EP2970678A4 - Uv-reflektierende pigmente und verfahren zur herstellung und verwendung davon - Google Patents
Uv-reflektierende pigmente und verfahren zur herstellung und verwendung davonInfo
- Publication number
- EP2970678A4 EP2970678A4 EP14768336.1A EP14768336A EP2970678A4 EP 2970678 A4 EP2970678 A4 EP 2970678A4 EP 14768336 A EP14768336 A EP 14768336A EP 2970678 A4 EP2970678 A4 EP 2970678A4
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- making
- same
- reflecting pigments
- pigments
- reflecting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 title 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/0015—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings
- C09C1/0024—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings comprising a stack of coating layers with alternating high and low refractive indices, wherein the first coating layer on the core surface has the high refractive index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
- C08K3/013—Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/0015—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings
- C09C1/0051—Pigments exhibiting interference colours, e.g. transparent platelets of appropriate thinness or flaky substrates, e.g. mica, bearing appropriate thin transparent coatings comprising a stack of coating layers with alternating low and high refractive indices, wherein the first coating layer on the core surface has the low refractive index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/82—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by IR- or Raman-data
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/84—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by UV- or VIS- data
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/1004—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core comprising at least one inorganic oxide, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2 or SiO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/1004—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core comprising at least one inorganic oxide, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2 or SiO2
- C09C2200/1016—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core comprising at least one inorganic oxide, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2 or SiO2 comprising an intermediate layer between the core and a stack of coating layers having alternating refractive indices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/102—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of glass or silicate material like mica or clays, e.g. kaolin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/10—Interference pigments characterized by the core material
- C09C2200/102—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of glass or silicate material like mica or clays, e.g. kaolin
- C09C2200/1033—Interference pigments characterized by the core material the core consisting of glass or silicate material like mica or clays, e.g. kaolin comprising an intermediate layer between the core and a stack of coating layers having alternating refractive indices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/30—Interference pigments characterised by the thickness of the core or layers thereon or by the total thickness of the final pigment particle
- C09C2200/301—Thickness of the core
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/30—Interference pigments characterised by the thickness of the core or layers thereon or by the total thickness of the final pigment particle
- C09C2200/302—Thickness of a layer with high refractive material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2200/00—Compositional and structural details of pigments exhibiting interference colours
- C09C2200/30—Interference pigments characterised by the thickness of the core or layers thereon or by the total thickness of the final pigment particle
- C09C2200/303—Thickness of a layer with low refractive material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2210/00—Special effects or uses of interference pigments
- C09C2210/20—Optical properties in the UV-range
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2220/00—Methods of preparing the interference pigments
- C09C2220/10—Wet methods, e.g. co-precipitation
- C09C2220/106—Wet methods, e.g. co-precipitation comprising only a drying or calcination step of the finally coated pigment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C2220/00—Methods of preparing the interference pigments
- C09C2220/20—PVD, CVD methods or coating in a gas-phase using a fluidized bed
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201361793518P | 2013-03-15 | 2013-03-15 | |
| US201361902992P | 2013-12-16 | 2013-12-16 | |
| PCT/US2014/024381 WO2014150846A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-03-12 | Uv reflecting pigments, and method of making and using the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2970678A1 EP2970678A1 (de) | 2016-01-20 |
| EP2970678A4 true EP2970678A4 (de) | 2016-09-21 |
Family
ID=51521557
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14768336.1A Withdrawn EP2970678A4 (de) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-03-12 | Uv-reflektierende pigmente und verfahren zur herstellung und verwendung davon |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140261084A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2970678A4 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2016519172A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20150127090A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN105051117A (de) |
| BR (1) | BR112015023311A2 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2015144081A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2014150846A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020008341A1 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2020-01-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Infrared reflective wrap film |
| JP7456728B2 (ja) * | 2019-05-09 | 2024-03-27 | ロレアル | 日焼け止め用の多層粒子 |
| FR3095777B1 (fr) * | 2019-05-09 | 2023-09-29 | Oreal | Materiau multicouches pour filtrer les ultraviolets, composition le comprenant, procede de traitement de matieres keratiniques le mettant en œuvre, et procede de preparation du materiau |
| US20230357986A1 (en) | 2020-10-02 | 2023-11-09 | Tmg Tecidos Plastificados E Outros Revestimentos Para A Industria Automovel Sa | Breathable layered flexible material, methods and uses thereof |
| US12147010B2 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2024-11-19 | Eastman Kodak Company | Coating providing ultraviolet scattering |
| US12454622B2 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2025-10-28 | Eastman Kodak Company | Coating providing controlled absorption and scattering |
| US12240957B2 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2025-03-04 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method for fabricating impermeable porous particles |
| US12428566B2 (en) | 2020-12-17 | 2025-09-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | Coating providing panchromatic scattering |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050176850A1 (en) * | 2004-02-09 | 2005-08-11 | Christoph Schmidt | Interference pigments |
| US20060027140A1 (en) * | 2004-07-27 | 2006-02-09 | Kniess Helge B | Multilayered interference pigments |
| US20080274198A1 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2008-11-06 | Ralf Schweinfurth | Use of multilayered pigments in the food and pharmaceuticals sector |
| US20130045338A1 (en) * | 2011-08-16 | 2013-02-21 | Alberto Argoitia | Manufacturing of diffractive pigments by fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0657807B2 (ja) * | 1988-07-20 | 1994-08-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 顔料及びその製造方法 |
| JP3389360B2 (ja) * | 1994-01-18 | 2003-03-24 | マツダ株式会社 | 光干渉材及びそれを含有する塗料 |
| US5584925A (en) * | 1995-06-26 | 1996-12-17 | Thiele Kaolin Company | Chemically aggregated kaolin clay pigment and process for making the same by phosphate bonding |
| DE19638708A1 (de) * | 1996-09-21 | 1998-04-16 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Mehrschichtige Interferenzpigmente |
| DE19707806A1 (de) * | 1997-02-27 | 1998-09-03 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Multischicht-Interferenzpigment mit transparenter Mittelschicht |
| DE19746067A1 (de) * | 1997-10-17 | 1999-04-22 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Interferenzpigmente |
| DE19817286A1 (de) * | 1998-04-18 | 1999-10-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Mehrschichtiges Perlglanzpigment auf Basis eines opaken Substrates |
| JP3650290B2 (ja) * | 1999-07-30 | 2005-05-18 | 日鉄鉱業株式会社 | シアン色粉体およびその製造方法 |
| DE19951869A1 (de) * | 1999-10-28 | 2001-05-03 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Farbstarke Interferenzpigmente |
| DE10051062A1 (de) * | 2000-10-14 | 2002-04-18 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Pigment für Sicherheitsanwendungen |
| DE10061178A1 (de) * | 2000-12-07 | 2002-06-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Silberfarbenes Glanzpigment |
| DE10137831A1 (de) * | 2001-08-02 | 2003-02-13 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Mehrschichtige Interferenzpigmente |
| JP3986304B2 (ja) * | 2001-12-06 | 2007-10-03 | 株式会社日本色材工業研究所 | 積層型干渉性紫外線遮蔽顔料及びそれを配合した化粧料 |
| US6875264B2 (en) * | 2003-01-17 | 2005-04-05 | Engelhard Corporation | Multi-layer effect pigment |
| ES2543414T3 (es) * | 2005-02-12 | 2015-08-19 | Basf Corporation | Pigmento de efecto multicapa goniocromático transparente |
| KR20100066460A (ko) * | 2007-07-31 | 2010-06-17 | 바스프 에스이 | 광학적 가변성 효과 안료 |
| DE102007058601A1 (de) * | 2007-12-04 | 2009-06-10 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Sicherheitspigment |
-
2014
- 2014-03-12 US US14/206,147 patent/US20140261084A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-03-12 BR BR112015023311A patent/BR112015023311A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-03-12 KR KR1020157024760A patent/KR20150127090A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-03-12 RU RU2015144081A patent/RU2015144081A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-03-12 CN CN201480014738.1A patent/CN105051117A/zh active Pending
- 2014-03-12 WO PCT/US2014/024381 patent/WO2014150846A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2014-03-12 JP JP2016501515A patent/JP2016519172A/ja active Pending
- 2014-03-12 EP EP14768336.1A patent/EP2970678A4/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080274198A1 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2008-11-06 | Ralf Schweinfurth | Use of multilayered pigments in the food and pharmaceuticals sector |
| US20050176850A1 (en) * | 2004-02-09 | 2005-08-11 | Christoph Schmidt | Interference pigments |
| US20060027140A1 (en) * | 2004-07-27 | 2006-02-09 | Kniess Helge B | Multilayered interference pigments |
| US20130045338A1 (en) * | 2011-08-16 | 2013-02-21 | Alberto Argoitia | Manufacturing of diffractive pigments by fluidized bed chemical vapor deposition |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See also references of WO2014150846A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105051117A (zh) | 2015-11-11 |
| BR112015023311A2 (pt) | 2017-07-18 |
| US20140261084A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
| JP2016519172A (ja) | 2016-06-30 |
| WO2014150846A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
| KR20150127090A (ko) | 2015-11-16 |
| RU2015144081A (ru) | 2017-04-24 |
| EP2970678A1 (de) | 2016-01-20 |
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| A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
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| RIC1 | Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant |
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| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
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Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
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| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20180602 |