of a vehicle (0.5 w/v% MC solution) or a test compound (prepared in suspension in 0.5 w/v% MC solution to obtain a dosing concentration of 0.5 mL per 100 g of rat body weight), two rats were allowed to meet each other in an acrylic box (50 x 50 x 50 cm). The total time of social interaction behaviors (sniffing, following, grooming and the like) during monitoring for 10 minutes immediately after meeting (between-rats interaction time) were measured with a stopwatch.
• a vehicle 0.5 w/v% MC solution
• test compound prepared in suspension in 0.5 w/v% MC solution to obtain a dosing concentration of 0.5 mL per 100 g of rat body weight
• the compound (IC) exhibited an effect in the above-described test, the compound (I) having a selective affinity for adenosine A 2A receptors was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of anxiety disorders, including social phobia and/or generalized anxiety disorders.
• Yohimbine adrenalin ⁇ 2 receptor antagonist
• Anxiety symptoms that develop with administration of Yohimbine to healthy persons were reported to be similar to panic disorders, in the pathophysiology of which abnormal locus coeruleus activity is considered to be largely involved. For this reason, Yohimbine-induced anxiety is thought to be a model well reflecting anxiety symptoms (for example, panic disorders) that accompany abnormal locus coeruleus activity.
• mCPP meta-chlorophenylpiperadine hydrochloride
• the compound (IC) exhibited an effect in the above-described test, the compound (I) having a selective affinity for adenosine A 2A receptors was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of drug-induced anxiety disorders. Also, the compound (I) was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of anxiety disorders, including panic disorders and generalized anxiety disorders.
• This test is to measure drinking counts (number of shocks during drinking) when an electric shock is applied to a water-deprived rat at each time that the rat drinks water. Under this condition, a rat is thought to be placed under a state of conflict between the motivation to drink (positive reinforcing factor) and the aversion to receiving an electric shock (negative reinforcing factor, punishment). When anxiolytics are administered to a rat, anxiety about punishing stimuli is suppressed and behavior in an attempt to take a positive reinforcer is observed. This test is thought to be an animal model of generalized anxiety disorders ( Folia Pharmacologica Japonica, 115, p.5 (2005 ), Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9, p.2389 (2006 )).
• the male Wistar rats (weighing 148.4 to 211.7 g; Japan SLC, Inc.) and an operant experimental apparatus were used in this study.
• the chamber consisted of a soundproof box, and a test cage (25 ⁇ 30 ⁇ 25 cm), a shock generator, a controller, a licking sensor and PC analysis system placed in the soundproof box.
• the test cage has 20 grids on the floor and a metal nozzle on the inner wall. Through the nozzle, rats were allowed for free access to drinking water. A mild electric current was applied between the floor grids and the metal nozzle in the test cage. Current conduction by licking (drinking) was detected with the licking senor and measured with the PC analysis system via the controller.
• a vehicle 0.5 w/v% MC solution
• a test compound a suspension in 0.5 w/v% MC solution prepared to obtain a dosing concentration of 0.5 mL per 100 g of rat body weight
• the test was performed for 5 minutes (test-punished session, with electric shocks).
• an electric shock of 0.16 mA, 0.2 sec/shock was delivered to the animals between the floor grid and the drinking nozzle after every 20th lick by drinking of rat (punished drinking). Animals that did not drink water were excluded from the evaluation and the drinking counts only in animals that were in a state of conflict were averaged and compared.
• the drinking count was decreased by electric shocks compared with that in the pre-drug session (pre-drug session: 26.7 ⁇ 1.2 times, vehicle treatment group: 6.1 ⁇ 0.8 times).
• the compound (IC) exhibited an effect in the above-described test, the compound (I) having a selective affinity for adenosine A 2A receptors was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorders.
• the male SD rats (weighing 133.8 to 260.2 g; Charles River Japan Inc.) were used in this study.
• An apparatus was used wherein two open arms (50x10 cm) extending on the same line from a 10 cm-square central area and two enclosed arms (50x10 cm) surrounded by a wall of 40 cm height are perpendicularly crossing.
• Sixty minutes after oral administration of a vehicle (0.5 w/v% MC solution) or a test compound (a suspension in 0.5 w/v% MC solution prepared to obtain a dosing concentration of 0.5 mL per 100 g of rat body weight) each rat was placed in the center of the elevated plus maze with its head facing toward the enclosed arm and immediately observed for its behavior for 5 minutes.
• the rat behavior on the maze was recorded with a digital video camera positioned on the ceiling of the laboratory.
• the times spent and number of entries in the open arms, enclosed arms and central platform, and distance travelled were determined using analysis software.
• the time spent in the open arms, percentage of open arm entries (ratio of the number of entries in the open arms to the total number of entries in the open and enclosed arms) and total distance travelled on the maze during the monitoring period were determined to evaluate the influences of the test compound.
• the time spent in the open arms, the percentage of open arm entries, and total distance travelled on the maze in rats with administration of the vehicle were 21.6 ⁇ 7.4 seconds, 15.5 ⁇ 3.0%, and 2521.97 ⁇ 95.34 cm, respectively.
• Compound (IC) did not affect the total distance travelled on the maze (2414.83 ⁇ 102.13 cm).
• the compound (IC) exhibited an effect in the above-described test, the compound (I) having a selective affinity for adenosine A 2A receptors was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorders.
• the male SD rats (weighing 140.2 to 320.0 g; Charles River Japan Inc.) and a contextual learning test system were used in this study.
• the experimental apparatus is consisted of a soundproof box, and a test cage (20 ⁇ 20 ⁇ 25 cm), a shock generator, a controller, an external monitor and PC analysis system, which were placed in the soundproof box.
• the test cage has stainless bars on the floor at 1-cm intervals.
• a scrambled electric current was generated from the shock generator using a command of the special program.
• the inside of the soundproof box was equipped with a speaker.
• a buzzer sound of 65 dB was generated via the controller using a command of the special program.
• the animal behavior within the test cage was recorded with a CCD camera, which was positioned on the ceiling of the soundproof box.
• Immobilization continuing for at least 2 seconds was defined as freezing.
• the percentage of freezing behavior was determined by (Freezing time/Test time) ⁇ 100. Conditioning trials were performed under the conditions shown below. Each rat was placed in the cage for 5 minutes and received electric shocks (0.3 mA ⁇ 5 seconds) from the floor grids six times in total (60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 seconds). A buzzer sound (10 kHz, 65 dB) was generated for 10 seconds from 5 seconds before each electric shock. Retention trials were performed under the conditions shown below.
• a vehicle 0.5 w/v% MC solution
• a test compound a suspension in 0.5 w/v% MC solution prepared to obtain a dosing concentration of 0.5 mL per 100 g of rat body weight
• the 5-minute test period was divided into a pre-tone period (0 to 1 minute) from immediately after exposure to the test environment until generation of a buzzer sound, a with-tone period (1 to 4 minutes) during generation of a buzzer sound and a post-tone period (4 to 5 minutes) after generation of a buzzer sound. The percentage of freezing behavior during these periods was compared.
• the compound (I) having a selective affinity for adenosine A 2A receptors was considered to be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of anxiety disorders, including psychological stress-induced anxiety disorders (posttraumatic stress disorders).
• compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered alone as it is, usually it is preferably provided in the form of various pharmaceutical preparations. Such pharmaceutical preparations can be used for animals and human.
• the pharmaceutical preparation according to the present invention may contain, as the active ingredient, compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof either alone or as a mixture with any other therapeutic active ingredient. Furthermore, these pharmaceutical preparations are prepared by mixing the active ingredient with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., diluents, solvents, excipients, or the like), and then subjecting the mixture to any method well-known in the technical field of pharmaceutics.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers e.g., diluents, solvents, excipients, or the like
• the administration route it is preferable to select the most effective route of administration for treatment.
• the administration route include oral administration, and parenteral administration, for example, such as intravenous or transdermal administration and the like.
• Examples of the dosage form include tablets, injections, external preparations, and the like.
• Suitable dosage forms for the oral administration can be prepared by using excipients such as lactose, disintegrators such as starch, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, or binders such as hydroxypropylcellulose, or the like.
• Suitable dosage forms for the parenteral administration can be prepared by using diluents or solvents such as a saline solution, a glucose solution, or a mixture of brine and glucose solution, or the like.
• a dosage form suitable for external preparation is not particularly limited and, for example, ointment, cream, liniment, lotion, cataplasm, plaster, tape and the like can be included.
• ointment, cream and the like can be produced by, for example, dissolving or mixing-dispersing the active ingredient in a base such as white petrolatum and the like.
• the dose and administration frequency of compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof varies depending on administration form, age and body weight of patients, properties or severity of the symptoms to be treated and the like.
• 0.001 - 1000 mg preferably 0.05 - 100 mg
• parenteral administration such as intravenous administration and the like
• 0.001 - 1000 mg preferably 0.01 - 100 mg
• transdermal administration an external preparation containing 0.001 - 10% of compound (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is generally applied once to several times a day.
• these doses and administration frequencies vary depending on the aforementioned various conditions.
• a combination of compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more of other pharmaceutical components can also be used as the agent of the present invention for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder.
• Examples of other pharmaceutical component to be used in the combination include other drugs having an antianxiety action, for example, tryptamine reuptake inhibitors such as buspirone, sertraline, paroxetine, nefazodone, fluoxetine and the like; GABA receptor agonists such as benzodiazepine and the like (for example, diazepam, tofisopam, alprazolam, flutoprazepam and the like); corticotropin releasing factor antagonists such as pivagabine and the like; MAO inhibitors such as amisulpride and the like; and the like.
• tryptamine reuptake inhibitors such as buspirone, sertraline, paroxetine, nefazodone, fluoxetine and the like
• GABA receptor agonists such as benzodiazepine and the like (for example, diazepam, tofisopam, alprazolam, flutoprazepam and the like); corticotropin releasing factor antagonists such as
• compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof when compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with the above-mentioned other pharmaceutical component, compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and other pharmaceutical component can be administered as a single preparation or a combination of plural preparations to patients in need thereof, as long as these components can be formulated as preparations, and a combination of two or more of preparations is preferred. Furthermore, when compound (IC) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and other pharmaceutical component are used or administered as a combination of plural preparations, these preparations can be used or administered simultaneously or separately at an interval.
• each component may be administered to the same subject in the same route or in different routes simultaneously or separately at an interval.
• kits for example, a kit comprising contents and two or more containers (e.g., vials, bags, etc.) whose material, shape, and so on are not particularly limited as long as the containers do not cause degeneration of the components which are the contents due to external temperature or light nor cause elution of chemical components from the containers during storage, and having a form which enables the administration of the above first and second components which are the contents through separate routes (e.g., tubes, etc.) or the same route is used.
• Specific examples thereof include tablet kits, injection kits, and the like.
• Tablets having the following formulations are prepared according to the conventional manner.
• Compound (IA) 40 g
• potato starch 60 g
• a 10% aqueous solution of hydroxypropylcellulose 120 g
• the resulting mixture is kneaded according to the conventional manner, granulated, and dried to form granules for tableting.
• magnesium stearate After adding thereto 1.2 g of magnesium stearate followed by mixing, the mixture is punched with a tableting machine having a punch measuring 8 mm in diameter (Model RT-15; Kikusui) to obtain tablets (containing 20 mg of an active ingredient per tablet).
• Formulation compound (IA)* 20 mg lactose 143.4 mg potato starch 30 mg hydroxypropylcellulose 6 mg magnesium stearate 0.6 mg 200 mg * not encompassed by the present invention
• Injections having the following formulation are prepared according to the conventional manner.
• Compound (IA)* (1 g) is added to distilled water for injection followed by mixing.
• hydrochloric acid and a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution thereto the total volume is adjusted to 1,000 mL with distilled water for injection.
• the resulting mixture is aseptically charged into glass vials in 2-mL portions to obtain injections (containing 2 mg of an active ingredient per vial).
• Formulation compound (IA)* 2 mg hydrochloric acid Appropriate amount aqueous sodium hydroxide solution
• Appropriate amount distilled water for injection Appropriate amount 2.00 mL * not encompassed by the present invention
• step 1 Methyl 6-chloronicotinate (1.51 g, 8.79 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (35 mL), vinyltributyltin (3.32 mL, 11.4 mmol), dichlorobis(tri-o-tolylphosphine)palladium (206 mg, 0.262 mmol) and lithium chloride (554 mg, 13.1 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 100°C for 2 hr. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and an aqueous potassium fluoride solution was added thereto. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the residue was washed with ethyl acetate.
• step 2 Methyl 6-vinylnicotinate (491 mg, 2.97 mmol) obtained above was dissolved in a 50% methanol aqueous solution (8 mL). Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (276 mg, 6.57 mmol) was added thereto and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. The mixture was cooled to 0°C, then 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid (3 mL) was added, and the precipitated solid was collected by filtration to give 6-vinylnicotinic acid (309 mg, 70%) as a white solid.
• step 2 2-(Chloromethyl)-N-[4-(2-furyl)-5-(tetrahydropyran-4-carbonyl)thiazol-2-yl]pyridine-4-carboxamide (70.0 mg, 0.162 mmol) obtained in step 1 was dissolved in acetonitrile (2.0 mL), then morpholine (70.0 ⁇ L, 2.15 mmol) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred with heating under reflux for 1 hr. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, water and a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution were added thereto.
• step 1 5,6-Dimethylpyridine-3-carbonitrile (502 mg, 3.79 mmol) obtained by the method described in J. Heterocyclic Chem., vol. 24, p. 351 (1987 ) was suspended in 70% aqueous ethanol (4.5 mL), sodium hydroxide (444 mg, 11.1 mmol) was added thereto, and the mixture was stirred with heating under reflux for 3 hr. The mixture was ice-cooled to 0°C, and 6 mol/L hydrochloric acid (1.9 mL) was added thereto. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the obtained residue was suspended in chloroform-methanol.
• step 1 Sodium hydride (2.06 g, 51.5 mmol) was suspended in diethyl ether (40 mL), and methanol (2.1 mL, 51.8 mmol) was added slowly at -5°C thereto. To the mixture was added ethanol (6 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, and cooled to 0°C. A mixture of tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one (4.61 mL, 49.9 mmol) and ethyl formate (4.11 mL, 51.1 mmol) was slowly added thereto. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hr, and the resultant product was extracted with water (30 mL) (aqueous solution A).
• an aqueous piperidine - acetic acid solution prepared by dissolving acetic acid (1.5 mL) in water (3.5 mL) and adding piperidine (2.6 mL) thereto, and 2-cyanoacetamide (4.62 g, 54.9 mmol) were added to the above-mentioned aqueous solution A, and the mixture was stirred with heating under reflux for 4 hr. To the mixture was added acetic acid (3.6 mL) and, after cooling 0°C, the precipitated solid was collected by filtration to give 2-oxo-1,5,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (1.72 g, 20%) as a white solid.
• step 2 2-Oxo-1,5,7,8-tetrahydro-2H-pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (2.50 g, 14.4 mmol) obtained in step 1 was dissolved in phosphoryl chloride (20 mL), and the mixture was stirred with heating under reflux for 4 hr. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and slowly added to a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution at 0°C, then the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• step 3 2-Chloro-7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (1.77 g, 9.09 mmol) obtained in step 2 was dissolved in ethanol (30 mL), acetic acid (9 mL) and zinc (2.60 g) were added thereto, and the mixture was stirred with heating under reflux for 4 hr. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, then filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the obtained residue was added a saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• step 4 In the same manner as in step 1 of Reference Example 14, 7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (318 mg, 47%) was obtained as a white solid from 7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (609 mg, 3.80 mmol) obtained above.
• ESIMS m/z [M-H] - 178.
• step 1 In the same manner as in step 1 of Reference Example 2, methyl 6-(1-propenyl)nicotinate (327 mg, 37%) was obtained as a colorless transparent oil from methyl 6-chloronicotinate (862 mg, 6.48 mmol) and allyltributyltin (2.20 mL, 7.09 mmol).
• step 2 In the same manner as in step 2 of Reference Example 2, 6-(1-propenyl)nicotinic acid (251 mg, 84%) was obtained as milk-white crystals from methyl 6-(1-propenyl)nicotinate (326 mg, 1.84 mmol) obtained above.
• step 4 In the same manner as in Reference Example 19, the title compound (IW) (96.0 mg, 76%) was obtained as white crystals from N-[4-(2-furyl)-5-(tetrahydropyran-4-carbonyl)thiazol-2-yl]-6-(1-propenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide (125 mg, 0.296 mmol) obtained above.
• step 1 In the same manner as in step 1 of Reference Example 16, 2-oxo-1,5,7,8-tetrahydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (3.06 g, 37%) was obtained as a pale-yellow solid from tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one (5.00 g, 43.0 mmol).
• step 2 In the same manner as in step 2 of Reference Example 16, 2-chloro-7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (1.75 g, 58%) was obtained from 2-oxo-1,5,7,8-tetrahydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (2.78 g, 14.4 mmol) obtained above.
• step 3 In the same manner as in step 3 of Reference Example 16, 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (804 mg, 55%) was obtained from 2-chloro-7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (1.75 g, 8.31 mmol) obtained above.
• step 4 In the same manner as in step 1 of Reference Example 17, 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (901 mg, 78%) was obtained from 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (874 mg, 4.96 mmol) obtained above.
• step 1 In the same manner as in step 2 of Reference Example 2, 5-acetyl-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid (462 mg, quantitative) was obtained as a yellow solid from ethyl 5-acetyl-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylate (561 mg, 2.71 mmol) obtained by the method described in Synthesis, vol. 5, p.400 (1986 ).
• 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 , ⁇ ppm): 2.63 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 8.54 (d, J - 2.0 Hz, 1H), 9.01 (d, J 2.0 Hz, 1H).
• DMF 0.5 mL
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• 5-acetyl-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid 93.2 mg, 0.520
• the present invention can be utilized for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like.
• an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, particular phobia, generalized anxiety disorder or the like.

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