EP2806739A1 - Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologique - Google Patents
Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2806739A1 EP2806739A1 EP13700767.0A EP13700767A EP2806739A1 EP 2806739 A1 EP2806739 A1 EP 2806739A1 EP 13700767 A EP13700767 A EP 13700767A EP 2806739 A1 EP2806739 A1 EP 2806739A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- strain
- spp
- bacillus
- products known
- products
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides
- A01N47/42—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having a double or triple bond to nitrogen, e.g. cyanates, cyanamides containing —N=CX2 groups, e.g. isothiourea
- A01N47/44—Guanidine; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
- A01N63/12—Nematodes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
- A01N63/32—Yeast
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/40—Viruses, e.g. bacteriophages
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
Definitions
- the combinations according to the invention not only bring about the additive enhancement of the spectrum of action with respect to the insects, nematodes or phytopathogens to be controlled that was in principle to be expected but achieves a synergistic effect which extends the range of action of the component (A) and of the component (B) in two ways. Firstly, the rates of application of the component (A) and of the component (B) are lowered whilst the action remains equally good. Secondly, the combination still achieves a high degree of control of insects, nematodes or phytopathogens even where the two individual compounds have become totally ineffective in such a low application rate range. This allows, on the one hand, a substantial broadening of the spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi and nematodes that can be controlled and, on the other hand, increased safety in use.
- the present invention provides an active compound combination comprising:
- the present invention provides an active compound combination comprising:
- Mutants of the bacterial, fungal, nematodal or protozoan strains having all the identifying characteristics of the respective strain shall be included within the definition of the biological control agent.
- the biological control agents (B) comprises bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin.
- biological control (B) agents consist of bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin .
- biological control agent (B) is selected from the group comprising
- Bacillus agri Bacillus aizawai, Bacillus albolactis, (B1.6) Bacillus coagulans, (B1.7) Bacillus endoparasiticus, (B1.8) Bacillus endorhythmos, (B1.9) Bacillus azotoformans, (B1.10) Bacillus kurstaki, (Bl .l l) Bacillus lacticola, (B1.12) Bacillus lactimorbus, (B1.13) Bacillus lactis, (B1.14) Bacillus laterosporus, (Bl .l 5) Bacillus lentimorbus, (Bl .l 6) Bacillus licheniformis, (Bl .l 7) Bacillus medusa, (Bl .l 8) Bacillus megaterium, (Bl .l 9) Bacillus metiens, (B1.20) Bacillus natto, (B1.21) Bacillus metiens, (B1.20) Bacillus natto,
- strain NB 176 products known as Novodor ® FC
- B1.27e Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni
- B1.27f Bacillus thuringiensis var san diego
- B1.28 Bacillus uniflagellatus
- Delftia acidovorans in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost ® ), (B1.30) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (Bf.
- amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 products known as Taegro ®
- Serratia entomophila product known as Invade®
- Bacillus chi- tinosporus B1.59) Pseudomonas cepacia (ex Burkholderia cepacia) strains M54 and J82, (B1.60) Bacillus nematocida, in particular strain B-16;
- Viruses selected from the group consisting of (B4.1) Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), (B4.2) Tussock moth (Lymantri- idae) NPV, (B4.3) Heliothis NPV, (B4.4) Pine sawfly (Neodiprion) NPV, and (B4.5) Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) granulosis virus (GV); ), (B4.6) Adoxophyes orana GV (product known as Capex®), (B4.7) Helicoverpa armigera NPV (products known as Vivus Max®, Vivus Gold®) or Gemstar®), (B4.8) Spodoptera exigua NPV, (B4.9) Spodoptera littoralis NPV, (B4.10) Spodoptera litura NPV, (B4.l l) Neodiprion abietis NPV (product known as ABIET
- Rhizobium leguminosarum (B6.2) Rhizobium tropici, (B6.3) Rhizobium loti, (B6.4) Rhizobium trifolii, (B6.5) Rhizobium meliloti, (B6.6) Rhizobium fredii, (B6.7) Azorhizobium caulinodans, (B6.8) Pseudomonas, (B6.9) Azospirillum, (B6.10) Azotobacter, (B6.l l) Streptomyces, (B6.12) Burkholdia, (B6.13) Agrobacterium, (B6.14) Endo Mycorhiza, (B6.15) Ecto Mycorhiza, (B6.16) Vesicular Arbuscular (VA) Mycorhiza, (6.17) Bradyrhizobium;
- Harpin produced by Erwinia amylovora, products known as Harp-N-TekTM, Messenger® , EmployTM ProActTM).
- ATCC 1276 products known as VectoBac ® , from Valent Biosciences, US) or strain BMP 144, (product known as Aquabac from Becker Microbial Products IL),
- B 1.27b Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari ® from Bayer Crop Science, DE) or strain GC-91 (Accession No. NCTC 11821), or serotype H-7, (products known as Florbac WG from Valent Biosciences, US) or (B 1.27c) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
- NRRL B-21530 from Agraquest
- Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 (Accession No. NRRL B-21619) from Agraquest
- Bacillus thuringiensis strain CR-371 (Accession No. ATCC 55273)
- Bacillus uniflagellate (B1.29) Delftia acidovorans, in particular strain RAY209 (products known as BioBoost ® ), (B1.30) Lysobacter antibioticus, in particular strain 13-1 (cf.
- NRRL B-21618 Pseudomonas cepacia (ex Burkholderia cepacia, product known as Deny from Stine Microbial Products), (B1.60) Bacillus nematocida, in particular strain B-16, (B1.61) Bacillus circulans, (B1.62) Brevibacillus later- osporus (also known as Bacillus laterosporus), in particular strain ATCC 64 or strain NRS 1111 or strain NRS 1645 or strain NRS 1647 or strain BPM3 or strain G4 or strain NCIMB 41419, (B1.63) Corynebacterium paurometabolum, (B1.64) Lactobacillus acidophilus (products known as Fruitsan ® from Inagrosa-Industrias Agrobiologicas, S.A), (B1.65) Paenibacillus alvei, in particular strain T36 or strain III3DT-1A or strain III2E or strain 46C3 or strain 2771, (B1.66) Paenibac
- ATCC SD-1397 product known as Kodiak® from Bayer Crop Science, DE
- strain QST713/AQ713 accesion No. NRRL B- 21661, products known as Serenade QST 713®, Serenade Soil and Serenade Max from AgraQuest, US
- strain AQ 153 ATCC accession No. 55614
- strain AQ743 accesion No.
- strain DB 101 products known as Shelter from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA
- strain DB 102 products known as Artemis from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA
- strain MBI 600 products known as Subtilex from Becker Underwood, US
- strain QST30002/AQ30002 accesion No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980
- strain QST30004/AQ30004 accesion No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980
- Bacillus pumilus in particular strain GB34 (Accession No.
- (B2) fungi or yeasts selected from the group consisting of:
- acridum isolate IMI 330189/ARSEF 7486 products known as Green Muscle® (B2.10) Metschnikovia fructicola, in particular the strain NRRL Y-30752 (products known as Shemer ® ), (B2. l l) Microsphaeropsis ochracea (products known as Microx ® ), (B2.12) Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (products known as QRD300), (B2.13) Nomuraea rileyi, in particular strains SA86101, GU87401, SR86151, CG128 and VA9101, (B2.14) Paecilomyces lilacinus, in particular spores of P.
- lilacinus strain 251 (AGAL 89/030550) (products known as BioAct ® , cf. Crop Protection 2008, 27, 352-361), (B2.15) Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (also known as Isaria fumosorosae), in particular strain apopka 97 (ATCC 20874) (products known as PFR-97TM 20% WDG, PreFeRal® WG,), (B2.16) Penicillium bilaii, in particular strain ATCC22348 (products known as JumpStart ® , PB-50, Provide), (B2.17) Pichia anomala, in particular strain WRL-076, (B2.18) Pseudozyma flocculosa, in particular strain PF-A22 UL (products known as Sporodex ® L), (B2.19) Pythium oligandrum, in particular strain DV74 (products known as Polyversum) or strain Ml (ATCC 38472),
- Trichoderma harmatum also known as Gliocladium vi- rens
- strain GL-21 products known as SOILGARD ®
- strain G41 products known as BW240 WP Biological Fungicide
- B2.90 Ulocladium oudemansii, in particular strain HRU3 (products known as BOTRY-ZEN ®), (B2.91) Verticillium albo-atrum in particular strain WCS850, (B2.92) Verti- cillium chlamydosporium, (B2.93) Verticillium dahlia isolate WCS 850 (products known as Dutch Trig
- Neocosmospora vasinfecta (B2.111) Neocosmospora vasinfecta, (B2.112) Penicillium vermiculatum (products known as Vermic- ulen®), (B2.113) Saccharomyces cerevisae, in particular strain CNCM No. 1-3936, strain CNCM No. 1-3937, strain CNCM No. 1-3938, strain CNCM No. 1-3939 (patent application US 2011/0301030), (B2.114) Sporothrix insectorum (products known as Sporothrix®),
- Viruses selected from the group consisting of (B4.1) Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), (B4.2) Tussock moth (Lymantri- idae) NPV, (B4.3) Heliothis NPV, (B4.4) Pine sawfly (Neodiprion) NPV, (B4.5) Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) granulosis virus (GV), (B4.6) Adoxophyes orana GV (product known as Capex®), (B4.7) Hel- icoverpa armigera NPV (products known as Vivus Max®, Vivus Gold®) or Gemstar®), (B4.8) Spodoptera exigua NPV, (B4.9) Spodoptera littoralis NPV, (B4.10) Spodoptera litura NPV, (B4.l l) Neodiprion abietis NPV (product known as ABI
- Botanicals (or: plant extracts) selected from the group consisting of
- Bacillus licheniformis in particular strain SB3086 (product known as EcoGuard TM Biofungicide or Green Releaf from Novozymes Biologicals, US), (Bl.l 7) Bacillus medusa, (Bl .l 8) Bacillus megaterium, (Bl.l 9) Bacillus metiens, (B1.20) Bacillus natto, (B1.21) Bacillus nigrificans, (B1.22) Bacillus popillae (also known as Paenibacillus popilliae, product known as Milky spore disease from St.
- aizawai strain ABTS-1857 (products known as XenTari ® from Bayer Crop Science, DE) or strain GC-91 (Accession No. NCTC 11821), or serotype H-7, (products known as Florbac WG from Valent Biosciences, US) or (B 1.27c) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1, (products known as Dipel® ES from Valent Biosciences, US), or strain BMP 123 from Becker Microbial Products, IL, or strain ABTS 351 (Accession No. ATCC SD-1275), or strain PB 54 (Accession No. CECT 7209), or strain SA 11 (Accession No.
- strain AQ743 (Accession No. NRRL B-21665) or strain DB 101, (products known as Shelter from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA) or strain DB 102, (products known as Artemis from Dagutat Bio lab, ZA) or strain MBI 600, (products known as Subtilex from Becker Underwood, US) or strain QST30002/AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL B-50421, cf. WO 2012/087980) or strain QST30004/AQ30004 (Accession No. NRRL B-50455, cf. WO 2012/087980), (B1.96) Bacillus pu- milus, in particular strain GB34 (Accession No.
- (B2) fungi or yeasts selected from the group consisting of:
- the invention is further directed to the preparation of a composition containing compound (A) and at least one biological control agent (B) selected from bacteria, in particular spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals, and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin, for re- ducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- A spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals, and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin, for re- ducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- the invention is also directed to a method for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens comprising the step of simultaneously or sequentially applying compound (A) and at least one biological control agent (B) selected from bacteria, in particular spore- forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and en- tomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants botanicals, and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin, on the plant, plant parts, harvested fruits or vegetables.
- compound (A) and at least one biological control agent (B) selected from bacteria, in particular spore- forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and en- tomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants botanicals, and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin, on the plant, plant parts, harvested
- Abiotic stress tolerance comprising temperature tolerance, drought tolerance and recovery after drought stress, water use efficiency (Borrelating to reduced water consumption), flood tolerance, ozone stress and UV tolerance, tolerance towards chemicals like heavy metals, salts, pesticides (safener) etc..
- Biotic stress tolerance comprising increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes, viruses and bacteria.
- biotic stress tolerance preferably comprises increased fungal resistance and increased resistance against nematodes
- Increased plant vigor comprising plant health / plant quality and seed vigor, reduced stand failure, improved appearance, increased recovery, improved greening effect and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
- growth regulators comprising earlier germination, better emergence, more developed root system or improved root growth, increased ability of tillering, more productive tillers, earlier flowering, increased plant height or biomass, shorting of stems, improvements in shoot growth, number of kernels/ear, number of ears/m 2 , number of stolons or number of flowers, enhanced harvest index, bigger leaves, less dead basal leaves, improved phyllotaxy, earlier maturation / earlier fruit finish, homogenous riping, increased duration of grain filling, better fruit finish, bigger fruit/vegetable size, sprouting resistance and reduced lodging.
- Increased yield referring to total biomass per hectare, yield per hectare, kernel/fruit weight, seed size or hectolitre weight as well as to increased product quality, comprising: improved processability relating to size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), homogenous riping, grain moisture, better milling, better vinification, better brewing, increased juice yield, harvestability, digestibility, sedimentation value, falling number, pod stability, storage stability, improved fiber length/strength/uniformity, increase of milk or meet quality of silage fed animals, adaption to cooking and frying; further comprising improved marketability relating to improved fruit/grain quality, size distribution (kernel, fruit, etc.), increased storage / shelf-life, firmness / softness, taste (aroma, texture, etc.), grade (size, shape, number of berries, etc.), number of berries/fruits per bunch, crispness, freshness, coverage with wax, frequency of physiological disorders, colour, etc.; further comprising increased desired ingredients such as e.g.
- the falling number is a measure for the baking quality of cereals, especially of wheat.
- the falling number test indicates that sprout damage may have occurred. It means that changes to the physical properties of the starch portion of the wheat kernel has already happened.
- the falling number instrument analyzes viscosity by measuring the resistance of a flour and water paste to a falling plunger. The time (in seconds) for this to happen is known as the falling number.
- the falling number results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and results are expressed in time as seconds.
- a high falling number for example, above 300 seconds
- a low falling number indicates substantial enzyme activity and sprout-damaged wheat or flour.
- more developed root system / "improved root growth” refers to longer root system, deeper root growth, faster root growth, higher root dry/fresh weight, higher root volume, larger root surface area, bigger root diameter, higher root stability, more root branching, higher number of root hairs, or more root tips and can be measured by analyzing the root architecture with suitable methodologies and Image analysis programmes (e.g. WinRhizo).
- crop water use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit water consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit water volume consumed and can e.g. be measured in terms of yield per ha, biomass of the plants, thousand-kernel mass, and the number of ears per m2.
- nitrogen-use efficiency refers technically to the mass of agriculture produce per unit nitrogen consumed and economically to the value of product(s) produced per unit nitrogen consumed, reflecting uptake and utilization efficiency.
- Fv/Fm is a parameter widely used to indicate the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). This parameter is widely considered to be a selective indication of plant photosynthetic performance with healthy samples typically achieving a maximum Fv/Fm value of approx. 0.85. Values lower than this will be observed if a sample has been exposed to some type of biotic or abiotic stress factor which has reduced the capacity for photochemical quenching of energy within PSII.
- Fv/Fm is presented as a ratio of variable fluorescence (Fv) over the maximum fluorescence value (Fm).
- the Performance Index is essentially an indicator of sample vitality. (See e.g. Advanced Techniques in Soil Microbiology, 2007, 11, 319-341 ; Applied Soil Ecology, 2000, 15, 169-182.)
- plant physiology effects which are selected from the group comprising: enhanced root growth / more developed root system, improved greening, improved water use efficiency (Borrelating to reduced water consumption), improved nutrient use efficiency, comprising especially improved nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield.
- the novel use of the fungicidal compositions of the present invention relates to a combined use of a) preventively or curatively controlling insects, nematodes or phytopathogens, and b) at least one of enhanced root growth, improved greening, improved water use efficiency, delayed senescence and enhanced yield. From group b) enhancement of root system, water use efficiency and N-use efficiency is particularly preferred.
- the compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin may be ap- plied in any desired manner, such as in the form of a seed coating, soil drench, or directly in-furrow or as a foliar spray and applied either pre-emergence, post-emergence or both.
- the composition can be applied to the seed, the plant or to harvested fruits and vegetables or to the soil wherein the plant is growing or wherein it is desired to grow.
- controlling stands for a reduction of the damage on the plant or plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens of at least 30 %, preferably 50 %, more preferably 60 %, more preferably 75 %, more preferably 80 %, more preferably 90 %, when compared to the untreated control.
- the expression “combination” stands for the various combinations of the compound (A) Fluopyram, and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin in a solo- formulation, in a single "ready-mix” form, in a combined spray mixture composed from solo- formulations, such as a "tank-mix”, and especially in a combined use of the single active ingredients when applied in a sequential manner, i.e. one after the other within a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days, e.g.
- the order of applying compound (A) and at least one biological control agent (B) selected from bacteria, in particular spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, proto- zoas, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals, and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin is not essential for working the present invention.
- the term “combination” also encompasses the presence of the compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin on or in a plant to be treated or its surrounding, habitat or storage space, e.g.
- Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin to a plant its surrounding, habitat or storage space.
- biological control agent in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin to a plant its surrounding, habitat or storage space.
- a solo- or combined-formulation is the formulation which is applied to the plants to be treated (e.g., in a greenhouse, on a field, in a wood), e.g., a tank formulation comprising the biological control agent in accordance with the present invention and a compound (A) or a liquid or solid formulation comprising the biological control agent (B) which is applied prior, after or in parallel with a compound (A) to a plant to be treated.
- a tank formulation comprising the biological control agent in accordance with the present invention and a compound (A) or a liquid or solid formulation comprising the biological control agent (B) which is applied prior, after or in parallel with a compound (A) to a plant to be treated.
- the compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin are employed or used in a sequential manner, it is preferred to treat the plants or plant parts (which includes seeds and plants emerging from the seed), harvested fruits and vegetables according to the following method: Firstly applying the compound (A) on the plant or plant parts, and secondly applying (B) the biological control agent selected from bacteria, in particular spore- forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, pro- tozoas, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculant, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin to the same plant or plant parts.
- the biological control agent selected from bacteria, in particular spore- forming bacteria,
- the time periods between the first and the second application within a (Brop) growing cycle may vary and depend on the effect to be achieved.
- the first application is done to prevent an infestation of the plant or plant parts with insects, nematodes or phytopathogens (this is particularly the case when treating seeds) or to combat the infestation with insects, nematodes or phytopathogens (this is parparticularly the case when treating plants and plant parts)
- the second application is done to prevent or control the infestation with insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- Control in this context means that the biological control agent is not able to fully exterminate the pests or phytopatho- genic fungi but is able to keep the infestation on an acceptable level.
- spore- forming bacteria comprise all stages of bacteria, fungi and yeast including resting spores, conidia, blastospores, filamentous stages and other inactive forms of said organisms which can yield in active organisms.
- said organisms are comprised in form of spores in a formulation, e.g., a solo- or combined-formulation.
- nematode comprises eggs, larvae, juvenile and mature forms of said organism.
- said organisms are comprised in form of eggs, larvae, juvenile or mature form in a formulation, e.g., a solo- or combined-formulation.
- Nematodes are microscopic unsegmented worms known to reside in virtually every type of environment (terrestrial, freshwater, marine). Of the over 80,000 known species many are agriculturally significant, particularly those classified as pests. One such species is the root knot nematode which attacks a broad range of plants, shrubs and crops. These soil-born nematodes attack newly formed roots causing stunted growth, swelling or gall formation. The roots may then crack open thus exposing the roots to other microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. With environmentally friendly practices such as reduced or no tillage farming, and various nematode species acquiring resistance to transgenic seed, nematode related crop losses appear to be on the rise.
- Chemical nematicides such as soil fumigants or non-fumigants have been in use for many years to combat nematode infestations. Such nematicides may require repeated applications of synthetic chemicals to the ground prior to planting. Due to their toxicity, chemical nematicides have come under scrutiny from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and in some cases their use has been limited or restricted by the EPA. As the use of traditional chemical nematicides such as methyl-bromide and organophos- phates continue to be phased out, a need for the development of alternative treatment options has arisen.
- EPA Environmental Protection Agency
- the synergistic effect is particularly pronounced.
- the weight ratios of the active compounds in the active compound combinations can be varied within a relatively wide range.
- the weight ratio (A) and (B) is selected as to give the desired, for example synergistic, action. In general, the weight ratio would vary depending on the specific active compound. Generally the weight ratio between any of (A) and (B), independently of each other, is from 500 000 : 1 to 1 : 500 000, preferably 200
- ratios ranges are based on a the spore preparation of the bacteria, fungi or yeasts which contains 10 9 -10 10 spores (fungi or bacteria ) or cells (yeast or bacteria) per gram. If spore preparations vary in density, the ratios have to be adapted accordingly to match the above listed ratio ranges.
- a ratio of 1 : 100 means 100 weight parts of the spore or cell preparation of the fungi or yeast to 1 weight part of the compound (A).
- the biological control agent to be employed or used according to the invention is present in about 2 % to about 80 % (w/w), preferably in about 5 % to about 75 % (w/w), more preferably about 10 % to about 70 % (w/w) of its solo-formulation or combined- formulation with the compound of formula (I), and optionally the inoculant.
- bacteria, fungi or yeasts are selected as biological control agent, in particular those who are named as being preferred, it is preferred that they are present in a solo-formulation or the combined-formulation in a concentration in excess of 10 5 - 10 12 cfu/g (Colony forming units per gram), preferably in excess of 10 6 - 10 u cfu/g, more preferably 10 7 - 10 10 cfu cfu/g and most preferably about 10 9 cfu/g.
- the skilled person can calculate this ratio by simple mathematics since the volume and the amount of compound (A) and the biological control agent (B), respectively, in a mono-formulation is known to the skilled person.
- the said ratio refer to the ratio of the three components after all three components, i.e compound (A) and the biological con- trol agent (B), respectively, were applied to a plant to be treated independently whether the components were applied to a plant to be treated in form of solo-applications or in form of a combined- formulation.
- a biological control agent is a bacterium and the concentration of the bacteria after dispersal is at least 50 g/ha, at least 100 g/ha or at least 150 g/ha.
- a biological control agent is a bacterium, and the concentration of the bacteria after dispersal is at least 2.5 g/ha (hectare), such as 2.5 - 7500 g/ha, 5 - 2500 g/ha, 5- 1500 g/ha; at least 250 g/ha; at least 100 g/ha, such as 100 - 5000 g/ha, 100 - 2500 g/ha, 100 - 1500 g/ha or 100 - 250 g/ha; or at least 800 g/ha, such as 800 - 5000 g/ha or 800 - 2500 g/ha.
- a biological control agent is a fungus, such as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus , and the concentration of the fungus after dispersal is at least 50 g/ha; at least 100 g/ha; at least 1000 g/ha; at least 2500 g/ha, such as 2500 - 7500 g/ha, 2500 - 6000 g/ha; or at least 4000 g/ha, such as 4000 - 6000 g/ha.
- a biological control agent is a virus and the concentration of the virus after dispersal is at least 50 g/ha such as 50 - 7500 g/ha, 50 - 2500 g/ha, 50 - 1500 g/ha; at least 100 g/ha or at least 150 g/ha.
- the ratios between yeast (such as Pseudozyma flocculosa) and compound (A) in a solo- or combined-formulation or on or in a plant to be treated or its surrounding, habitat or storage space is between 2500: 1 to 1 : 125, between 1250: 1 and 1 :125 between 125: 1 to 1 :50, between 100: 1 to 1 :25 or even 50: 1 to 1 :5.
- the ratios between nematodes (such as Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema carpocapsae) and compound (A) in a solo- or combined- formulation or on or in a plant to be treated or its surrounding, habitat or storage space is between 125: 1 to 1 : 125, between 100: 1 to 1 :25 or even 50:1 to 1 :5.
- the application rate of the biological control agent selected from bacteria, in particular spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin to be employed or used according to the present invention may vary.
- the skilled person is able to find the appropriate application rate by way of routine experiments.
- Microorganisms such as fungi or bacteria can be obtained by conventional fermentation processes. The fermentation can be carried out using solid, semi-solid or liquid nutrient media. If spores such as conidia are used, preference is given to solid or semi-solid nutrient media.
- the nutrient media contain the nutrients suitable and known for the cultivation of the respective microorganisms, in particular one or more metabolizable carbon sources or nitrogen sources and mineral salts.
- the fermentation is generally car- ried out at temperatures between about 3° and about 40°C, preferably between 20° and 35°C.
- a representative fermentation is described in US 5 804 208.
- a fermentation process comprises in general the steps of a) incubating spores such as conidia of a microorganism in or on a nutrition medium (such as agar with further additives such as oatmeal); b) separating spores such as conidia from the nutrition medium after the incubation time, (e.g., by shake off the conidia from the medium, centrifuging, filtrating); and optionally c) preparing an emulsion of said isolated conidia.
- a nutrition medium such as agar with further additives such as oatmeal
- Bacillus thitringiensis were cultured using media and fermentation techniques known in the art (see, for example, Rogoff et al., 1969, J. Invertebrate Path. 14: .122-129; Dulmage et al., 1971 , J. Invertebrate Path. 18: 353-358; Dulmage et al, in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, H.D. Burges, ed., Academic Press, N.Y., 1980).
- the supernatant can be recov- ered by separating Bacillus thuringiensis spores and crystals from the fermentation broth by means well known in the art, e.g., centrifugation ultrafiltration, evaporation, or spray-drying (see also WO 2011/001100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A1100A, evaporation, or spray-drying (see also WO 2010).
- a subculture of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates can be used to inoculate the following medium, a peptone, glucose, salts medium: Bacto Peptone 7.5 g/1 Glucose, 1.0 g/1 KH 2 PO 4 , 3.4 g/1 K 2 HPO 4 , 4.35 g/1 salt solution, 5.0 ml/1 CaCl 2 solution, 5.0 ml/1 salts solution (100 ml) MgSO 4 -7H 2 O, 2.46 g MnSO 4 -H 2 O, 0.04 g ZnS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.28 g FeSO 4 -7H 2 0, 0.40 g CaCl 2 solution (100 ml), CaCl 2 2H 2 0, 3.66 g pH 7.2.
- a peptone, glucose, salts medium Bacto Peptone 7.5 g/1 Glucose, 1.0 g/1 KH 2 PO 4 , 3.4 g/1 K 2 HPO 4 , 4.35 g/1 salt solution
- the salts solution and CaCl 2 solution were sterilized (e.g., filter-sterilized) and added to the sterilized (e.g., autoclaved and cooked) broth at the time of inoculation. Flasks were incubated at around 30°C on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for 64 hours.
- the procedure can be readily scaled up to large fermentors by procedures well known in the art.
- the Bacillus thuringiensis spores and crystals, obtained in the fermentation, can be isolated by procedures well known in the art.
- a frequently-used procedure is to subject the harvested fermentation broth to separation techniques, e.g., centrifugation.
- Sporulation assay Bacillus subtilis strains were grown in 26 SG medium at 37°C and sporulation was assayed at 24 hours after the end of the exponential phase. The number of spores per ml culture was determined by identifying the number of heat-resistant colony forming units (80°C for 10 min) on LB plates.
- Bacillus subtilis is active in temperatures between 7°C and 45°C.
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 was originally isolated from infested soil in Germany (Krebs et al, 1998, Chen et al, 2007). Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 was cultivated in Luria broth (LB - 1% w/v peptone, 0.5% w/v yeast extract, 0.5% w/v NaCL) at 30°C (Journal of Biotechnology 151 (2011) 303-311). The bacteria was grown in Landy medium as described in Koumoutsi et al, 2004.
- the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, strain DSM 3884, is known from EP-A-0268177.
- the production of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae is exemplified in EP 0794704 Bl (US 5 804 208).
- a nutrition medium such as oatmeal agar (e.g., composition: 30g of oat flakes and 20g of agar) in a Petri dish was inoculated with, e.g., 3 week old conidia of the Metarhizium anisopliae strain DSM 3884.
- the incubation time to multiply the conidia is, e.g., 3, 4, 5, or 6 days.
- the incubation temperature can be around 7 °C to around 40 °C, e.g. 22° to 25°C.
- the formed conidia was isolated by, e.g., shaking off the conidia.
- the conidia can be stirred with 50ml of water containing 1% of a non-ionic emulsifier such as an emulsifier based on polyoxy-ethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20®) until a suspension was obtained in which the conidia was present as isolated particles.
- a non-ionic emulsifier such as an emulsifier based on polyoxy-ethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20®
- the conidia titer was and can be determined using, e.g., a Neubauer chamber.
- the conidia can be stored in closed cases under dry conditions, preferably at temperatures between 0° and 25°C.
- Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thorn) Samson (BBS 143.75), obtained e.g. from the CBS (Bentral Bureau of Fungal Cultures) in Baarn (The Netherlands), can be maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA; Difco laboratories) at 25 °C.
- a conidial suspension was obtained by adding sterilized water (e.g., 5 ml) to a Petri dish containing sporulating mycelium and scraping the surface with a glass rod.
- Liquid cultures were obtained by inoculating conidia of the fungus to minimal salt medium or corn flour medium supplemented with the substrate.
- the minimal salt medium consists of 4.56 g H2P04, 2.77 g KH2 HP04 , 0.5 g MgS04 . 7H20 and 0.5 g KCI /l, pH 6.0.
- Mycelium can be obtained by centrifuging a, e.g., 6 day old culture of conidia of Paecilomyces lilacinus. For example, cultures can be grown in a shaking water bath for several days at 30°C and 125 strokes per minute. Culture filtrates were obtained by centrifuging cultures for, e.g., 45 min at 9000 g.
- the yeast species Metschnikowia fructicola was isolated from the surface of grape berries (Bv. Superior) grown in the central part of Israel. At various stages, individual berries were submersed in sterile distilled water in 100 ml beakers and shaken vigorously for 2 hours on rotary shaker at 120 rpm. Aliquots of 100 ml were removed from the wash liquid and plated on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar; DIFCO Laboratories, U.S.A.) medium. Following 4-5 days of incubation, yeast colonies were picked randomly according to colony characteristics (Bolor and morphology) and streaked individually on fresh medium to obtain biologically pure cultures. Cultures were further purified by repeated streaking on PDA.
- Metschnikowia fructicola was propagated under aerobic conditions at temperatures ranging from 5°C to 37°C. Optimal growth temperature is between 20°C and 27° C.
- the yeast grows in liquid medium (nutrient broth; Droby et al., 1989) with a neutral pH. The cell density of the yeast generally reached its maximum (stationary stage) growth in 24 ⁇ 18 hours.
- liquid medium nutrient broth; Droby et al., 1989
- the cell density of the yeast generally reached its maximum (stationary stage) growth in 24 ⁇ 18 hours.
- fermentation tanks and industrial growth media were preferred.
- the yeast cells were harvested by centrifu- gation using conventional laboratory or industrial centrifuges.
- Cydia pomonella granulosis viruses which are used in the products MADEX (Andermatt Biocon- trol) and Granupom (Probis GmbH) are deposited since 2005 at the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ). Isolates used for the production of MADEX (Andermatt Biocontrol), Granupom (Probis GmbH), VIRGO (SipcamS.p.A.) and CARPOVIRUSTNE (Arysta LifeScience S.AS) were all derived from the Mexican isolate originally isolated in 1963 and are not genetically modified. (Virus accession number: GV-0001)
- the identity of the virus produce can be bioanalytically checked against the parent strain by SDS- polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the virus protein sand by Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA.
- CpGV derives from the Mexican isolate of CpGV (Tanada, 1964) and is propagated in larvae of Cydia pomonella. Infected larvae are homogenized and centrifuged in 50% sucrose (w/w). The pellet is resuspended and the granules are purified by, e.g., centrifugation through a linear 50%> to 60%> (w/w) sucrose gradient, generating a vims band which is then repeatedly washed in Tris buffer and pelleted to remove residual sucrose. (Journal of general virology (1992), 73, 1621-1626).
- Nematodes can be reared in liquid culture techniques (see, e.g., US 5,023,183 which is herewith incorporated by reference in its entirety) and stored, for example, as eggs, larvae in suspension cultures or in clay powder or adult nematodes, e.g., in clay powder. Nematodes can be held in the refrigerator (2-6°C) until use for up to 4 weeks and can be reactivated by suspension in warm water (>12°C).
- Entomopathogenic nematodes can be mass-produced by in-vivo or in-vitro methods. Larvae of Galleria mellonella are most commonly used to rear nematodes because of their commercial availability. Several researchers (Dutky et al. 1964, Howell 1979, Lindegren et al. 1993, Flanders et al. 1996) have described the methods of nematode infection, inoculation, and harvesting. Using the in-vivo process, yields between 0.5x10 5 - 4x10 5 infective juveniles, depending on the nematode species, have been obtained.
- the nematodes are impregnated onto moist carrier substrates providing substantial interstitial spaces leading to increased gas exchange.
- moist carrier substrates include polyether polyurethane sponge, cedar shavings, peat, vermiculite, etc.
- Nematodes held on the sponge need to be hand-squeezed into water before application, whereas from the other carriers they may be applied directly to the soil as mulch (Neotropical Entomology, vol.30, no.2, Londrina, June 2001, ISSN 1519-566X).
- a bioassay to determine nematode viability is described, e.g., in Simser (J. of Nematology 24(3):374-378; 1992).
- the preferred application rate of bacteria as biological control agent in particular of spores of the bacteria (1.26a), namely B. subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24, lies in the range of 0, 1 to 3 kg/ha.
- yeasts as biological control agent, in particular the yeast Pseudozyma floccu- losalies in the range of 0,05 to 8 kg/ha.
- the preferred application rate of protozoa, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control agents lies in the range of 0,5 to 10 kg/ha.
- the active compound combination (A and the biological control agent (B) selected from bacteria, in particular spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin on horticultural crops, such as cotton, flax, grapevines, fruit, vegetable, such as Rosaceae sp.
- pomaceous fruit such as apples and pears, but also stone fruit, such as apricots, cherries, almonds and peaches and soft fruit such as strawberries
- Ribesioi- dae sp. Juglandaceae sp.
- Betulaceae sp. Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp., Ac- tinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Musaceae sp. (for example banana trees and plantations), Rubiaceae sp.
- Poaceae sp. for example sugarcane
- Asteraceae sp. for example sunflowers
- Brassicaceae sp. for example white cabbage, red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflowers, Brussels sprouts, pak choi, turnip cabbage, garden radish, and also oilseed rape, mustard, horseradish and cress
- Fabacae sp. for example beans, peas, peanuts
- Papilionaceae sp. for example soya beans
- Solanaceae sp. for example potatoes), Chenopodiaceae sp.
- the compound (A) and the biological control agent (B) selected from bacteria, in particular spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and ento- mopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin on horticultural crops as well as broad acre crops such as cotton, corn, soybean, cereals, canola, oil seed rape, sugar cane and rice.
- bacteria in particular spore-forming bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoas, viruses, and ento- mopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin on horticultural crops as well as broad acre crops such as cotton, corn, soybean, cereals, canola, oil seed rape, sugar cane and rice.
- the invention relates to a method of controlling insects, nematodes or phytopathogens, characterized in that the active compound combinations according to the invention are applied to the insects, nematodes or phytopathogens or their habitat.
- compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin as solo-formulation or combined-formulations by the ultra-low volume method, or to inject the compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin as a composition or as sole- formulations into the soil (in-furrow).
- biological control agent in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganism
- carrier is to be understood as meaning a natural or synthetic, organic or inorganic substance which is mixed or combined with the active compound combination for better applicability, in particular for application to plants or plant parts or seeds.
- the carrier which may be solid or liquid, is generally inert and should be suitable for use in agriculture.
- Suitable solid or liquid carriers are: for example ammonium salts and natural ground minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral oils and vegetable oils, and also derivatives thereof. It is also possible to use mixtures of such carriers.
- natural ground minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth
- ground synthetic minerals such as finely divided silica, alumina and natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizers, water, alcohols, especially butanol, organic solvents, mineral oils and vegetable oils, and also derivatives thereof. It is also possible to use mixtures of such carriers.
- Tackiflers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules and latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, or else natural phospholipids, such as cephalitis and lecithins and synthetic phospholipids can be used in the formulations.
- Other possible additives are mineral and vegetable oils and waxes, optionally modified.
- compositions according to the invention may comprise additional further components, such as, for example, surfactants.
- Suitable surfactants are emulsifiers, dispersants or wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of these surfactants. Examples of these are salts of polyacrylic acid, salts of lignosul- phonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably alkyl taurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or phenols, fatty esters of polyols, and derivatives of the compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates.
- the presence of a surfactant is required if one of the active compounds
- colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian blue, and organic dyes, such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and trace nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
- inorganic pigments for example iron oxide, titanium oxide, Prussian blue
- organic dyes such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes
- trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
- additional components may also be present, for example protective colloids, binders, ad- hesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants, stabilizers, sequestering agents, complex formers.
- the active compounds can be combined with any solid or liquid additive customarily used for formulation purposes.
- the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention can be used as such or, depending on their respective physical or chemical properties, in the form of their formulations or the use forms prepared therefrom, such as aerosols, capsule suspensions, cold- fogging concentrates, warm- fogging concentrates, encapsulated granules, fine granules, flowable concentrates for the treatment of seed, ready-to-use solutions, dustable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, macro- granules, microgranules, oil-dispersible powders, oil-miscible flowable concentrates, oil-miscible liquids, foams, pastes, pesticide-coated seed, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsion concentrates, soluble concentrates, suspensions, wettable powders, soluble powders, dusts and granules, water-soluble granules or tablets, water-soluble powders for the treatment of seed
- compositions according to the invention do not only comprise ready-to-use compositions which can be applied with suitable apparatus to the plant or the seed, but also commercial concentrates which have to be diluted with water prior to use.
- the active compound combinations according to the invention can be present in (Bommercial) formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations as a mixture with other (known) active compounds, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and Semiochemicals.
- active compounds such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, fertilizers, safeners and Semiochemicals.
- the treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active compounds or compositions is carried out directly or by action on their surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treatment methods, for example by dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating, evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting, spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, furthermore as a powder for dry seed treatment, a solution for seed treatment, a water-soluble powder for slurry treatment, by incrusting, by coating with one or more layers, etc. It is furthermore possible to apply the active compounds by the ultra-low volume method, or to inject the active compound preparation or the active compound itself into the soil.
- the invention is directed to a method for protecting seeds comprising the step of simultaneously or sequentially applying compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin on a seed or a plant emerging from the seed.
- A Fluopyram
- B at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin on a seed or a plant emerging from the seed.
- the method is further called "seed treatment”.
- Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin as a combination is particularly suitable for treating seed.
- a large part of the damage to crop plants caused by harmful agricultural insects, nematodes or phytopathogens is triggered by an infection of the seed during storage or after sowing as well as during and after germination of the plant. This phase is particularly critical since the roots and shoots of the growing plant are particularly sensitive, and even small damage may result in a weak plant (unhealthy plant), reduced yield and even in the death of the plant.
- methods for the treatment of seed should also take into consideration the intrinsic insecticidal or fungicidal or nematicidal properties of plants in order to achieve optimum protection of the seed and the germinating plant with a minimum of agrochemicals being employed.
- the use or the method to use a compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin simultaneously or sequentially includes the following application methods, namely both before mentioned components may be formulated into a single, stable composition with an agriculturally acceptable shelf life (so called "solo-formulation”), or being combined before or at the time of use (so called “combined-formulations”),
- the invention furthermore comprises a method for treating seed.
- the invention furthermore relates to seed treated according to one of the methods described in the preceding paragraphs.
- the treatment can be carried out by applying the compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin as a solution, a powder (for dry seed treatment), a water-soluble powder (for slurry seed treatment), or by incrusting, by coating with one or more layers containing the compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1)
- the active compounds or compositions according to the invention are especially suitable for treating seed.
- a large part of the damage to crop plants caused by harmful organisms is triggered by an infection of the seed during storage or after sowing as well as during and after germination of the plant. This phase is particularly critical since the roots and shoots of the growing plant are particularly sensitive, and even small damage may result in the death of the plant. Accordingly, there is great interest in protecting the seed and the germinating plant by using appropriate compositions.
- the present invention also relates in particular to a method for protecting seed and germinating plants against attack by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens by treating the seed with a composition according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to the use of the compositions according to the invention for treating seed for protecting the seed and the germinating plant against insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- the invention relates to seed treated with a composition according to the invention for protection against insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- insects, nematodes or phytopathogens which damage plants post-emergence is carried out primarily by treating the soil and the above-ground parts of plants with crop protection compositions. Owing to the concerns regarding a possible impact of the crop protection composition on the environment and the health of humans and animals, there are efforts to reduce the amount of active compound combinations applied.
- compositions according to the invention treatment of the seed with these compositions not only protects the seed itself, but also the resulting plants after emergence, from insects insects, nematodes or phytopathogens. In this manner, the immediate treatment of the crop at the time of sowing or shortly thereafter can be dispensed with.
- the mixtures according to the invention can be used in particular also for transgenic seed where the plant growing from this seed is capable of expressing a protein which acts against insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention even by the expression of the, for example, insecticidal protein, certain insects, nematodes or phytopathogens may be controlled.
- a further synergistic effect may be observed here, which additionally increases the effectiveness of the protection against attack by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- compositions according to the invention are suitable for protecting seed of any plant variety employed in agriculture, in the greenhouse, in forests or in horticulture or viticulture.
- this takes the form of seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye, triticale, millet, oats), maize (Born), cotton, soya bean, rice, potatoes, sunflowers, beans, coffee, beets (e.g. sugar beets and fodder beets), peanuts, oilseed rape, poppies, olives, coconuts, cacao, sugar cane, sorghum, tobacco, vegetables (such as tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and lettuce), lawn and ornamental plants (also see below).
- transgenic seed As also described further below, the treatment of transgenic seed with the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention is of particular importance.
- the heterologous gene in transgenic seed can originate, for example, from microorganisms of the species Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium.
- this heterologous gene is from Bacillus sp., the gene product having activity against the European corn borer or the Western corn rootworm.
- the heterologous gene originates from Bacillus thuringiensis.
- the amount of the composition according to the invention applied to the seed or the amount of further additives is chosen in such a way that the germination of the seed is not adversely affected, or that the resulting plant is not damaged. This must be borne in mind in particular in the case of active compounds which may have phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
- compositions according to the invention can be applied directly, that is to say without comprising further components and without having been diluted.
- suitable formulations and methods for the treatment of seed are known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the following documents: US 4,272,417, US 4,245,432, US 4,808,430, US 5,876,739, US 2003/0176428 Al, WO 2002/080675, WO 2002/028186.
- the active compound combinations which can be used according to the invention can be converted into customary seed dressing formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders, foams, slurries or other coating materials for seed, and also ULV formulations.
- formulations are prepared in a known manner by mixing the active compounds or active compound combinations with customary additives, such as, for example, customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, defoamers, preservatives, secondary thickeners, ad- hesives, gibberellins and water as well.
- customary additives such as, for example, customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, defoamers, preservatives, secondary thickeners, ad- hesives, gibberellins and water as well.
- Suitable colorants that may be present in the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention include all colorants customary for such purposes. Use may be made both of pigments, of sparing solubility in water, and of dyes, which are soluble in water. Examples that may be mentioned include the colorants known under the designations Rhodamine B, C.I. Pigment Red 112, and C.I. Solvent Red 1.
- Suitable wetting agents that may be present in the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention include all substances which promote wetting and are customary in the formulation of active agrochemical substances. With preference it is possible to use alkylnaphthalene-sulphonates, such as diiso- propyl- or diisobutylnaphthalene-sulphonates.
- Defoamers that may be present in the seed dressing formulations to be used according to the invention include all foam-inhibiting compounds which are customary in the formulation of agrochemically active compounds. Preference is given to using silicone defoamers, magnesium stearate, silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, fatty acids and their salts and also organofluorine compounds and mixtures thereof.
- Suitable adhesives that may be present in the seed dressing formulations to be used according to the invention include all customary binders which can be used in seed dressings.
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose may be mentioned as being preferred.
- the gibberellins are known (Bf. R. Wegler "Chemie der convinced für Schweizer- and Schad- [Chemistry of Crop Protection Agents and Pesticides], Vol. 2, Springer Verlag, 1970, pp. 401-412).
- the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention may be used directly or after dilution with water beforehand to treat seed of any of a very wide variety of types.
- the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention or their dilute preparations may also be used to dress seed of transgenic plants.
- synergistic effects may also arise in interaction with the substances formed by expression.
- Suitable mixing equipment for treating seed with the seed dressing formulations which can be used according to the invention or the preparations prepared from them by adding water includes all mixing equipment which can commonly be used for dressing.
- the specific procedure adopted when dressing comprises introducing the seed into a mixer, adding the particular desired amount of seed dressing formulation, either as it is or following dilution with water beforehand, and carrying out mixing until the formulation is uniformly distributed on the seed.
- a drying operation follows.
- the active compounds or compositions according to the invention have strong bactericidal or fungicidal or insecticidal or nematicidal activity and can be used for controlling insects, nematodes or phytopathogens in crop protection and material protection.
- fungicides can be used for controlling phytopathogens like Plasmodiophoromycetes, Oo- mycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.
- bactericides can be used for controlling phytopathogens Pseudomonadaceae, Rhi- zobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
- the fungicidal or insecticidal or nematicidal compositions according to the invention can be used for the curative or protective control of insects, nematodes or phytopathogens. Accordingly, the invention also relates to curative and protective methods for controlling insects, nematodes or phytopathogens using the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention, which are applied to the seed, the plant or plant parts, the fruit or the soil in which the plants grow. Preference is given to application onto the plant or the plant parts, the fruits or the soil in which the plants grow.
- compositions according to the invention for controlling insects, nematodes or phytopathogens in crop protection comprise an active, but non-phytotoxic amount of the compounds according to the invention.
- Active, but non-phytotoxic amount shall mean an amount of the composition according to the invention which is sufficient to control or to completely kill the plant disease caused by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens, which amount at the same time does not exhibit noteworthy symptoms of phytotoxicity.
- These application rates generally may be varied in a broader range, which rate depends on several factors, e.g. the insects, nematodes or phytopathogens, the plant or crop, the climatic conditions and the ingredients of the composition according to the invention.
- Plants are to be understood here as meaning all plants and plant populations, such as wanted and unwanted wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants).
- Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including plant cultivars which can or cannot be protected by plant variety protection rights.
- Parts of plants are to be understood as meaning all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of the plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples which may be mentioned being leaves, needles, stems, trunks, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits and seeds and also roots, tubers and rhizomes.
- the active compounds or active compound combinations of the invention in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing the harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material. They may be preferably employed as crop protection agents. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
- plants and their parts are treated.
- wild plant species and plant cultivars or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and parts thereof, are treated.
- transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (genetically modified organisms), and parts thereof are treated.
- the terms "parts”, “parts of plants” and “plant parts” have been explained above.
- plants of the plant cultivars which are in each case commercially available or in use are treated according to the invention.
- Plant cultivars are to be understood as meaning plants having novel properties ("traits") which have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. These can be cultivars, bio- or genotypes.
- the treatment according to the invention may also result in super-additive ("synergistic") effects.
- super-additive for example, reduced application rates or a widening of the activity spectrum or an increase in the activity of the active compound combinations and compositions which can be used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability or processability of the harvested products are possible, which exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
- the active compound combinations according to the invention may also have a strengthening effect in plants. Accordingly, they are also suitable for mobilizing the defense system of the plant against attack by unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/ or microorganisms or viruses. This may, if appropriate, be one of the reasons of the enhanced activity of the active compound combinations according to the invention, for example against fungi.
- Plant-strengthening (resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning, in the present context, those substances or combinations of substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with unwanted phytopathogenic fungi or microorganisms or viruses, the treated plants display a substantial degree of resistance to these phytopathogenic fungi or microorganisms or viruses,
- the substances according to the invention can be employed for protecting plants against attack by the abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the treatment.
- the period of time within which protection is effected generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after the treatment of the plants with the active compounds or active compound combinations.
- Plants and plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which have genetic material which impart particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants (whether obtained by breeding or biotechnological means).
- Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be treated according to the invention are resistant against one or more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses or viroids.
- Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses.
- Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozon exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade avoidance.
- Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are those plants characterized by enhanced yield characteristics. Increased yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency and accelerated maturation.
- Yield can furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to, early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance.
- Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability.
- Plants that may be treated according to the invention are hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor, health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stress factors. Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male- fertile parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by detasseling, i.e. the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of genetic determinants in the plant genome.
- a particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as barstar.
- Herbicide-tolerant plants are for example glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant to glyphosate through different means.
- glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the plant with a gene encoding the enzyme 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3 -phosphate synthase (EPSPS).
- EPSPS 5- enolpyruvylshikimate-3 -phosphate synthase
- Examples of such EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium sp, the genes encoding a Petunia EPSPS, a Tomato EPSPS, or an Eleusine EPSPS.
- hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase HPPD
- Hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenases are enzymes that catalyze the reaction in which para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed into homogentisate.
- Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors can be transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring resistant HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated HPPD enzyme.
- Still further herbicide resistant plants are plants that are made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors.
- ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidines, pyrim- idinyoxy(thio)benzoates, or sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides.
- Different mutations in the ALS enzyme also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS
- AHAS acetohydroxyacid synthase
- the production of sulfonylurea-tolerant plants and imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in WO 1996/033270. Other imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described. Further sulfonylurea- and imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described in for example WO 2007/024782.
- Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants, i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects. Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect resistance.
- secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or B. cereus, such as the binary toxin made up of the VTPIA and VIP2A proteins; or
- an insect-resistant transgenic plant also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 8.
- an insect- resistant plant contains more than one transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to 8, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using different proteins directed at different target insect species, or to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different receptor binding sites in the insect.
- plants which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene coding for a plant-functional enzyme of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage synthesis pathway including nicotinamidase, nicotinate phos- phoribosyltransferase, nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide phosphorybosyltransferase.
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage synthesis pathway including nicotinamidase, nicotinate phos- phoribosyltransferase, nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or nicotine amide phosphorybosyltransfera
- Plants or plant cultivars obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering which may also be treated according to the invention show altered quantity, quality or storage-stability of the harvested product or altered properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such as :
- transgenic plants which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers or which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers with altered properties in comparison to wild type plants without genetic modification.
- Examples are plants producing polyfructose, especially of the inulin and levan-type, plants producing alpha 1,4 glucans, plants producing alpha- 1,6 branched alpha- 1,4-glucans, plants producing alternan,
- Plants or plant cultivars which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton plants, with altered fiber characteristics.
- Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and include: a) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of cellulose synthase genes, b) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an altered form of rsw2 or rsw3 homologous nucleic acids, c) Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase, d) Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose synthase, e) Plants, such as cotton plants, wherein the timing of the plasmodesmatal gating at the basis of the fiber cell is altered, e.g.
- Plants such as cotton plants, having fibers with altered reactivity, e.g. through the expression of N- acteylglucosaminetransferase gene including nodC and chitinsynthase genes.
- Plants or plant cultivars that can be obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering
- plants which may also be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed rape or related Brassica plants, with altered oil profile characteristics.
- Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation or by selection of plants contain a mutation imparting such altered oil characteristics and include: a) Plants, such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a high oleic acid content, b) Plants such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low linolenic acid content, c) Plant such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low level of saturated fatty acids.
- transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants which comprise one or more genes which encode one or more toxins, such as the following which are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD® (for example maize, cotton, soya beans), KnockOut® (for example maize), BiteGard® (for example maize), Bt-Xtra® (for example maize), StarLink® (for example maize), Bollgard® (Bottom), Nucotn® (Bottom), Nucotn 33B®(Botton), NatureGard® (for example maize), Protecta® and NewLeaf® (potato).
- YIELD GARD® for example maize, cotton, soya beans
- KnockOut® for example maize
- BiteGard® for example maize
- Bt-Xtra® for example maize
- StarLink® for example maize
- Bollgard® Bollgard®
- Nucotn® Bottom
- Nucotn 33B® (Botton)
- NatureGard® for
- herbicide-tolerant plants examples include maize varieties, cotton varieties and soya bean varieties which are sold under the trade names Roundup Ready® (tolerance to glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soya bean), Liberty Link® (tolerance to phosphinotricin, for example oilseed rape), IMI® (tolerance to imidazolinones) and STS® (tolerance to sulphonylureas, for example maize).
- Herbicide-resistant plants plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance
- Clearfield® for example maize.
- Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (Bottom, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006/128569); Event 1143-51B (Bottom, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006/128570); Event 1445 (Botton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US2002120964 or WO2002/034946); Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9843, described in WO2010/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9844, described in WO2010/117735); Event 281-24-236 (Botton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in WO2005/103266 or US2005216969); Event 3006-210-23 (Botton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as P
- Event CE43-67B (Botton, insect control, deposited as DSM ACC2724, described in US2009217423 or WO2006/128573); Event CE44-69D (Botton, insect control, not deposited, described in US20100024077); Event CE44-69D (Botton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006/128571); Event CE46-02A (Botton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006/128572); Event COT102 (Botton, insect control, not deposited, described in US2006130175 or WO2004039986); Event COT202 (Botton, insect control, not deposited, described in US2007067868 or WO2005054479); Event COT203 (Botton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2005/054480); Event DAS40278 (Born, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA- 10244, described in WO2011/0224
- transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or combination of transformation events, that are listed for example in the databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies (see for example http://gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx and http://www.agbios.com/dbase.php).
- transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or combination of transformation events, are listed in table A
- Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants containing transformation events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are listed for example in the databases for various national or regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006/128569); Event 1143-51B (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006/128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US2002120964 or WO2002/034946); Event 17053 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9843, described in WO2010/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9844, described in WO2010/117735); Event 281-24-236 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in WO2005/103266 or US2005216969); Event 3006-210-23 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described
- the active compound combinations of the invention may be used for the protection of technical materials against infestation and destruction by insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- Technical materials are understood to be in the present context non-living materials that have been prepared for use in engineering.
- technical materials that are to be protected against micro-biological change or destruction by the active materials of the invention can be adhesives, glues, paper and cardboard, textiles, carpets, leather, wood, paint and plastic articles, cooling lubricants and other materials that can be infested or destroyed by micro-organisms.
- materials to be protected are also parts of production plants and buildings, for example cooling circuits, cooling and heating systems, air conditioning and ventilation systems, which can be adversely affected by the propagation of fungi or microorganisms.
- adhesives preferably mentioned as technical materials are adhesives, glues, paper and cardboard, leather, wood, paints, cooling lubricants and heat exchanger liquids, particularly preferred is wood.
- the combinations according to the invention can prevent disadvantageous effects like decaying, dis- and decoloring, or molding.
- the active compound combinations and compositions according to the invention can likewise be employed for protecting against colonization of objects, in particular ship hulls, sieves, nets, buildings, quays and signalling installations, which are in contact with sea water or brackish water.
- the method of treatment according to the invention can also be used in the field of protecting storage goods against attack of insects, nematodes or phytopathogens.
- the term "storage goods” is understood to denote natural substances of vegetable or animal origin and their processed forms, which have been taken from the natural life cycle and for which long-term protection is desired.
- Storage goods of vegetable origin such as plants or parts thereof, for example stalks, leafs, tubers, seeds, fruits or grains, can be protected in the freshly harvested state or in processed form, such as pre-dried, moistened, comminuted, ground, pressed or roasted.
- Insects are from the phylum Arthropoda, especially from the class Arachnida, for example, Acarus spp., Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia graminum, Bryobia praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Glycyphagus domesticus, Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus
- compositions according to the invention are particularly useful in controlling nematodes belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes, consisting of e.g. Aglenchus agricola, Anguina tritici, Aphelenchoides arachidis, Aphelenchoides fragaria and the stem and leaf endo- parasites Aphelenchoides spp. in general, Belonolaimus gracilis, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Belonolaimus nortoni, Bursaphelenchus eremus, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Bursaphelenchus spp.
- Hoplolaimus aegyptii Hoplolaimus californicus, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Hoplolaimus indicus, Hoplolaimus magnistylus, Hoplolaimus pararobustus, Longidorus africanus, Longidorus breviannulatus, Longidorus elongatus, Longidorus laevicapitatus, Longidorus vineacola and the ectoparasites Longidorus spp.
- Meloidogyne acronea Meloidogyne africana, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne are- naria thamesi, Meloidogyne artiella, Meloidogyne coffeicola, Meloidogyne ethi- opica, Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne graminicola, Meloidogyne graminis, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne incognita acrita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne kikuyensis, Meloidogyne naasi, Meloidogyne paranaensis, Meloidogyne thamesi and the sedentary
- Meloinema spp. Meloinema spp., Nacobbus aberrans, Neotylenchus vigissi, Paraphelenchus pseudo- parietinus, Paratrichodorus allius, Paratrichodorus lobatus, Paratrichodorus minor, Paratrichodorus nanus, Paratrichodorus porosus, Paratrichodorus teres and Paratrichodorus spp. in general, Paratylen- chus hamatus, Paratylenchus minutus, Paratylenchus projectus and Paratylenchus spp.
- the Appicacy of the compositions or combinations according to the invention is assessed by comparing the mortality of nematodes, the development of galls, the formation of cysts, the concentration of nematodes per volume of soil, of cysts, the concentration of nematodes per root, the number of nematode eggs per volume of soil, the motility of the nematodes between a plant, a plant part or the soil treated with a composition or combination according to the invention and the untreated plant, plant part or soil (100 %).
- Controlling nematodes shall mean the control of the reproduction of the nematodes (e.g. development of cysts or eggs).
- the compositions according to the invention can used for keeping the plants healthy and can be used curatively, preventively or systemically for controlling nematodes.
- the skilled person knows methods for determining the mortality of nematodes, the development of galls, the formation of cysts, the concentration of nematodes per volume of soil, of cysts, the concentration of nematodes per root, the number of nematode eggs per volume of soil, the motility of the nematodes between a plant, a plant part or the soil.
- the treatment according to the invention reduces the damages caused by nematodes to the plant and leads to an increase in yield.
- Nematodes encompass all species of the order Nematoda and in particular species that are parasitic or cause health problems to plant or to fungi (for example species of the orders Aphelenchida, Meloidogyne, Tylenchida and others) or to humans and animals (for example species of the orders Trichi- nellida, Tylenchida, Rhabditina, and Spirurida) as well as other parasitic helminths.
- fungi for example species of the orders Aphelenchida, Meloidogyne, Tylenchida and others
- humans and animals for example species of the orders Trichi- nellida, Tylenchida, Rhabditina, and Spirurida
- Plant nematodes refer to plant nematodes meaning plant parasitic nematodes that cause damage to plants.
- Plant nematodes encompass plant parasitic nematodes and nematodes living in the soil.
- Plant parasitic nematodes include, but are not limited to, ectoparasites such as Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp., and Trichodorus spp.; semiparasites such as Tylenchulus spp.; migratory endoparasites such as Pratylen- chus spp., Radopholus spp., and Scutellonerna spp.; sedentary parasites such as Heterodera spp., Globod- eral spp., and Meloidogyne spp., and stem and leaf endoparasites such as Ditylenchus spp., Aphelenchoides spp., and Hi
- Hoplolaimus aegyptii Hoplolaimus californicus, Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Hoplolaimus indicus, Hoplolaimus magnistylus, Hoplolaimus pararobustus, Longidorus africanus, Longidorus breviannulatus, Longidorus elongatus, Longidorus laevicapitatus, Longidorus vineacola and the ectoparasites Longidorus spp.
- Meloidogyne acronea Meloidogyne africana, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne arenaria thamesi, Meloidogyne artiella, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne coffeicola, Meloidogyne ethi- opica, Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne graminicola, Meloidogyne graminis, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne incognita acrita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne kikuyensis, Meloidogyne naasi, Meloidogyne paranaensis, Meloidogyne thamesi and the sedentary parasite
- Pratylenchus agilis in general, Pratylenchus agilis, Pratylenchus alleni, Pratylenchus andinus, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus cerealis, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus crenatus, Pratylenchus delattrei, Pratylenchus giibbicauda- tus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylenchus hamatus, Pratylenchus hexincisus, Pratylenchus loosi, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus teres, Pratylenchus thornei, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae and the
- Tylenchorhynchus agri in general, Tylenchorhynchus agri, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Tylenchorhynchus cla- rus, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus digitatus, Tylenchorhynchus ebriensis, Tylenchorhynchus maximus, Tylenchorhynchus nudus, Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris and Tylenchorhynchus spp. in general, Tylenchulus semipenetrans and the semiparasites Tylenchulus spp.
- nematodes to which a nematicide of the present invention is applicable include, but are not limited to, nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne such as the southern root-knot nematode ⁇ Meloidogyne incognita), Javanese root-knot nematode ⁇ Meloidogyne javanica), northern root-knot nematode ⁇ Meloidogyne hapla), and peanut root-knot nematode ⁇ Meloidogyne arenaria); nematodes of the genus Ditylenchus such as the potato rot nematode ⁇ Ditylenchus destructor) and bulb and stem nematode ⁇ Ditylenchus dip- saci); nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus such as the cob root-lesion nematode ⁇ Pratylenchus penetrans), chrysant
- Plants for which a nematicide of the present invention can be used are not particularly limited; for example, plants such as cereals (for example, rice, barley, wheat, rye, oat, corn, kaoliang 5 and the like), beans (soybean, azuki, bean, broad bean, peas, peanuts and the like), fruit trees/fruits (apples, citruses, pears, grapes, peaches, Japanese apricots, cherries, walnuts, almonds, bananas, strawberries and the like), vegetables (cabbage, tomato, spinach, broccoli, lettuce, onion, Welsh onion, pepper and the like), root crops (carrot, potato, sweet potato, radish, lotus root, turnip and the like), industrial crops (cotton, hemp, paper mulberry, mitsumata, rape, beet, hop, sugarcane, sugar beet, olive, rubber, coffee, tobacco, tea and the like), pepos (pumpkin, cucumber, watermelon, melon and the like), pasture
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in coffee belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytopara- sitic nematodes consisting of Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Meloidogyne exigua, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne coffeicola, Helicotylenchus spp. and also consisting of Meloidogyne paranaensis, Rotylenchus spp., Xiphinema spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Scutellonema spp.
- Active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in tomato belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes consisting of Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus penetrans and also consisting of Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus vulnus, Paratrichodorus minor, Meloidogyne exigua, Nacobbus aberrans, Globodera solanacearum, Dolichodorus heterocephalus, Rotylenchulus reniformis.
- the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes consisting of Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloi
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in cucurbits belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes consisting of Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis and also consisting of Pratylenchus thornei.
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in cotton belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes consisting of Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Meloidogyne incognita, Hoplolaimus colum- bus, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Rotylenchulus reniformis.
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in corn belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes, especially consisting of Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Paratrichodorus minor and also consisting of Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus delattrei, Pratylenchus hexincisus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus zeae, (Belonolaimus gracilis), Belonolaimus nortoni, Longidorus breviannulatus, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne arenaria thamesi, Meloidogyne graminis, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne incognita acrita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloi
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are very particularly useful in controlling nematodes in soybean belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes, especially consisting of Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus scribneri, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Hoplolaimus columbus and also consisting of Pratylenchus coffeae, Pratylenchus hexincisus, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus crenatus, Pratylenchus alleni, Pratylenchus agilis, Pratylenchus zeae, Pratylenchus vulnus, (Belonolaimus gracilis), Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogy
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in tobacco belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes, especially consisting of Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and also consisting of Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus hexincisus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus crenatus, Pratylenchus thornei, Pratylenchus vulnus, Pratylenchus zeae, Longidorus elongatu, Paratrichodorus lobatus, Trichodorus spp., Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne hapla, Globodera tabacum, Globodera solanacearum, Globodera virginia
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in banana belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytopar- asitic nematodes, especially consisting of Pratylenchus coffeae, Radopholus similis and also consisting of Pratylenchus giibbicaudatus, Pratylenchus loosi, Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Rotylenchulus spp.
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in pine apple belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phyto- parasitic nematodes, especially consisting of Pratylenchus zeae, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus goodeyi., Meloidogyne spp., Rotylenchulus reniformis and also consisting of Longidorus elongatus, Longidorus laevicapitatus, Trichodorus primitivus, Trichodorus minor, Heterodera spp., Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Hoplolaimus californicus, Hoplolaimus pararobustus, Hoplolaimus in- dicus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus nannus, Helicotylenchus multicinct
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in grapes belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytopara- sitic nematodes, especially consisting of Pratylenchus vulnus, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema index and also consisting of Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus scribneri, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus thornei, Tylenchulus semipenetrans.
- Pratylenchus vulnus consisting of Pratylenchus vulnus, Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Xiphinem
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in tree crops - pome fruits, belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes, especially consisting of Pratylenchus penetrans and also consisting of Pratylenchus vulnus, Longidorus elongatus, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne hapla.
- the active compound combinations and compositions of the present invention is/are particularly useful in controlling nematodes in tree crops - nuts, belonging to at least one species selected from the group of the phytoparasitic nematodes, especially consisting of Trichodorus spp., Criconemella rusium and also consisting of Pratylenchus vulnus, Paratrichodorus spp., Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Cacopaurus pestis.
- nematodes refer to nematodes which cause damage to humans or animals.
- Trichinellida for example: Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Trichomosoides spp., Trichinella spp. From the order of the Tylenchida for example: Micronema spp., Strongyloides spp.
- helminths include platyhelmin- tha (e.g. monogenea, cestodes and trematodes), acanthocephala, and pentastoma.
- platyhelmin- tha e.g. monogenea, cestodes and trematodes
- acanthocephala e.g. acanthocephala
- pentastoma e.g. monogenea, cestodes and trematodes
- the following helminths may be mentioned by way of example and by way of preference - but without any limitation:
- Monogenea e.g.: Gyrodactylus spp., Dactylogyrus spp., Polystoma spp.
- Acantocephala From the order of the Oligacanthorhynchida z.B: Macracanthorhynchus spp., Prosthenor- chis spp.; from the order of the Polymorphida for example: Filicollis spp.; from the order of the Monili- formida for example: Moniliformis spp.,
- Pentastoma From the order of the Porocephalida for example Linguatula spp.
- the administration of the active compounds according to the invention is carried out in the known manner directly or enterally, parenterally, dermally or nasally in the form of suitable preparations. Administration can be carried out prophylactically or therapeutically.
- phytopathogens of fungal diseases which can be treated by the combination according to the invention comprising compound (A) Fluopyram and (B) at least one biological control agent may be mentioned by way of example, but not by way of limitation:
- Rust Diseases such as Gymnosporangium diseases caused for example by Gymnosporangium sabinae; Hemileia diseases caused for example by Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora diseases caused for example by Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae; Puccinia diseases caused for example by Puccinia recon- dita, Puccinia graminis or Puccinia striiformis; Uromyces diseases caused for example by Uromyces appen- diculatus;
- Oomycete Diseases such as Albugo diseases caused for example by Albugo Candida; Bremia diseases caused for example by Bremia lactucae; Peronospora diseases caused for example by Peronospora pisi and Perono- spora brassicae; Phytophthora diseases caused for example by Phytophthora infestans;
- Plasmopara diseases caused for example by Plasmopara viticola; Pseudoperonospora diseases caused for example by Pseudoperonospora humuli and Pseudoperonospora cubensis; Pythium diseases caused for example by Pythium ultimum;
- Leaf spot, Leaf blotch and Leaf Blight Diseases such as Alternaria diseases caused for example by Alternaria solani; Cercospora diseases caused for example by Cercospora beticola; Cladiosporium diseases caused for example by Cladiosporium cucumerinum; Cochliobolus diseases caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus (Bonidiaform: Drechslera, Syn: Helminthosporium) or Cochliobolus miyabeanus; Colletotrichum diseases caused for example by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum; Cycloconium diseases caused for example by Cy- cloconium oleaginum; Diaporthe diseases caused for example by Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe diseases caused for example by Elsinoe fawcettii; Gloeosporium diseases caused for example by Gloeosporium laeticolor; Glo- merella diseases caused for example by Glomerella cingulata; Guignardi
- Root-, Sheath and Stem Diseases such as Corticium diseases caused for example by Corticium graminearum; Fusarium diseases caused for example by Fusarium oxysporum; Gaeumannomyces diseases caused for example by Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia diseases caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani; Saro- cladium diseases caused for example by Sarocladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for example by Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia diseases caused for example by Tapesia acuformis; Thielaviopsis diseases caused for example by Thielaviopsis basicola;
- Ear and Panicle Diseases including Maize cob such as Alternaria diseases caused for example by Alternaria spp.; Aspergillus diseases caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium diseases caused for example by Cladiosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps diseases caused for example by Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium diseases caused for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella diseases caused for example by Gibberella zeae; Monographella diseases caused for example by Monographella nivalis;
- Smut- and Bunt Diseases such as Sphacelotheca diseases caused for example by Sphacelotheca reiliana; Til- letia diseases caused for example by Tilletia caries; Urocystis diseases caused for example by Urocystis occulta; Ustilago diseases caused for example by Ustilago nuda;
- Fruit Rot and Mould Diseases such as Aspergillus diseases caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis diseases caused for example by Botrytis cinerea; PeniciUium diseases caused for example by PeniciUium expansum and PeniciUium purpurogenum; Rhizopus diseases caused by example by Rhizopus stolonifer Sclerotinia diseases caused for example by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Verticillium diseases caused for example by Verticillium alboatrum;
- Leaf Blister or Leaf Curl Diseases including deformation of blooms and fruits such as Exobasidium diseases caused for example by Exobasidium vexans.
- Decline Diseases of Wooden Plants such as Esca disease caused for example by Phaeomoniella clamydo- spora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Fomitiporia mediterranea; Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma boninense; Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus lignosus
- Botrytis diseases of Flowers and Seeds such as Botrytis diseases caused for example by Botrytis cinerea;
- Rhizoctonia diseases caused for example by Rhizoctonia solani
- Helminthospori- um diseases caused for example by Helminthosporium solani
- Bacterial Organisms such as Xanthomonas species for example Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae; Pseudomonas species for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Erwinia species for example Erwinia amylovora.
- phytophthora rot (Phytophthora megasperma), brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata), pythium rot (Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregu- lare, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum), rhizoctonia root rot, stem decay, and damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), sclerotinia stem decay (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), sclerotinia Southern blight (Sclerotinia rolfsii), thielaviopsis root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola).
- Phytopathogens capable of degrading or changing the industrial materials are, for example, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and slime organisms.
- the active compound combinations or compositions according to the invention preferably act against phytopathogens, in particular moulds, wood- discolouring and wood-destroying fungi (Basidiomycetes) and against slime organisms and algae, phytopathogens of the following genera may be mentioned as examples: Alternaria, such as Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium, such as Chaetomium globosum, Coniophora, such as Co- niophora puetana, Lentinus, such as Lentinus tigrinus, Penicillium, such as Penicillium glaucum, Polyporus, such as Polyporus versicolor, Aureobasidium, such as Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma, such as Sclerophom
- the combination comprising (A) Fluopyram, (B) a spore- forming bacterium of the genera Bacillus, and (B) a biological control agent, in particular bacteria, fungi or yeasts, protozoa, viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes, inoculants, botanicals and products produced by microorganisms including proteins or secondary metabolites, particularly (B8.1) Harpin according to the invention also have very good antimycotic activity.
- foliar treatment • for treatment of part of plants, e.g. leaves (foliar treatment): from 0.01 to 10,000 g/ha, preferably from 50 to 1,000 g/ha, more preferably from 100 to 750g/ha; in case of drench or drip application, the dose can even be reduced, especially while using inert substrates like rockwool or perlite;
- compositions according to the invention on growing plants or plant parts can also be used to protect plants or plant parts after harvesting.
- post-harvest and storage diseases may be caused for example by the following fungi: Colletotrichum spp., e.g. Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum coc- codes; Fusarium spp., e.g. Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Fusarium ox- ysporum; Verticillium spp., e.g. Verticillium theobromae; Nigrospora spp.; Botrytis spp., e.g.
- Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum
- Gloeosporium spp. e.g. Gloeosporium album, Gloeosporium perennans, Gloeosporium fructigenum, Gloeosporium singulata
- Phlyctaena spp. e.g. Phlyctaena vagabunda
- Cylindrocarpon spp. e.g. Cylindrocarpon mali
- Stemphyllium spp. e.g. Stemphyllium vesicarium
- Phacydi- opycnis spp. e.g.
- post-harvest storage disorders are for example scald, scorch, softening, senescent breakdown, lenticel spots, bitter pit, browning, water core, vascular breakdown, CO2 injury, CO2 deficiency and O2 deficiency.
- compositions according to the invention may also be used to reduce the contents of mycotoxins in plants and the harvested plant material and therefore in foods and animal feed stuff made therefrom Especially but not exclusively the following mycotoxins can be specified: Deoxynivalenole (DON), Nivalenole, 15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON, T2- und HT2- Toxins, Fumonisines, Zearalenone Monili- formine, Fusarine, Diaceotoxyscirpenole (DAS), Beauvericine, Enniatine, Fusaroproliferine, Fusarenole, Ochratoxines, Patuline, Ergotalkaloides und Aflatoxines, which are caused for example by the following fungal diseases: Fusarium spec, like Fusarium acuminatum, F.
- DON Deoxynivalenole
- Nivalenole Nivalenole
- 15-Ac-DON 15-Ac-DON
- a synergistic effect of the combinations according to the invention is always present when the fungicidal or nematicidal or nematicidal activity of the active compound combinations exceeds the total of the activities of the active compounds when applied individually.
- the expected activity for a given combination of two active compounds can be calculated as follows (Bf. Colby, S.R., "Calculating Synergistic and Antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations", Weeds 1967, 15, 20-22):
- X is the efficacy when active compound A is applied at an application rate of m ppm (or g/ha),
- Y is the efficacy when active compound B is applied at an application rate of n ppm (or g/ha),
- Z is the efficacy when employing active compound C at an application rate of r ppm (or g/ha), is the efficacy when the active compounds A and B (or A and C, or B and C) are applied at application rates of m and n (or m and r, or n and r) ppm (or g/ha), respectively, and is the efficacy when employing active compounds A and B and C at application rates of m and n and r ppm (or g/ha),
- the degree of efficacy, expressed in % is denoted. 0 % means an efficacy which corresponds to that of the control while an efficacy of 100 % means that no disease is observed.
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Abstract
La présente invention concerne des associations de composés actifs permettant de limiter les dommages subis par des plantes et des parties de plantes, ainsi que les pertes enregistrées au niveau de récoltes de fruits ou de légumes, sous l'effet d'insectes, de nématodes ou d'agents phytopathogènes. Lesdites associations ont une activité fongicide, nématicide ou insecticide, cela comprenant une quelconque combinaison de ces trois activités, notamment au sein d'une composition, contenant (A) du fluopyrame et (B) un agent de lutte biologique correspondant, en particulier, à une bactérie, un champignon ou une levure, à un protozoaire, à un virus, à un nématode entomopathogène, à un inoculat, à une substance d'origine végétale et à un produit généré par des microorganismes dont, par exemple, une protéine ou un métabolite secondaire. L'invention concerne, en outre, un procédé de lutte curative ou préventive contre des insectes, des nématodes ou des agents phytopathogènes au niveau d'une plante, de parties de plantes, de récoltes de fruits ou de légumes, l'utilisation d'une combinaison selon l'invention en vue du traitement de semences, un procédé de protection d'une semence, de même que la semence ainsi traitée.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13700767.0A EP2806739A1 (fr) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-01-22 | Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologique |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12152490 | 2012-01-25 | ||
| EP12152992 | 2012-01-30 | ||
| PCT/EP2013/051111 WO2013110594A1 (fr) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-01-22 | Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologique |
| EP13700767.0A EP2806739A1 (fr) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-01-22 | Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2806739A1 true EP2806739A1 (fr) | 2014-12-03 |
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ID=47594777
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13700767.0A Withdrawn EP2806739A1 (fr) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-01-22 | Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologique |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150011389A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2806739A1 (fr) |
| AR (1) | AR089789A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013110594A1 (fr) |
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- 2013-01-22 EP EP13700767.0A patent/EP2806739A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-01-22 WO PCT/EP2013/051111 patent/WO2013110594A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-01-23 AR ARP130100207A patent/AR089789A1/es unknown
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113462599A (zh) * | 2021-07-01 | 2021-10-01 | 云南大学 | 一种包含植物源成分和微生物源成分的生物制剂及其在防治植物线虫病中的应用 |
| CN113462599B (zh) * | 2021-07-01 | 2022-07-15 | 云南大学 | 一种包含植物源成分和微生物源成分的生物制剂及其在防治植物线虫病中的应用 |
| CN117004508A (zh) * | 2023-05-22 | 2023-11-07 | 湖北同光生物科技有限公司 | 一种芽孢杆菌复合菌剂及其在柑橘病害防控中的应用 |
| CN117004508B (zh) * | 2023-05-22 | 2024-02-09 | 湖北同光生物科技有限公司 | 一种芽孢杆菌复合菌剂及其在柑橘病害防控中的应用 |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2013110594A1 (fr) | 2013-08-01 |
| US20150011389A1 (en) | 2015-01-08 |
| AR089789A1 (es) | 2014-09-17 |
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