Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K11/00—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent
  • C09K11/06—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing organic luminescent materials
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B5/00—Dyes with an anthracene nucleus condensed with one or more heterocyclic rings with or without carbocyclic rings
  • C09B5/62—Cyclic imides or amidines of peri-dicarboxylic acids of the anthracene, benzanthrene, or perylene series
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B57/00—Other synthetic dyes of known constitution
  • C09B57/001—Pyrene dyes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
  • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
  • H10F77/12—Active materials
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
  • H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
  • H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
  • H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
  • H10K85/636—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising heteroaromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
  • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
  • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
  • H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
  • H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
  • H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
  • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
  • H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
  • H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
  • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
  • H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
  • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds of the formulae la, lb and Ic
• A is -COOM, -SOsM or -P0 3 M
• M is hydrogen, an alkali metal cation or [NR ' ] 4+
• R ' is hydrogen or alkyl, where the R' radicals may be the same or different
• B is Ci-C6-alkylene or 1 ,4-phenylene, where the phenylene radical may be mono- or polysubstituted by alkyl, nitro, cyano and/or halogen, is a chemical single bond or a bridge of the formula
• -(Het)Ar- or -(Het)Ar-(Het)Ar- which may be mono- or polysubstituted by phenyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio and/or -NR 4 R 5 and in which (Het)Ar is aryl or hetaryl which may be fused to saturated or unsaturated 5- to 18-membered rings which may comprise heteroatoms, where, in the case of two (Het)Ar, these may be the same or different, is 0 or 1 , are each independently radicals of the formula lla, lib or lie
• (Ha) (lib) is phenyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or -NR 6 R 7 , X is C(R 8 R 9 ) 2 , NR 10 , oxygen or sulfur, are each independently hydrogen, alkyl whose carbon chain may be interrupted by one or more -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO- and/or -SO2- moieties, or aryl or hetaryl, each of which may be mono- or polysubstituted by alkyl, alkoxy and/or alkylthio,
• P is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5
• Y is NR 11 or sulfur
• R 11 is hydrogen, alkyl whose carbon chain may be interrupted by one or
• the present invention further relates to the use of compounds of the formulae la, lb and lc or mixtures of compounds of the formulae la, lb and lc and/or isomers thereof or mixtures of isomers of the compounds of the formulae la, lb and lc as photosensitizers in solar cells and photodetectors, and to solar cells and photodetectors comprising compounds of the formulae la, lb and lc or mixtures of compounds of the formulae la, lb and lc and/or isomers thereof or mixtures of isomers of the compounds of the formulae la, lb and lc photosensitizers.
• the direct conversion of solar energy to electrical energy in solar cells is based on the internal photoeffect of a semiconductor material, i.e. the generation of electron-hole pairs by absorption of photons and the separation of the negative and positive charge carriers at a p-n junction or a Schottky contact.
• the photovoltage thus generated can bring about a photocurrent in an external circuit, through which the solar cell delivers its power.
• the semiconductor can absorb only those photons which have an energy which is greater than its band gap.
• the size of the semiconductor band gap thus determines the fraction of sunlight which can be converted to electrical energy.
• Thin layers or films of metal oxides are known to constitute inexpensive solid semiconductor materials (n-semiconductors), but their absorption, owing to large band gaps, is typically not within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• the metal oxides therefore have to be combined with a photosensitizer which absorbs in the wavelength range of sunlight, i.e. at from 300 to 2000 nm, and, in the electronically excited state, injects electrons into the conduction band of the semiconductor.
• solar cells comprise monomolecular films of transition metal complexes, especially ruthenium complexes, which are bonded to the titanium dioxide layer via acid groups, as sensitizers and iodine/iodide redox systems present in dissolved form or amorphous organic p-conductors based on spirobifluorenes. Also proposed repeatedly as sensitizers, not least for reasons of cost, have been metal-free organic dyes.
• US-A-6 359 21 1 describes, for this purpose, cyanine, oxazine, thiazine and acridine dyes which have carboxyl groups bonded via an alkylene radical for securing to the titanium dioxide semiconductor.
• Dyes with naphthalene monoimide anchor groups are described in the document WO 2008/132103 A1 , but these compounds absorb in the short-wave spectral region of sunlight (absolute maximum at about 450 nm) and are therefore unsuitable for efficient absorption and conversion of sunlight.
• Perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid derivatives as sensitizers are examined in Japanese documents JP-A-10-189065, 2000-243463, 2001 -093589, 2000-100484 and 10-334954, and in New J. Chem. 26, p. 1 155-1 160 (2002).
• the liquid electrolyte solar cells based on these perylene derivatives exhibited much lower efficiencies than a solar cell sensitized with a ruthenium complex for comparison.
• aryl is especially a radical with a base skeleton of 6 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms, which is formed from one aromatic ring or a plurality of fused aromatic rings.
• Suitable base skeletons are, for example, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl or phenanthrenyl. This base skeleton may be unsubstituted, which means that all carbon atoms which are substitutable bear hydrogen atoms, or substituted at one, more than one or all substitutable positions of the base skeleton.
• Suitable substituents are, for example, alkyl radicals, preferably alkyl radicals having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably methyl, ethyl, i-propyl or t- butyl, aryl radicals, preferably C6-aryl radicals, which may in turn be substituted or unsubstituted, heteroaryl radicals, preferably heteroaryl radicals which comprise at least one nitrogen atom, more preferably pyridyl radicals, alkenyl radicals, preferably alkenyl radicals which bear a double bond, more preferably alkenyl radicals with one double bond and 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or groups with donor or acceptor action.
• Groups with donor action are understood to mean groups which have a +l and/or +M effect
• groups with acceptor action are understood to mean groups which have a -I and/or -M effect.
• Suitable groups with donor or acceptor action are halogen radicals, preferably F, CI, Br, more preferably F, alkyl radicals, alkoxy radicals, aryloxy radicals, carbonyl radicals, ester radicals, amine radicals, amide radicals, ChbF groups, CHF2 groups, CF3 groups, CN groups, thio groups or SCN groups.
• the aryl radicals most preferably bear substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, iso- propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, aryloxy, amine, thio groups and alkoxy, or the aryl radicals are unsubstituted.
• the aryl radical or the aryl group is preferably a phenyl radical which is optionally substituted by at least one of the aforementioned substituents.
• the phenyl radical more preferably has none, one, two or three of the aforementioned substituents.
• hetaryl is a radical which has 5 to 30, preferably 5 to 18, carbon atoms and heteroatoms and differs from the aforementioned aryl radicals in that at least one carbon atom in the base skeleton of the aryl radicals is replaced by a heteroatom.
• Preferred heteroatoms are N, O and S.
• one or two carbon atoms of the base skeleton of the aryl radicals are replaced by heteroatoms.
• the base skeleton is especially preferably selected from systems such as pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl and triazolyl, and five-membered heteroaromatics such as pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, oxazole and thiazole.
• the base skeleton may be substituted at one, more than one or all substitutable positions of the base skeleton. Suitable substituents are the same as have already been mentioned for the aryl groups.
• the aryloxy, arylthio, hetaryloxy and hetarylthio radicals derive in a formal sense from the aforementioned aryl and heteroaryl radicals by attachment of an oxygen or sulfur atom to a carbon atom of the aryl or heteroaryl radical.
• alkyl is especially a radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• This alkyl radical may be branched or unbranched and optionally be interrupted by one or more -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO- and/or - SO2- moieties.
• Alkyl is more preferably selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, i-butyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, i-pentyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl and sec-hexyl.
• aralkyl and hetaralkyl include especially aryl- and hetaryl-Ci-C2o-alkyl groups.
• alkyl and aryl groups that derive from the alkyl and aryl groups detailed above by formal replacement of a hydrogen atom of the linear or branched alkyl chain by an aryl or hetaryl group.
• suitable aralkyl groups be benzyl,
• t is especially the values of 1 , 2, 3 and 4.
• alkoxy and alkylthio radicals derive in a formal sense from the aforementioned alkyl radicals by attachment of an oxygen or sulfur atom to a carbon atom of the alkyl radical.
• halogen is preferably F, CI or Br, more preferably F.
• alkali metal cation is preferably Li, Na, Cs or K, more preferably Na.
• the bridge L comprises two (Het)Ar, they may be the same or different.
• HetAr examples include 1 ,4-, 1 ,3- and 1 ,2-phenylene, 1 ,4- and 1 ,8- naphthylene, 1 ,4- and 2,3-pyrrylene, 2,5-, 2,4- and 2,3-thienylene, 2,5-, 2,4- and 2,3- furanylene, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-pyridinylene, 2,3-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,7-, 4,8-, 5,8- and 6,7-quinolinylene, 2,7-, 3,6-, 4,5-, 2,6-, 3,7-, 4,7- and 4,8-isoquinolinylene, 1 ,4- [2,5-di(tert-butyl)]phenylene, 1 ,4-(2,5-dihexyl)phenylene, 1 ,4-[2,5-di(tert- octyl)]phen
• bridges L are, for example:
• R are identical or different aryloxy or arylthio radicals
• n 0 or 1
• A is -COOM
• M is hydrogen or an alkali metal cation
• B is Ci-C6-alkylene
• L is a chemical single bond or a bridge of the formula -(Het)Ar- or -(Het)Ar-(Het)Ar- which may be mono- or polysubstituted by phenyl, Ci-Ci2-alkyl, C1-C12- alkoxy, Ci-Ci2-alkylthio and/or -NR 4 R 5 , and in which (Het)Ar is identical or different aryl or hetaryl which may be fused to saturated or unsaturated 5- to 18-membered rings which may comprise heteroatoms, is 0 or 1 , are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Ci2-alkyl whose carbon chain may be interrupted by one or more -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO- and/or -SO2- moieties, are each independently radicals of the formulae II ' a, II ' b or II ' c
• R 3 is Ci-Ci2-alkoxy, p is O or l ,
• X is C(R 8 R 9 ) 2 , NR 10 , oxygen or sulfur
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Ci2-alkyl whose carbon chain may be interrupted by one or more -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO- and/or -SO2- moieties,
• Y is NR 11 or sulfur
• R 11 is hydrogen or Ci-Ci2-alkyl whose carbon chain may be interrupted by one or more -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO- and/or -SO2- moieties.
• inventive compounds in which, in the formulae la, lb and lc: n is 0, m is 0 or 1 ,
• A is -COOM
• M is hydrogen or an alkali metal cation
• B is Ci-C6-alkylene
• L is a chemical single bond or a bridge of the formula
• R 1 , R 2 are each independently radicals of the formulae II ' a, ll ' borll ' c
• R 3 is Ci-Ci2-alkoxy, p isOorl,
• X isC(R 8 R 9 ) 2 orNR 10 ,
• R 8 , R 9 , R 10 are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Ci2-alkyl whose carbon chain may be interrupted by one or more -0-, -S-, -CO-, -SO- and/or -SO2- moieties,
• Y is NR 11 or sulfur
• R 11 is hydrogen or Ci-Ci2-alkyl.
• the invention shall encompass not just the compounds of the formulae la, lb and Ic and the preferred embodiments thereof, but also mixtures thereof, isomers thereof and the mixtures of the isomers.
• the invention also includes isomeric compounds of the formula l * b shown below
• solar cells and photodetectors which comprise the aforementioned compounds of the formulae la, lb and Ic or mixtures of compounds of the formulae la, lb and Ic and the preferred embodiments thereof and/or isomers thereof or mixtures of the isomers of the compounds of the formulae la, lb and Ic and the preferred embodiments thereof as photosensitizers.
• reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and extracted with water and dichloromethane.
• the reaction mixture was separated by column chromatography on silica gel by means of dichloromethane.
• the reaction was quenched with water, extracted with dichloromethane and water/hydrochloric acid (3:1 ) and dried over magnesium sulfate.
• the violet crude product was purified by means of column chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane.
• reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and extracted with water and dichloromethane.
• the reaction mixture was separated by column chromatography on silica gel by means of dichloromethane.
• Workup B Alternatively, the mixture, after the treatment in the microwave, was precipitated in petroleum ether and stirred at 50°C for 2 h. The blue precipitate formed was filtered off through a D4 glass frit and washed with petroleum ether until the filtrate became clear. The product formed was clean and could be converted further without purification.
• the compound was prepared analogously to the synthesis of compound ID1216 using bis(9,9-dibutylfluoren-2-yl)amine rather than bis(9,9-dimethylfluoren-2-yl)amine.
• the blue reaction mixture formed was precipitated in petroleum ether, stirred at 50°C for 3 h and filtered with suction through a D4 glass frit.
• the mother liquor has a strong red color.
• the blue filter residue was washed with petroleum ether until the filtrate was colorless.
• the melt was cooled to 50°C and precipitated in 500 ml. of dilute hydrochloric acid.
• the further stirring time at 60°C was 2 h.
• the precipitate formed was filtered off with suction using a D4 glass frit and washed with warm water until the filtrate was no longer yellow but clear.
• the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel. This commenced with pure dichloromethane + 2% acetic acid, with elution here only of the impurities. On addition of 1 -5% methanol, the product also began to elute.
• reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and extracted with water and dichloromethane.
• the reaction mixture was separated by column chromatography on silica gel by means of dichloromethane:petroleum ether (1 :1 ).
• the crude mixture was purified by means of column chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane:petroleum ether (1 :1 ).
• a portion (60 mg) of the product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 4:1 toluene: DCM) and used as the inventive dye PS6 for the construction of the OPV cell described hereinafter.
• reaction mixture was transferred in a round-bottomed flask, concentrated by means of a rotary evaporator to dryness and the purification was effected by column chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane/toluene 4:1.
• reaction solution was extracted with water and dichloromethane and the product isolated by means of column chromatography on silica gel with
• reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, the reaction product rinsed out of the Schlenk tube with 2 M hydrochloric acid and the precipitate filtered off and washed to neutrality.
• the crude product was cleaned by means of column
• the sodium salt was obtained by reaction of the commercially available hydroxamic acid with sodium hydroxide solution.
• the potassium salt was obtained by reaction of the commercially available hyd acid with potassium hydroxide solution.
• the tetrabutylammonium salt was obtained by reaction of the commercially available hydroxamic acid with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide.
• OPV cell Construction of OPV cell:
• the base material used was glass plates which had been coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and had dimensions of 25 mm x 15 mm x 3 mm (Nippon Sheet Glass), which had been treated successively with glass cleaner (RBS 35), demineralized water and acetone, in each case for 5 min in an ultrasound bath, then boiled in isopropanol for 10 minutes and dried in a nitrogen stream.
• FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide
• RBS 35 glass cleaner
• T1O2 barrier layer To produce the solid T1O2 barrier layer, a spray pyrolysis process as described in Peng et al., Coord. Chem. Rev. 248 (2004), 1479 was used. By means of a screenprinting process, a nanoporous T1O2 layer of thickness 1.8 ⁇ was applied to the solid T1O2 barrier layer.
• the base material used for this layer was the T1O2 paste Dyesol (from Dyesol), which consisted of T1O2 particles with a diameter of approx. 25 nm, which were dispersed in a terpineol/ethylcellulose dispersion. After the printing process, the paste was dried at 80°C for 5 minutes. This was followed by sintering at 450°C for 30 minutes.
• the sample was cooled to 80°C, immersed into a 5 x 10 "4 molar ethanol solution of the hydroxamic acid salt ID 662 for 16h, washed briefly with ethanol and then placed into a 5 x 10 -4 molar solution of the inventive dye in dichloromethane for 1 h. The sample removed from the solution was subsequently rinsed with the appropriate solvent and dried in a nitrogen stream.
• a p-conductor solution was spun on.
• a solution was prepared, consisting of: 0.163 M spiro-OMeTAD (Lumtec, SHT-263), 20 mM LiN(S0 2 CF 3 ) 2 (Aldrich) and 2.5 percent by weight of V2O5 based on spiro-OMeTAD. 125 ⁇ of this solution were applied to the sample and allowed to act for 60 s. Thereafter, the excess solution was spun off at 2000 rpm for 30 s.
• the metal back electrode was applied by thermal metal vaporization under reduced pressure.
• the sample was provided with a mask, in order to apply 8 separate back electrodes with dimensions of 0.13 cm 2 to the active region by vapor deposition.
• the metal used was Ag, which was vaporized at a rate of 3.0-3.5 nm/s at a pressure of approx. 5 * 10 "5 mbar, so as to result in a layer thickness of 200 nm.
• IPCE Incident Photon-to-current Conversion Efficiency
• Figures 1 , 3, 6, 10, 13, 16, 18 and 21 show measurement curves for the external quantum efficiency ("EQE"), and figures 7, 8, 1 1 , 14, 17 and 20 current-voltage characteristics of solar cells which have been produced using the inventive dyes.
• EQE external quantum efficiency
• figures 7, 8, 1 1 , 14, 17 and 20 current-voltage characteristics of solar cells which have been produced using the inventive dyes.
• some show the absorptions which arise from the overall cell construction according to the above- described steps A), B) and C), and some also only the absorptions for layer combinations according to the layers from steps A) and B), i.e. without hole conductor according to step C).
• Figure 4 Absorption of PS4 in combination with additives ID423, ID758, ID662 and ID750 before coating with a hole conductor
• Figure 5 Absorption of PS1 in combination with additives ID 423 and ID 662 before coating with a hole conductor
• Figure 12 Absorption of PS3 in combination with ID 758 and ID 662 before coating with a hole conductor
• Figure 19 Absorption of PS8 in combination with ID 758 and ID 662 after coating with a hole transporting layer (HTL)
• Figure 20 Influence of additives ID 758 and ID 662 on the current-voltage
• FIG. 22 Absorption of PS8 in combination with ID 758 and ID 662 after coating with a hole transporting layer (HTL)
• HTL hole transporting layer

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• 2013
  • 2013-02-07 JP JP2014556175A patent/JP2015516365A/ja active Pending
  • 2013-02-07 CN CN201380008889.1A patent/CN104245880A/zh active Pending
  • 2013-02-07 KR KR1020147025260A patent/KR20140134288A/ko not_active Withdrawn
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