EP3105143A1 - Emballage isolant en paille ou en foin pour l'isolation thermique ou l'absorption de chocs - Google Patents

Emballage isolant en paille ou en foin pour l'isolation thermique ou l'absorption de chocs

Info

Publication number
EP3105143A1
EP3105143A1 EP15704755.6A EP15704755A EP3105143A1 EP 3105143 A1 EP3105143 A1 EP 3105143A1 EP 15704755 A EP15704755 A EP 15704755A EP 3105143 A1 EP3105143 A1 EP 3105143A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
straw
hay
insulating
insulation
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP15704755.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3105143B1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas MAIER-ESCHENLOHR
Patricia ESCHENLOHR
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Landpack GmbH
Original Assignee
Landpack GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Landpack GmbH filed Critical Landpack GmbH
Priority to SI201531516T priority Critical patent/SI3105143T1/sl
Priority to RS20210350A priority patent/RS61619B1/sr
Priority to HRP20210527TT priority patent/HRP20210527T1/hr
Priority to PL15704755T priority patent/PL3105143T3/pl
Publication of EP3105143A1 publication Critical patent/EP3105143A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3105143B1 publication Critical patent/EP3105143B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/38—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation
    • B65D81/3848—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation semi-rigid container folded up from one or more blanks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/44—Integral, inserted or attached portions forming internal or external fittings
    • B65D5/50—Internal supporting or protecting elements for contents
    • B65D5/5028—Elements formed separately from the container body
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D65/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D65/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D65/46—Applications of disintegrable, dissolvable or edible materials
    • B65D65/466—Bio- or photodegradable packaging materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/02—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage
    • B65D81/03—Wrappers or envelopes with shock-absorbing properties, e.g. bubble films
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/02—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage
    • B65D81/05—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents
    • B65D81/107—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents using blocks of shock-absorbing material
    • B65D81/113—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents using blocks of shock-absorbing material of a shape specially adapted to accommodate contents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/02—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage
    • B65D81/05—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents
    • B65D81/127—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents specially adapted to protect contents from mechanical damage maintaining contents at spaced relation from package walls, or from other contents using rigid or semi-rigid sheets of shock-absorbing material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/38—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation
    • B65D81/3888—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation wrappers or flexible containers, e.g. pouches, bags
    • B65D81/3897—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation wrappers or flexible containers, e.g. pouches, bags formed of different materials, e.g. laminated or foam filling between walls
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/38—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents with thermal insulation

Definitions

  • insulating packaging For the storage and shipping of temperature-sensitive goods insulating packaging is needed, which ensure that a predefined temperature inside the packaging is not exceeded or not.
  • Such packaging is mainly used for pharmaceutical products, medical products and food. Failure to comply with these usually regulated by law temperature limits is sometimes a high liability risk for merchandisers and a health risk for consignee.
  • Air is ideal as an insulating medium due to the low heat conduction and easy availability.
  • the density difference of air at different temperatures creates an air movement (convection), which can be reduced if the air is restricted in its movement.
  • the heat radiation can be reduced by the selection and arrangement of suitable materials.
  • insulating packaging is usually voluminous, hollow body of a plurality of air chambers.
  • the disposal of these voluminous insulating packaging is a major problem with regular goods traffic, especially for end users and is environmentally problematic with increasing online trading.
  • an environmentally friendly insulated packaging that is easy to dispose of and also offers a shock-absorbing function is the key factor for the customer acceptance required.
  • the insulating packaging used on the market is predominantly made of expanded polystyrene (EPS). These offer a good insulating effect, the possibility of free shaping and are available at low cost due to the high quantities.
  • EPS packaging is very energy-intensive.
  • Environmental compatibility during disposal is controversial due to the pollutants contained (flame retardants, styrene, plasticizers, pentane).
  • the humidity in a Styrofoam box reaches 80% - 90% when using rechargeable batteries. Moisture-sensitive products such as baked goods can be damaged here.
  • Insulated packaging based on starch foam is known from the literature. For example, in EP0656830B1 a layered composite based on starch foam is disclosed. The production of insulating packaging made of starch foam is energy-consuming and therefore expensive. Due to the sensitivity to moisture, a completely water and vapor-tight barrier is required. As with the Styrofoam box, therefore, no moisture regulation takes place here. For these reasons, no products based on starch foam have been able to establish themselves on the market so far.
  • insulating packages of multi-layered inflatable air bags such as disclosed in US005533888A exist. These insulating packages made from a variety of film-coated aluminum-coated plastic films provide sufficient insulation performance. However, they are susceptible to mechanical damage, resulting in a total failure of the insulation effect, and are the complicated manufacturing process significantly more expensive than a comparable Styrofoam box. In addition, they are made of conventional plastic and must be disposed of with the residual waste. As with the Styrofoam box, there is no moisture regulation here. The use of plants and plant components (hemp fiber, straw, hay, etc.) for the production of insulation boards has always been known in the construction industry and has recently become established as a niche for the insulation of buildings. Two different starting materials are used: fibers derived from plants, as well as largely whole plants in raw form or their constituents such as leaves, stems or stalks.
  • Plant derived fibers are further processed into nonwovens and nonwovens by mechanical, chemical and thermal processes.
  • the plant fibers are often obtained elaborately from hemp, flax or linen. The process corresponds to that of textile fiber production.
  • nonwovens are generally understood to mean, in accordance with DIN EN ISO 9092: 2012-01, fabrics made of fiber, continuous filaments or cut yarns. Only about 20-30% of the plant can be used as fiber.
  • the thin fibers can absorb no compressive forces, but only tensile forces. For mechanical stabilization, they must therefore be compacted into mats, glued and / or felted. Subsequently, the fleeces are usually quilted, riveted or glued with additional layers for additional mechanical stabilization.
  • nonwovens and nonwovens are therefore complicated and costly.
  • the fleeces are difficult to separate again. The disposal must therefore be done as a whole. Free design is not possible.
  • the nonwovens are always processed into large flat sheets or mats.
  • EP0644044A1 discloses a packaging material with a flat, cushioning inner layer of natural fiber fleece and two covering layers covering both sides, characterized in that the covering layers consist of biodegradable foil.
  • DE19846704C2 discloses an insulation mat of hemp with a double-sided lamination for the construction industry, which is characterized in that the filling of unroasted hemp fiber products is formed from a mixture of long fiber, short fiber and shives. To set the To prevent mat insulation, stitching, rivets or a network incorporated into the filling are necessary.
  • binders for the production of insulating boards.
  • an insulation board made of straw for the construction industry is disclosed.
  • the insulation board consists of a homogenous mixture of crushed straw and binder. On two sides, a grid-like coating is glued on. Bonded by binder insulation boards are expensive to manufacture and can be difficult to separate manually.
  • the smooth surfaces of the straw require a special chemical or mechanical treatment for bonding. An ecologically advantageous composting is problematic due to the usually used plastic binder.
  • EP1958762B1 describes a natural fiber mat of straw and other natural fibers and a matrix of PLA.
  • the PLA fibers melt and thus form a natural fiber composite material.
  • a layer of the hybrid nonwoven fabric is generated, which is surrounded for example with a PLA film.
  • the PLA film can be compressed in the molding press.
  • the resulting molded parts can be used as packaging material or in several layers as wall elements.
  • the Naturvase fleece consists of about 35% of the expensive bioplastic PLA and is therefore not competitive with Styrofoam.
  • a packaging part of compressed straw or hay is disclosed, characterized in that no admixture of binder or adhesive takes place. Due to the strong pressing of softened or processed straw or hay a smooth packaging part, such as a box or a container to arise. The surface is smooth and printable due to the strong compression.
  • an insulating mat of biomass such as straw is disclosed for the construction industry.
  • the biomass is preferably quilted, glued or needled and equipped fire retardant.
  • a packaging material which consists of loosely filled in nets, untreated biomass.
  • Such meshed with biomass nets are not dimensionally stable without reinforcement such as desertification or riveting, have an only uneven density distribution and are therefore not suitable due to the large cavities occurring for efficient insulation. They can only be used as filler at most.
  • Herbal-based insulation packaging has not been successful on the market so far. Insulating materials derived from plant components or plant fibers used in the construction industry to insulate buildings are not suitable as insulated packaging as the underlying requirements are fundamentally different.
  • the insulation used as building materials are fire-retardant, pest-resistant and mechanically designed so that they achieve a perfect insulation effect even after decades.
  • setting ie the reduction of the original material volume by gravity
  • the preparation of such insulation materials is correspondingly complex and expensive and not to use as an insulating packaging.
  • insulation materials produced in this way are difficult to shred and dispose of.
  • the narrow side surfaces of the insulation boards for the construction industry are usually not laminated because there is no functional surface, but the plates are trapped between the beams. Components of the insulating material can thus dissolve and contaminate or damage the goods.
  • Existing heat-insulating insulation materials from plants and without binders are known only as plates. Free shaping is not possible.
  • the object of the claimed invention is therefore to produce an insulating packaging for temperature-sensitive and / or shock-sensitive products, which in addition to an excellent insulation and damping effect, improved life cycle assessment, a simplified disposal and a free design also has economic advantages over the established EPS packaging ,
  • the insulated packaging must also take into account the strict hygienic requirements as a food commodity. It should also be suitable as a disposable packaging. Furthermore, a method for producing such an insulating packaging is to be created.
  • the starting material used is hay or straw, which can be used in a pure variety, in a mixture or in components. Both a mixture of different hay or straw varieties, as well as a mixture of hay and straw is possible.
  • Straw is used here as a generic term for dried stems, stems and leaves of cereal plants, oil plants, fiber plants and legumes.
  • Hay is used here as a collective term for dried fodder plants such as herbs, grasses or legumes.
  • straw or hay of grasses is used because the stalks are hollow and contain no marrow.
  • the diameter of the stems is ideally between 1 mm and 10 mm. In this way, the stalks form small air chambers in their interior, which prevent convection within the stalks.
  • Cereal straw is particularly advantageous from barley, since it is available inexpensively, has a low tendency to fungal attack and has excellent insulation properties. Grain straw is produced as an agricultural by-product in large quantities and can be removed without ecological disadvantages to 1/3 of the field. Depending on regional availability, however, the use of other types of straw or hay may be more advantageous.
  • the insulating core (1) has the task to reduce the convection and heat conduction as far as possible.
  • air is due to the low heat conductivity of 0.0267 W / mK.
  • air is subject to a temperature-dependent density, so that heat transfer by convection takes place. To prevent this, the air in your movement must be restricted as much as possible.
  • cereal straw has a density of about 20 kg / m 3 .
  • the stems of the straw sometimes form several centimeters large cavities, so that the insulating effect is significantly reduced by free convection.
  • the insulation core according to claim 1 has an adjustable density of 40 kg / m 3 to 250 kg / m 3 .
  • the cavities in such an insulation core are smaller than 0.5x0.5x0.5 cm 3 , whereby convection is largely excluded.
  • the density is adapted to the requirements of the goods to be packaged.
  • An optimum insulating effect taking into account the material consumption is achieved at a density of about 60 kg / m 3 to 80 kg / m 3 .
  • a thermal conductivity comparable to Styrofoam of 0.043 W / mK is thus achieved.
  • a density of up to about 250 kg / m 3 makes sense.
  • the thickness of the insulation core is not limited, however, a thickness of 1 cm to 15 cm has been found to be advantageous for the applications listed here.
  • the insulation core (1) consists of an arrangement of hay and / or straw, with the straws of the straw or hay having a length of 0.5 cm to 50 cm. It has proven advantageous to use a mixture of different lengths.
  • the short blades are arranged so that a uniform density distribution occurs within the insulation core. Thus, a uniform insulating effect without thermal bridges is achieved by convection.
  • stalks with a length of 1 cm to 25 cm have proven to be particularly advantageous. It will be used as undamaged hay and straw.
  • common harvesters finds Nevertheless, some damage to the stalk structures instead, which, however, neither intended nor needed.
  • the straw and hay straws are oriented predominantly (> 80%) perpendicular to the heat flow of the insulation core.
  • the heat flow from a warm side to a cold side of the insulation core is significantly lower when the straw and haystacks are traversed from the longitudinal side.
  • the structure of the insulation core is so pronounced that, taking advantage of the natural buckling strength (absorption of forces in the longitudinal direction) of the straw or hay, any shaping with holes, convex and concave surfaces, undercuts, sharp edges, etc. is made possible (FIG. 1, FIG 3, Fig. 4).
  • This is imperative to adapt common packaging forms such as tray elements, boxes, boxes or trays to the requirements of the packaged goods.
  • the shape retention of the insulating core is maintained without externally supplied or dissolved out of the plants binder or adhesives. The stems and stalks are thus connected in no way cohesively with each other. For the dimensional stability, no additional mechanical fasteners such as desertification, riveting, lamination or the introduction of nonwovens, as described in the prior art required.
  • the straw or hay used is not digested into its structural components such as fibers and shives. This is the only way to maintain the natural buckling resistance of the plants, which is needed for the shape retention of the insulation core. Plant fibers used in the prior art can no longer absorb compressive forces and can therefore have mechanical pressure stability only in the compacted or bonded nonwoven.
  • Pressure loads on the insulation core according to the invention can be very well absorbed without permanent change in shape.
  • the springback is for example when using barley straw and a density of the insulating core of 60 kg / m 3 95% at a applied pressure of 1 minute for 10 N / cm 2 . After removing the external pressure the insulation core returns to the original initial shape, without significant setting occurs.
  • the insulating core is surrounded by a flexible envelope form-fitting manner.
  • the envelope is connected only by the positive connection with the insulation core. There is no desertification, riveting or bonding needed to connect the enclosure with the insulation core. Thus, the enclosure can be easily separated from the insulation core and disposed of separately if necessary.
  • the cladding also provides important functional properties on the surface.
  • the wrapper may be made, for example, from plastic, paper, paperboard, bioplastics (eg PLA), nonwoven of natural or synthetic origin, starch (foamed and unfoamed), or the like.
  • bioplastics eg PLA
  • nonwoven of natural or synthetic origin starch (foamed and unfoamed), or the like.
  • starch starch
  • a thickness of 10 pm to 500 m has been proven.
  • a layer thickness of 30 pm to 5 mm is suitable. The height of the layer thickness depends on the expected external load, since the insulation core exerts no forces on the casing from the inside.
  • the wrapper is designed to be vapor-permeable, in order to regulate the moisture within the packaging. This can be done by suitable choice of material or by perforation of the envelope.
  • the humidity inside the box rises to more than 80%.
  • the straw and / or hay of the insulating core is capable of binding water from the air at a level of 10% of its own weight and thus correspondingly buffering the humidity, given an increase in atmospheric humidity from 50% to 80%. With an insulation core of 1 kg mass, this corresponds to a capacity of 100 ml of water.
  • the wrapper may also be made of food grade material, whereby the wrapper can be used for direct food contact.
  • the coating is chosen to be transparent, the insulating core of straw or hay becomes visible. This can be perceived as an optical advantage, especially in the food industry.
  • the enclosure may also be odor-inhibiting or antibacterial if required.
  • the envelope partially or completely from materials with a low degree of emmision, preferably aluminum.
  • the cladding absorbs less heat by heat radiation and at the same time emits less heat radiation.
  • the aluminum may be vapor-deposited over its entire area or partially or laminated in the form of films or composite films.
  • the aluminum layer thickness should be at least 40 nanometers for effective shielding.
  • a significant advantage of the invention is the use of all available disposal options. Due to the simple biodegradability of the insulation core can be disposed of through the in-house compost or the regional biowaste bin. Since no binders are used, a manual separation of the insulation core is possible. So this can also be used in the garden or as bedding. If the cover is chosen from non-biodegradable material, the cover can be easily separated from the insulation core and disposed of separately. Due to the high calorific value of straw with 3.8 kWh / kg and the pollutant-free, climate-neutral combustion but also an energy recovery makes sense. The legal framework conditions in the waste industry vary strongly from region to region. The end user thus has access to all disposal methods, from which he can choose the most comfortable for himself. A cumbersome disposal on the recycling center can be avoided. Due to the use inexpensive starting materials and the simple disposal option, the insulating packaging according to the invention is ideal for disposable use.
  • the insulating packaging consists of a one-piece insulating core (1) with a sheath (2) made of cellophane, which form a cuboid cavity (3) for receiving cargo.
  • insulating packaging consists of two hollow shells.
  • the outside is convex, the inside (4) forms a concave cavity.
  • the two isolation cores (1) are each enclosed by an envelope (2) of opaque paper.
  • FIG. 4 another embodiment is shown, in which an insulating packaging, consisting of two coated insulating cores (1) with internal hollow structure (6) is used to store a sensitive article (5) so that it is protected from shocks.
  • the insulation cores have a density of 130 kg / m 3 .
  • the sheaths (2) consist of 200 pm thick kraft paper.
  • the insulating packaging consists of six plate-shaped insulating cores (1) with a density of 80 kg / m 3 , which form a cuboid cavity (7).
  • the insulation cores are each surrounded by a food-grade envelope (2) made of plastic (PET / PE / PET) with 15 pm thickness.
  • the sheaths have perforations (8) so that moist air from the interior of the box can pass into the isolation cores.
  • the outwardly facing surfaces of the insulating package are vapor-deposited with a 50 nanometer thick aluminum layer (9) to reflect thermal radiation.
  • the insulation package is used for shipping in a commercial carton (10).
  • the insulating packaging has an elliptical, pocket-like shape, which has only one open side (11), in which the objects to be cooled can be introduced.
  • the sheath (2) is made of biodegradable plastic, preferably PLA, with a thickness of 20 pm.
  • the insulation core (1) has a density of 60 kg / m 3 .
  • a self-adhesive tab (12) allows the sealing of the insulating packaging.
  • Step 1
  • the straw used is usually in the form of pressed square bales or round bales.
  • uncut straw and / or hay is used as the starting material in order to be able to adapt the structural properties of the straw and / or hay to the requirements.
  • the length of the stem is between 20 cm and 100 cm, depending on the variety.
  • a ratio of length / diameter is less than 300/1 and greater than 5/1.
  • the thickness of the blades can be between 0.1 mm and 15 mm. Particularly advantageous are stalks with a thickness of 0.1 mm to 5 mm. Due to the mechanical, agricultural processing but are also shorter fragments up to dust in the bale.
  • the straw and / or hay bales are mechanically loosened and fed to a mechanical cleaning.
  • the mechanical cleaning is carried out, for example, by a separator which is designed as a centrifugal separator, gravity separator, magnetic separator, sieve, zig-zag separator, filter or a combination of these.
  • the mechanical cleaning can be done both dry and wet.
  • the mechanical cleaning should remove dust, stones, lumps and other unwanted components.
  • Step 2
  • a chemical treatment may be carried out for the purpose of further purification and incorporation of pesticides, fungicides, preservatives, disinfectants or other excipients.
  • a chemical treatment for example, degreasing, digesting, dissolving, adsorbing, absorbing, drying, etching, bleaching, or coating can be cited.
  • ECA electrochemically activated water
  • a concentration of 0.1 to 20% in aqueous solution is particularly advantageous.
  • a concentration of 0.1% to 2% ECA dissolved in water is advantageous to meter the solution thus prepared with 0.1% -20% based on the straw and / or hay weight.
  • the ECA pre-disinfects the straw and / or hay.
  • all parts of the production plant that come into contact with the treated straw and / or hay are disinfected. The risk of cross-contamination can be reduced and the cleaning intervals of the system can be extended.
  • an aqueous ECA solution is generated at a concentration of 5%.
  • the ECA solution is continuously misted into a mass flow of hay and / or straw, allowing the ratio of mass flows of ECA solution and straw Hay and / or straw is 3/100.
  • a commercially available antibacterial and antifungal agent is sprayed into the straw or hay, which increases the durability of the insulation core under adverse storage conditions.
  • Also advantageous may be the chemical removal of the wax layer on the straw and / or hay to improve the adsorption of water. Together with a water-vapor-permeable envelope, the moisture-regulating effect of the insulating packaging according to the invention can be increased.
  • a natural antibacterial effect can be produced in the event that the straw and / or hay becomes moist in later use.
  • the effectiveness of a later degermination can be increased. It is advantageous to lower the pH in the wet state (at 20% moisture level) to a value of 5.5 or lower, whereby numerous bacteria are prevented from growing.
  • the visual appearance can be improved by the straw and / or hay brightened and freed of color impurities by blackening fungi.
  • odor inhibitors such as soda
  • the odor of the straw and / or hay can be eliminated.
  • the chemical treatment can be carried out at any time during the process, depending on the requirement and the method of treatment. Step 3 and 4:
  • Straw and hay are natural products, which may be subject to variations in kind, quality and characteristics. This depends on the climatic conditions during growth and harvest, the soil, the type of machinery used, the plant cultivars used and the storage conditions. However, in order to be able to produce an insulating core of consistent quality and properties, or to effect an improvement of existing properties, it may be necessary to process or treat the straw or hay mechanically, chemically or biologically.
  • a mechanical processing for example, longitudinal cutting, transverse cutting, squeezing, upsetting, grinding or rubbing can be used.
  • uncut barley straw is 50 cm long with a knife cutter for a first batch shortened to 25 cm in length and for a second batch to 5 cm by cross-cutting. Both batches are mixed in a weight ratio of 50/50 and blown into a silo for further processing. If it is found in the production process that the insulation core has too low a mechanical tensile strength, then the proportion by weight of the 25 cm long blades can be increased to, for example, 65%. The long blades cause a stronger cohesion of the insulation core. At the same time, however, the risk of defects in the insulation core increases, since the relatively stiff barley straws displace neighboring blades, especially in the area of bent blades.
  • Defects in the insulation core are areas in which there is no straw and / or hay within a radius of 2.5 mm. In defects, a heat transfer by convection take place, which affects the insulating effect of the insulation core. The risk of defects increases with decreasing density of the isolation cores. Densities from 40 kg / m 3 to 65 kg / m 3 are particularly susceptible to defects.
  • uncut barley straw is shortened with a blade length of 45 cm with a knife cutter to 15 cm in length by transverse cutting and soft uncut oat straw with 40 cm in length in the weight ratio 30/70 added.
  • the soft oat straw adapts optimally to the outer shape during the subsequent pressing process and ensures good tensile strength thanks to the long length of the stem, while the stiffer straw of the bar increases the flexural rigidity of the insulating core. If larger insulation cores are produced, an increase in the bending stiffness of the insulation cores can be achieved by increasing the proportion of barley straw to a weight ratio of 50/50.
  • uncut wheat straw having a length of 60 cm is fed to a splitter. This divides the straws in the longitudinal direction. Subsequently, a reduction takes place in a knife mill on 15 cm Halminate.
  • the very rigid straw thus becomes more flexible and can be further processed in mixture or in pure form. Also other, very rigid straw and / or Hay types can be adapted to the requirements in their specific bending stiffness.
  • cut barley straw is squeezed continuously with a length of 30 cm through a profiled pair of rollers at a variable distance. At the crimping points, the bending strength of the blades is greatly reduced locally without adversely affecting the tensile strength of the insulation core produced therefrom.
  • a volume measurement or weight measurement can be used. Since the volume of straw and / or hay depends heavily on the variety and mechanical processing, weight measurement is preferable.
  • a volume measurement is advantageous if the straw and / or hay to be discharged on a continuous conveyor belt, as this can be implemented with less effort. In the volume measurement, it is advantageous if the produced insulation core is weighed and has an influence on the nominal volume. The dosage may take place at any time prior to molding. It is advantageous to carry out the dosage at the earliest after the mechanical cleaning, as this still significant amounts of straw and / or hay are discarded.
  • Straw and hay consist mainly of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose.
  • the individual plant components such as cell wall or middle lamella consist predominantly of these building materials in different structural composition.
  • the lignocellulose which forms the cell wall of woody plants, is a structural composite in which the cellulose and hemicellulose form a framework in which lignin is incorporated. While the cellulose and hemicellulose absorb the tensile forces, the lignin stabilizes against compressive stress. The composite is therefore comparable to a reinforced concrete construction.
  • lignin can be plasticized by heat. As the humidity increases, the glass transition temperature of lignin decreases. By cooling below the glass transition temperature, the lignin hardens again. The process is largely reversible. In the dry state (8% moisture content), the glass transition temperature is 130 ° C - 180 ° C; when wet at about 80 ° C - 90 ° C.
  • the glass transition temperature of hemicellulose and cellulose is also highly moisture dependent. When wet, the glass transition temperature even drops to room temperature.
  • the straw and / or hay is plasticized by the action of damp or dry heat.
  • the biopolymers lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are heated above their glass transition temperature. Particularly advantageous is the action of moist heat, since the glass transition temperature of lignin can be lowered.
  • the straw and / or hay is heated to at least 80 ° C.
  • a moisture content of 10% - 25% is desirable, depending on the straw or hay variety. For barley straw, the optimum moisture content is 12% - 20%.
  • Moisture may be introduced into the straw and / or hay prior to heating or may be introduced simultaneously with the heating. So there are the two alternatives to use wet straw and / or hay or dry straw and / or hay.
  • steaming with steam is particularly advantageous.
  • the hot steam causes on the one hand a temperature increase of the straw and / or hay and on the other hand a moistening by adsorption.
  • Water vapor has a much higher internal energy (enthalpy) than air at the same temperature. The heating is thus particularly effective.
  • the heat conductivity is drastically increased by the introduced moisture, so that a particularly rapid heating is possible.
  • the temperature of the steam should be in the range of 90 ° C to 150 ° C.
  • the evaporation under pressure must be carried out in order to comply with the saturated steam conditions or wet steam conditions.
  • a pressure of 3 bar is required. Increased pressure significantly accelerates adsorption of the water into the straw and / or hay.
  • the process time can be significantly reduced with higher pressure.
  • plasticizing of 0.25 kg of barley straw at 98.degree. C., as well as ambient pressure and a heating power for steam generation results from 8 KW a process time of 5 seconds.
  • the barley straw absorbs about 18 grams of water.
  • the moisture content increases from 8% to 14.7%.
  • steam wet steam or saturated steam
  • heating with hot air flowing through, with microwave radiation, with contact heating, with superheated steam or a combination of these is suitable.
  • Particularly advantageous is the use of superheated steam, as it has a very high internal energy and high thermal conductivity, and thus the process time can be made very short and also allows uniform heating.
  • a temperature of superheated steam of 101 ° C to 150 ° C at ambient pressure is suitable for this purpose.
  • Particularly advantageous is superheated steam having a temperature of 102 ° C to 130 ° C.
  • the heating of the moist straw and / or hay can also be accompanied by a simultaneous drying when water vapor arising from the straw and / or hay is removed.
  • the shaping of the straw and / or hay should then take place even before plasticizing.
  • the moisture in the straw and / or hay prevents the straw and / or hay straws from breaking when the compression is low.
  • step 7 After plasticization by step 7, the shaping of the straw and / or hay takes place.
  • Damp or dry straw and / or hay have a very good resilience at room temperature and can not be formed without the use of binders. Only by very high pressures with associated high temperatures can straw and / or hay be formed into solid compacts. The very good insulating effect of straw and hay is largely lost in such processing. In contrast, after the plasticizing of the straw and / or hay described in step 7 of this invention, the springback is almost completely canceled, so that even a small force of 0.1-10 N / cm 2 on the straw and / or hay for a Shaping suffice. Particularly advantageous is a force of 0.1 N / cm 2 to 2 N / cm 2 .
  • the shaping can, depending on the process design, take place before or after the plasticizing of the straw and / or hay.
  • the shape is divided into the inner and outer shape:
  • Outer shaping here means the temporary or permanent fixation of the straw and / or hay into an at least partially deterministic defined shape. It determines at least in partial areas the outer contour of the straw and / or hay after shaping.
  • the outer shaping takes place according to the invention by at least partial molding of geometrically defined objects, by subtractive or additive shaping methods such as cutting, punching, etc. or by the action of fluids or gases.
  • the inner shaping is understood here as a temporary or permanent fixation of the straw and / or hay in a stochastically defined shape, wherein the influence of physical properties of the composite of straw and / or hay is in the foreground. It determines, for example, the stochastic distribution of the straw and / or hay within the outer shape or the type, frequency and quality of form and frictional engagement between the hay and / or straw parts.
  • the internal shaping can be influenced by the type of external shaping, by the action of fluids, by gases as well as by geometrically defined or geometrically undefined objects.
  • the shaping always takes place in such a way that only positive locking or adhesion occurs between the straw and / or haystalks, but no bonded connections such as gluing, fusing, etc.
  • the outer shaping can form the straw and / or hay to plates, round blanks, freeform bodies each with or without recesses.
  • the internal shaping can evenly distribute the straw and / or hay, piling it locally, hooking, layering or arranging straw and / or haysticks.
  • barley straw of 25 cm in length is pneumatically blown into a rectangular chamber measuring 30x30x30 cm 3 .
  • the barley straw is distributed in such a way that the basis weight in the edge area is 2.4 kg / m 2 and decreases to 1.2 kg / m 2 towards the middle.
  • the height of the straw in the chamber is 12 cm in the edge area and drops to 6 cm towards the middle.
  • the stalks are aligned in a preferred orientation parallel to the chamber bottom. Nevertheless, the stems of straw and / or hay are interlocked three-dimensionally.
  • the volume of the chamber is reduced by a rectangular plunger to 30x30x2 cm 3 .
  • the density of the straw and / or hay in the edge area of the chamber increases to 120 kg / m 3 , in the middle to 60 kg / m 3 . Due to the uniform distribution no voids larger than 0.5x0.5x0.5 cm 3 are formed .
  • the insulation core is now defined in its internal and external shape, but is not yet mechanically stable due to the persistence of straw and / or hay.
  • the defined internal shape must be stabilized. For this purpose, it is sufficient to fall below the glass transition temperature of the lignin contained in the straw and / or hay used.
  • the cellulose and the hemicellulose need not necessarily be brought below their glass transition temperature for adequate stabilization for further processing. This allows, for example, a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, in which the resulting insulation core is still moist but dimensionally stable pronounced, and can be dried in a separate second step.
  • the glass transition temperature of the lignin can be undercut by cooling or by drying or by a combination of cooling and drying.
  • the inner shape automatically stabilizes the outer shape as well.
  • cooling may be by conventional methods using cold gases such as air or nitrogen, by evaporative cooling, or by contact cooling with cold solids.
  • the drying may be carried out by any common method such as hot air drying, vacuum drying, superheated steam drying, microwave drying, or a combination of these methods.
  • Drying with superheated steam at 101 ° C. to 150 ° C. at a pressure of 0-5 bar above ambient pressure has proved to be advantageous, since the heat transfer is particularly effective and the process time can thus be reduced.
  • Drying with superheated steam at 102 ° C.-120 ° C. at a pressure of 0-1 bar above ambient pressure has proven particularly advantageous.
  • straw and / or hay is plasticized under saturated heat with saturated steam and brought to a moisture level of 20% and a temperature of 95 ° C.
  • ambient air is blown through the wet and hot straw and / or hay at a flow rate of 1 m / s until the temperature of the straw and / or hay reaches 50 ° C.
  • the resulting insulation core has a residual moisture content of 15% after cooling and is dimensionally stable.
  • step 7 straw and / or hay is plasticized under saturated heat with saturated steam and brought to a moisture level of 20% and a temperature of 95 ° C. Subsequently, superheated steam (120 ° C, ambient pressure) with 20% air admixture and a flow rate of 1 m / s is blown through the moist and hot straw and / or hay until the moisture level of the straw and / or hay is 8%.
  • the resulting insulation core has a temperature of 97 ° C and is dimensionally stable.
  • the insulation core produced by the method steps 1-10 can be further processed by further mechanical methods. For example, cutting, stamping, bending, pressing, stacking or joining is possible, or a new insulation core can be made by combining a plurality of insulation cores.
  • One or more of the insulation cores formed by method steps 1 to 11 are provided with one or more all-round cladding in the last step. It is particularly advantageous to connect the wrapping only in a form-fitting manner with the insulating core and to dispense with processes such as desertification, riveting or bonding for the connection of the wrapping to the insulating core. As a result, the wrapper can be separated from the insulation core as needed and simply disposed of.
  • the wrapper can be made, for example, from plastic, paper, paperboard, bioplastic (eg PLA), nonwoven of natural or synthetic origin, starch (foamed and unfoamed) or the like.
  • the wrapper can be applied to the insulating core in one be solid, liquid or pasty state.
  • the shape of the envelope can be adapted to the outer shape of the insulator core. Particularly advantageous is a tight fitting on all sides, since this protects the insulation core particularly well and stabilized.
  • the envelope may also be printed or coated in various ways, as well as composed of individual aforementioned components.
  • the insulator core is first sealed in PLA foil and the PLA foil is shrinkaged by a heat treatment so that the PLA foil adapts to the outer shape of the insulator core.
  • isolation cores are then placed in a carton so that all insides of the carton are completely and overlapped with the insulator cores.
  • the insulation core is inserted into a matching cross-bottom bag made of kraft paper and closed the cross bottom bag by a self-adhesive tab.
  • straw and / or hay in time with the casing before or during the shaping of the insulation core (step 8) and to carry out the shaping together with the casing.
  • straw and / or hay can be welded into a casing made of reinforced cellulose fleece and subsequently subjected to the process of plasticization (step 7) and subsequent shaping (step 8).
  • the mechanical loosening of straw in a bale opener First, the mechanical loosening of straw in a bale opener.
  • the straw is cut off in a cross cutter to 15 cm in length.
  • a dedusting of the straw takes place via a suction device.
  • the straw is fed to a gravity separator and further transported in a silo.
  • the straw is then doused with a 1% aqueous solution of ECA, with a dosage of the solution of 1% based on the straw weight is made.
  • From the silo straw is discharged on a belt scale with the help of rollers until a target weight of the portion of 260 grams is reached.
  • the portion of straw is conveyed by a conveyor fan in a bowl-shaped form and evenly distributed there, so that 80% of the straws are aligned largely parallel to the base of the mold.
  • the straw is treated with saturated steam within the mold for 2 minutes at 98 ° C.
  • the straw is sterilized and simultaneously plasticized.
  • the straw undergoes an increase in the degree of moisture from 8% to 17%.
  • the straw is then compressed by a cup-shaped punch in its density of 30 kg / m 3 to 80 kg / m 3 .
  • a low compression pressure of 0.1 N / cm 2 is applied.
  • the slightly compressed straw is flowed through with superheated steam of 120 ° C under ambient pressure until a moisture level of 8% has set in the straw.
  • the mechanical loosening of straw in a bale opener First, the mechanical loosening of straw in a bale opener.
  • the straw is cut in a cross cutter to 15 cm in length and transported in silo 1.
  • the hay loosening in a bale opener In a second step, the hay loosening in a bale opener.
  • the hay remains in the original length of about 30 cm and is transported in silo 2.
  • About a suction takes place at the silos a dedusting of the straw and hay.
  • the straw and hay are discharged from the silos via belt weighers and pneumatically mixed in a ratio of 50%.
  • the straw / hay mixture is fed with a conveyor fan in a third silo. From the silo, the straw / hay mixture is discharged at a uniform height of 25 cm on a continuously moving conveyor belt.
  • the straw / hay mixture is flowed through in a steam tunnel for 3 minutes with saturated steam (100 ° C, ambient pressure) and thereby sterilized and plasticized.
  • the straw / hay mixture has a moisture content of 18%.
  • a compression of the straw / hay mixture by a tapered belt press wherein the bands of the belt press are equipped with a three-dimensional diamond profile, so that areas of higher density and areas of lower density arise.
  • the bands of the belt press are actively flowed through by cold air (20 ° C, ambient pressure).
  • the straw / hay mixture cools to 45 ° C and hardens.
  • the straw / hay mixture thus produced has limited mechanical stability and has a moisture content of 15%.
  • the straw / hay mixture is fed to a belt dryer, which reduces the moisture content from 15% to 8% in the run.
  • the straw / hay mixture with hot air (75 ° C) flows through. From the insulation core thus produced plates are cut out by longitudinal and transverse cutting, which are positively inserted in a wrapping of kraft paper.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Wrappers (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'un emballage isolant destiné à l'isolation thermique et/ou à l'absorption des chocs, ainsi qu'un tel emballage. Conformément à l'invention, de la paille, du foin ou un mélange des deux est plastifié, le foin et/ou la paille plastifié subit un façonnage, la plastification est retirée en conservant le façonnage, puis la paille et/ou le foin est durci sans liaison de matière entre les brins de paille et/ou de foin individuels et la paille et/ou le foin est muni d'une enveloppe sur tous les côtés. On obtient ainsi un emballage isolant qui se compose d'un ou plusieurs noyaux d'isolation (1) constitués de paille et/ou de foin compressé et d'au moins une enveloppe (2). Le noyau d'isolation (1) est réalisé indéformable et façonné sans liaison de matière entre les brins de paille et/ou de foin individuels, et le noyau d'isolation (1) est complètement entouré par une enveloppe (2) qui est reliée au noyau isolant (1) uniquement par complémentarité de formes, sans éléments de liaison supplémentaires.
EP15704755.6A 2014-02-11 2015-02-06 Emballage isolant en paille ou en foin pour l'isolation thermique ou l'absorption de chocs et son procede de fabrication Active EP3105143B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

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SI201531516T SI3105143T1 (sl) 2014-02-11 2015-02-06 Izolirna embalaža iz slame ali sena za toplotno izolacijo ali blažitev udarcev ter postopek za njeno izdelavo
RS20210350A RS61619B1 (sr) 2014-02-11 2015-02-06 Izolaciona ambalaža za toplotnu izolaciju ili apsorpciju udara od slame ili sena i postupak za njenu proizvodnju
HRP20210527TT HRP20210527T1 (hr) 2014-02-11 2015-02-06 Izolacijska ambalaža za toplinsku izolaciju ili apsorpciju udara od slame ili sijena i postupak za njenu proizvodnju
PL15704755T PL3105143T3 (pl) 2014-02-11 2015-02-06 Wypełnienie izolacyjne do izolacji termicznej lub amortyzacji wstrząsów ze słomy lub siana i sposób jego wytwarzania

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DE202014001280.6U DE202014001280U1 (de) 2014-02-11 2014-02-11 Isolierverpackung zur Wärmedämmung oder Schockabsorption aus Stroh oder Heu
PCT/EP2015/052507 WO2015121167A1 (fr) 2014-02-11 2015-02-06 Emballage isolant en paille ou en foin pour l'isolation thermique ou l'absorption de chocs

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EP3105143A1 true EP3105143A1 (fr) 2016-12-21
EP3105143B1 EP3105143B1 (fr) 2021-01-06

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EP (1) EP3105143B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE202014001280U1 (fr)
DK (1) DK3105143T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2860602T3 (fr)
HR (1) HRP20210527T1 (fr)
HU (1) HUE054027T2 (fr)
LT (1) LT3105143T (fr)
PL (1) PL3105143T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT3105143T (fr)
RS (1) RS61619B1 (fr)
SI (1) SI3105143T1 (fr)
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EP3932193A1 (fr) * 2020-07-01 2022-01-05 Naturhof Schröder GmbH Abris pour fourrage sans support et son procédé de fabrication

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US11975911B2 (en) 2024-05-07
EP3105143B1 (fr) 2021-01-06
HUE054027T2 (hu) 2021-08-30
US20160355320A1 (en) 2016-12-08
RS61619B1 (sr) 2021-04-29
DK3105143T3 (da) 2021-03-08
WO2015121167A1 (fr) 2015-08-20
SI3105143T1 (sl) 2021-04-30
ES2860602T3 (es) 2021-10-05
LT3105143T (lt) 2021-04-26
US20210394994A1 (en) 2021-12-23
DE202014001280U1 (de) 2014-04-04
US11124353B2 (en) 2021-09-21
HRP20210527T1 (hr) 2021-05-14
PT3105143T (pt) 2021-02-16
PL3105143T3 (pl) 2021-06-14

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