EP3247620B1 - Conception de partie avant d'un navire - Google Patents

Conception de partie avant d'un navire Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3247620B1
EP3247620B1 EP15817835.0A EP15817835A EP3247620B1 EP 3247620 B1 EP3247620 B1 EP 3247620B1 EP 15817835 A EP15817835 A EP 15817835A EP 3247620 B1 EP3247620 B1 EP 3247620B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vessel
water
top surface
hull
speed
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EP15817835.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3247620A1 (fr
Inventor
Roar Johan Moen
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Rasmussen Maritime Design AS
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Rasmussen Maritime Design AS
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Priority to PL15817835T priority Critical patent/PL3247620T3/pl
Publication of EP3247620A1 publication Critical patent/EP3247620A1/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
    • B63B1/02—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving lift mainly from water displacement
    • B63B1/04—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving lift mainly from water displacement with single hull
    • B63B1/06—Shape of fore part
    • B63B1/063—Bulbous bows
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B1/00—Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
    • B63B1/32—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls
    • B63B1/40—Other means for varying the inherent hydrodynamic characteristics of hulls by diminishing wave resistance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B71/00—Designing vessels; Predicting their performance
    • B63B71/20—Designing vessels; Predicting their performance using towing tanks or model basins for designing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T70/00—Maritime or waterways transport
    • Y02T70/10—Measures concerning design or construction of watercraft hulls

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the design of seagoing vessels and can be applied to the majority of hull types, from slow-moving ships, rigs and barges to high-speed ships and boats that are operated up to planing speed, and also to sailing boats and multi hull vessels.
  • the invention relates to the configuration of the vessel's forepart comprising a device that reduces the wave resistance of the vessel, as well as reducing or eliminating spray and wave-breaking resistance.
  • the resistance coefficients C F and C W are multiplied by the square of the speed ( v 2 ) to obtain the resistance to forward movement in Newtons [N]. Consequently, the wave resistance increases very rapidly with increasing speed.
  • a vessel thus forms a wave crest ahead of the vessel, where the relative water velocity is low. Further back, where the width of the hull increases, a wave trough is produced due to high relative water velocity.
  • the increased water velocity under the hull also results in lower pressure under the hull, and consequently loss of buoyancy when the vessel's speed increases. This resistance is included in the term wave resistance.
  • the percentage of the total resistance to forward movement at sustained speed that wave resistance normally constitutes is, depending on vessel type, 30-70%, and increases sharply with increasing speed.
  • Figure 3A is a side view of a vessel with a bulb according to the prior art, where the vessel is operated at design speed.
  • the wave system 31 generated by the vessel's bulb is in antiphase to the wave system 32 generated by the hull's bow portion, such that the resultant wave 33, which is the sum of the two wave systems 31 and 32, is virtually flat.
  • the problem with a bulb is therefore that the wave trough will be produced further back on the vessel when the speed increases, and further forward when the speed is reduced.
  • the wave crests will be produced at the same point, and it is therefore only within a limited speed range that the wave from the bulb and the waves from the vessel's hull will have a favourable wave interference.
  • the waves from the bulb and the hull will no longer be in antiphase. This can be seen clearly from the schematic illustration shown in Figure 3B , where the increased wave length results in the bulb's wave system 31 no longer phasing out the wave system 32 generated by the hull's bow portion, such that the resultant wave 33 increases.
  • the bulb Seen from in front, the bulb is often almost spherical. Alternatively, it can be made more triangular. Different configurations of conventional bulbs are shown schematically in Figures 4A , B and C. Broken line 5 indicates the water surface. A common feature of all bulbs is that the front area and width are small in relation to the front area and width of the hull below the water surface. Furthermore, bulbs of the prior art have a width/height ratio of about one. The position and configuration of the bulb mean that it basically displaces oncoming water masses equally in the horizontal and the vertical plane, as shown by arrows in Figures 4A , B and C.
  • the wave-making plate has a maximum width of about 1/3 the hull width and that the vertical thickness of the plate under light loading conditions may occupy as much as 1/3 of the vessel's draught at the bow, and further that the plate is disposed substantially coplanar with the bottom of the hull.
  • the surface area of the thin plate seen from in front is thus very small in relation to the front area of the hull below the water surface (maximum about 11%).
  • planar/straight top surface of the thin plate body will only to a small degree generate a wave, and that this wave will thus only to a small degree contribute to phasing out the bow wave produced by the bow lying behind.
  • this solution which is based on favourable wave interference, will also only be capable of being optimised within a narrow speed range and in practice only at relatively low speeds.
  • JPS58-43593U seeks to reduce the height of the bow wave generated by the bow area in that a wing profile shaped flange is placed on the hull bow area below the water surface, the curved top surface of the wing profile resulting in increased velocity and consequently a lower pressure in the bow wave on the top surface of the wing profile shaped flange, which further results in a reduction in the height of the bow wave.
  • Figure 5A shows a mass of water flowing toward and across a foil with an initial velocity V 0 in the direction of the double lined arrow at position 1.
  • the arrows pointing 90 degrees away from the foil's top surface indicates a typical underpressure distribution on the top surface of the foil, having a peak underpressure approximately at the maximum thickness of the foil profile at position 3.
  • a foil having the underpressure distribution shown in Figure 5A will have a velocity distribution of the water mass as illustrated in Figure 5B reaching a maximum velocity V MAX approximately at the maximum thickness of the foil profile at position 3.
  • the velocity of the water mass accordingly increases from slightly behind the leading edge of the foil at position 2 to the maximum profile thickness at position 3, followed by decreasing water velocity from position 3, via position 4 at the rear top surface of the foil, to position 5, where the water mass again reaches its initial velocity V 0 .
  • the foil In order to achieve this particular pressure and velocity distribution, the foil must be arranged at a sufficient depth under the water surface.
  • the negative pressure that is formed at the top surface of the foil will cause a wave trough in the water surface as shown in Figure 7B , where the broken line 5 indicates the water surface when the foil is not present.
  • the foil thus produces waves, which in turn generate increased resistance.
  • an insufficiently submerged foil will generate less lift.
  • submerged foils can be intended to counter the vessel's motions.
  • JP 1-314686 describes a guiding wing board mounted near a lower tip of a bow.
  • the guiding wing board is described to reduce the wave-making resistance and to suppress turbulence in the bow area.
  • Figure 6a of JP 1-314686 shows the pressure distribution at the top surface of the wing board and how the underpressure above the wing board lower the water surface above and behind the wing board when acting alone, c.f. also Figure 7B in this document.
  • the object of the wing board is to prevent the water surface in front of the bow area of a vessel from swelling up, i.e. not making a wave crest or a wave trough at the location of the bow area. This is achieved by arranging the wing board at a lower tip of a bow, thereby generating a strong negative pressure region at the back surface of the wing board.
  • the object of the wing board is to act as a guiding wing board as shown in figure 5b of JP 1-314686 (marked with reference numberal 8).
  • a guiding wing board As can be seen from figure 5a of JP 1-314686 , when a wind is blown into a curved wind tunnel 11 generating a large change in flow direction, a flow is separated. However, the separation of the flow is reduced or prevented due to the effect of the guiding wing board 8 shown in figure 5b of JP 1-314686 . The total flow resistance therefore decreases.
  • the effect of wing board according to JP 1-314686 is claimed to be exactly the same as guiding wing board in a wind tunnel.
  • Patent publication JP S60 42187A discloses a wing arrangement in front of the vessel's bow that seeks to reduce wave breaking resistance by deliberate generation of wing end vortexes opposing wave breaking vortexes generated by the bow of vessel.
  • JP S60 42187A describes a fourth embodiment (cf. figure 14 and 15 of JP S60 42187A ) with the same effect as already described above, except for how the bow wave is suppressed.
  • the wing body is arranged such that water flowing towards the wing changes direction, and thus creates a wave in anti-phase with the bow wave of the ship.
  • the resulting wave is claimed to have considerably reduced height.
  • this wing is designed to create a vortex in antiphase with the wave breaking vortex created by the vessel.
  • the purpose of the wing is to reduce the wave breaking resistance from the bow area of a vessel.
  • the wave breaking resistance [C WB ] constitutes a minor part of the wave resistance [C W ] of a vessel.
  • the wave pattern resistance [C WP ] is by far the main contributor to wave resistance [C W ].
  • the object of the present invention is to develop a forepart that reduces the vessel's resistance to forward movement over a wide speed range. Furthermore, the present invention can improve the vessel's seagoing properties, and also allow design of vessels of greater width and shorter length compared with conventional vessels.
  • the objects described above are achieved with a vessel according to patent claim 1. Further advantageous features are defined in the dependent patent claims.
  • the invention comprises a vessel comprising a hull with a bow area, defined as the area of the hull seen from in front below a water surface when the vessel is lying motionless and is floating in a mass of water, and one (or more) body(ies) arranged in proximity to the bow area, for example upstream of the bow area.
  • the body comprises one (or more) leading edge(s), one (or more) trailing edge(s) lying downstream of the leading edge(s), one (or more) underside(s) and one (or more) top surface(s).
  • the top surface of the body comprises one (or more) forward top surface(s) that extend from the leading edge of the body to one (or more) outer contour line(s) of the body seen from in front.
  • the contour line can, as an additional criterion, be found by drawing a line through the points of intersection where the tangents of the top surface in the vessel's direction of travel are horizontal.
  • the highest point of the body, seen from in front is located higher than half of the vessel's deepest draught when the vessel, without payload and without ballast, is lying motionless and is floating in a mass of water. Note that the expression 'highest point of the body' can also cover the cases where there are several highest points on the top surface and/or one or more highest flat portions.
  • the vessel's deepest draught without payload and without ballast should be measured when the vessel's own fuel tanks and lubricating oil tanks are empty.
  • the deepest draught is defined by the minimum depth of water a vessel can navigate without grounding.
  • the highest point of the body, seen from in front, is located higher than half of the vessel's deepest draught in at least one of the vessel's loading conditions.
  • the highest point of the body, seen from in front is located higher than 2/3 of the vessel's deepest draught measured in at least one loading condition, more favourable higher than 5/6 of the vessel's deepest draught in at least one loading condition, even more favourable higher than 8/9 of the vessel's deepest draught in at least one loading condition, for example at or near an undisturbed water line.
  • the vertical section of the body in the vessel's direction of travel and the extent of the body in the transverse direction of the hull is, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, further designed to displace an oncoming water mass over the top surface of the body at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than a lower design speed defined as the lowest speed of the vessel at which the oncoming water mass that is primarily displaced in a vertical plane along the vessel's direction of travel obtains an essentially laminar flow over the forward top surface of the body, preferably the whole of the forward top surface of the body, more preferably over the whole top surface of body, and where the configuration of the top surface of the body accelerates the oncoming water mass that is lowered in or by the gravitational field downstream of the contour line, such that the oncoming water mass obtains a velocity and a direction at the trailing edge of the body that leads the mass of water away from the bow area, or essentially parallel to the bow area, or a combination thereof.
  • the bow area itself will to the least possible extent displace the oncoming water mass, which results in reduced or no wave resistance from the bow area, and reduced wave resistance for the vessel.
  • reduced wave resistance here is meant reduced compared with the wave resistance from vessels with conventional bow design. Note that the terms downstream/upstream throughout this document refer to the flow line of the water mass in the position in question.
  • the top surface of the body is further configured such that the oncoming water mass obtains a direction downstream of the contour line that leads the oncoming mass of water away from the bow area, or essentially parallel to the bow area, or a combination thereof.
  • the expression 'essentially parallel to the bow area' means that the whole of the water mass that is on the top surface of the body, in the event of displacement of the bow area, is displaced at an angle of attack of less than 25 degrees relative to the flow line the water mass would have had if the bow area had been removed, more advantageously at an angle of attack of less than 15 degrees, even more advantageously at an angle of attack of less than 10 degrees for example exactly parallel.
  • said acceleration comprises a lifting of the oncoming water mass in the gravitational field upstream of the contour line.
  • leading edge of the body extends out to the largest width of the body, seen from above.
  • leading edge of the body is located upstream of the bow area.
  • the body is arranged such that the leading edge of the body is below or at the water surface in at least one of the vessel's load conditions when the vessel is lying motionless and is floating in a mass of water.
  • the word 'at' here should not be interpreted strictly but to allow the leading edge to project slightly above the water surface.
  • the body is positioned such that the body's highest point, seen from in front, is located higher than 3/4 of the vessel's deepest draught reckoned from the vessel's lowest point when the vessel, without payload and without ballast, is lying motionless and is floating in a mass of water.
  • the highest point of the body is located at or higher than the water surface.
  • the deepest draught of the vessel can be determined by the vessel's rudder, propeller, the body or another part of the vessel.
  • the contour line of the body and its leading edge, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions is positioned such that more than 20% of the oncoming water mass is lifted above the water surface at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed.
  • the trailing edge of the body is pointed or almost pointed, or has any other shape that results in a marked boundary between the top surface and underside of the body.
  • the term 'pointed' should here not be interpreted strictly but also to allow a somewhat blunt or rounded shape.
  • Another definition of 'pointed' may also be that the trailing edge of the body is shaped such that no turbulence or least possible turbulence is generated in the area where the water masses leave the body.
  • Another definition of 'pointed' may be that the trailing edge of the body has, in a vertical section, a maximum thickness that is less than 5% of the body's maximum thickness, for example, less than 3%.
  • the trailing edge of the body seen in one vertical section, may have a shape identical to, or almost identical to, the trailing edge of a hydrofoil, for example like the trailing edge of one or more hydrofoils illustrated in patent publication US 6,467,422B1 or GB 992375A or JPH0656067A or US 4,335,671A . All these patent publications are included by reference.
  • the vertical section of the body in the vessel's direction of travel and the extent of the body in the transverse direction of the hull, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions are configured such that more than 20% of the oncoming water mass that passes over the top surface of the body at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed is led under the hull, more advantageously more than 30%, even more advantageously more than 40%, even more advantageously more than 50%, even more advantageously more than 60%, even more advantageously more than 70%, even more advantageously more than 80%, even more advantageously more than 90%, for example 100%.
  • the expression 'under the hull' means below the hull between two vertical plane in the vessel's direction of travel and spaced apart at a distance corresponding to the maximum width of the bow area at the water surface when the vessel is seen from in front.
  • An example of a vertical section configuration in the direction of travel of the vessel is to adjust the position of the body's trailing edge until a desired velocity vector is obtained. This can be achieved by altering the angle of attach of the body.
  • the body is arranged at a distance from the bow area, such that at least one passage is formed between the body and the bow area.
  • the trailing edge of the body is arranged at a distance from the bow area such that the hull, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, prevents the part of the oncoming water mass that is led under the hull from rising when the vessel's speed is equal to or greater than the lower design speed.
  • the distance of the trailing edge from the bow area can be either in the horizontal plane or in the vertical plane or a combination thereof.
  • the expression 'prevents the oncoming water mass from rising' is intended to mean that this mass of water is held down by the hull, so that the hull essentially prevents or reduces the formation of waves that spread to the surrounding water masses.
  • the body's maximum transverse extent (B) divided by the body's maximum height (H), seen from in front is greater than 1.5 but preferably less than 8.0, for example 4.0.
  • the area of the body, seen from in front constitutes more than 20% of the bow area at the vessel's maximum draught, more advantageously more than 30%, even more advantageously between 40 and 100%, for example 50%.
  • the area of the body, seen from in front can be calculated either i) as the maximum cross sectional area of the body or preferably ii) also take into account the trim of the body.
  • the vertical section of the body in the vessel's direction of travel has a maximum extent in the vertical plane that constitutes at least 40% of the hull's draught when the vessel is neutrally trimmed and loaded with 10% of its maximum payload, more advantageously at least 50% of the hull's draught, even more advantageously at least 60 %, even more advantageously at least 70 %, for example 75% of the hull's draught.
  • maximum extent in the vertical plane is meant the body's highest point minus its lowest point along a vertical section in the vessel's direction of travel.
  • the body has a maximum transverse extent, seen from in front, that is at least 3/8 of the hull's maximum width, seen from in front, more advantageously at least 5/8 of the hull's maximum width, even more advantageously at least 7/8 of the hull's maximum width, for example, the whole of the hull's maximum width.
  • the top surface of the body comprises at least one convex portion that constitutes more than 10% of the top surface, more advantageously more than 20% of the top surface.
  • the underside of the body seen in a vertical section along the vessel's direction of travel, is straight.
  • the underside of the body can be configured with at least one convex portion or at least one concave portion, or a combination thereof.
  • the body forms an asymmetrical profile in the vessel's direction of travel.
  • the top surface of the body downstream of the contour line has a configuration which, in at least in one of the vessel's load conditions, at or above the lower design speed, results in the oncoming water mass that passes on the top surface of the body is lowered down to, or below, the height position of the leading edge of the body before the oncoming water mass meets the hull.
  • the leading edge of the body has a straight shape or a curved shape, seen from above, or a combination thereof.
  • the trailing edge of the body has a straight shape or a curved shape, seen from above, or a combination thereof.
  • the vertical section of the body in the vessel's direction of travel and the extent of the body in the hull's transverse direction, in at least one of the vessels load conditions is designed to lead a major portion, i.e., more than 50%, of a lifted water mass, caused by the displacement of the body, in over the forward top surface of the body at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed.
  • the proportion of the lifted water mass that is led in over the forward top surface of the body is thus supplied with potential energy that can be utilised downstream of the top surface contour line to give the water mass increased velocity at the trailing edge of the body.
  • increased velocity here is meant a higher velocity than if the water mass had not been lifted above the water surface.
  • Said proportion of lifted water mass can more advantageously constitute over 60%, even more advantageously over 70%, for example 80%.
  • the area of the body, seen from in front, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions constitutes more than 20% of the part of the bow area located behind the body between two vertical planes in the vessel's direction of travel and spaced apart at a distance corresponding to the maximum width of the body. More advantageously, said surface area constitutes more than 30%, even more advantageously more than 40%, even more advantageously more than 50%, even more advantageously more than 60%, even more advantageously more than 70%, even more advantageously more than 80%, for example 90%.
  • the transverse extent of the body and its position in relation to the water surface are selected so that, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, a major portion, i.e., more than 50%, of the oncoming water mass that passes over the top surface of the body at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed, is isolated from the surrounding water masses.
  • An isolation of this kind will give as a result that the isolated water mass can be accelerated without significant pressure drop and wave formation in the surrounding water masses.
  • Said proportion of oncoming water mass that is isolated from surrounding water masses can more advantageously constitute over 60%, even more advantageously over 70%, even more advantageously over 80%, for example 100%.
  • the underside of the body in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, is shaped and/or angled to provide dynamic lift at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed, such that the body obtains unchanged, or almost unchanged, buoyancy compared with when the vessel is lying motionless and is floating in a mass of water.
  • the vertical position of the body relative to water surface, in at least one loading condition is such that the oncoming water mass at the body's top surface downstream the maximum thickness of the body, measured along the vessel's direction of travel and 90 degrees on the body's chord line, obtains an essentially constant or increasing velocity, at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed.
  • the vertical position of the body relative to water surface is such that the pressure in the oncoming water mass is essentially constant above the top surface, downstream of the outer contour line, at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed.
  • the body's cross sectional area, seen from in front, is decreasing in height towards the peripheries in the body's transverse direction such that the pressure built up at the body's underside and the pressure built up at the body's top surface is essentially equalized at the body's peripheries, thereby supressing generation of vortexes.
  • the periphery at each transverse side of the body comprises a plate extending over a major part, i.e. more than 50 %, of the body along the vessel's direction of travel, the geometrical shape of the plate being designed such that the pressure at the body's underside has no or insignificant effect on the pressure at the body's top surface, thereby supressing generation of vortexes.
  • the plates may alternatively follow the curvature of the body's peripheries over a major part of the body, or a combination thereof.
  • the plates may be directed vertically, i.e. with a main component in the vertical direction.
  • the term 'vertical' is herein defined as a direction perpendicular to the body's transverse direction after the body has been positioned at the vessel's bow area.
  • the body is incorporated in the bow area.
  • the body is configured with a tapering section towards the leading edge of the body and/or the trailing edge of the body when seen in the vessel's direction of travel, across at least 20% of the transverse extent of the body, preferably at least 30% of the transverse extent of the body, more preferably at least 40%, for example 100%.
  • the body has mounted thereon at least one foil which, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, provides dynamic lift at a speed of the vessel that is equal to or greater than the lower design speed, such that the body obtains unchanged, or almost unchanged, buoyancy compared with when the vessel is lying motionless and is floating in a mass of water.
  • the top surface of the body seen in a vertical section along the vessel's direction of travel, comprises at least one convex portion and at least one concave portion.
  • the body is configured such that, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, at or above the lower design speed, a negative pressure resulting from water acceleration at the underside of the body is, fully or to a significant degree, neutralised at the trailing edge of the body by the oncoming water mass from the top surface of the body.
  • the oncoming water mass which, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, at or above the lower design speed, is led over the body's top surface, forms a supercritical flow at the trailing edge of the body.
  • the body at its forward part, is shaped such that it only slightly forms a pressure wave upstream of the body above the lower design speed.
  • the body is shaped such that, in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, at or above the lower design speed, a stationary wave trough is formed at the trailing edge of the body along 20-100% of the vessel's width, more advantageously 30-100%, even more advantageously over 40%, even more advantageously over 60 %, for example 100%.
  • the lowest point of the body is located at a distance below the water surface corresponding to between 2/3 and 3/2 of the hull's deepest draught in at least one of the vessel's load conditions, for example, without payload and without ballast.
  • the body is formed with a tapering cross-section out towards the periphery of the body in the transverse direction over at least 20% of the length of the body in the vessel's direction of travel, for example, over at least 50% of the length of the body.
  • An alternative definition of the lower design speed is the speed at which the flow characteristic of the oncoming water mass, on increasing speed, changes from an essentially turbulent flow to an essentially laminar flow at the forward top surface of the body; cf. Figures 20A and B , respectively.
  • FIG. 20A Another alternative definition of the lower design speed is the speed at which the mean velocity of the oncoming water mass over the forward top surface of the body is not markedly lower than the vessel's speed; cf. Figure 20B .
  • said mean speed of the body's forward top surface is markedly lower.
  • Another alternative definition of the lower design speed is the speed at which the mean velocity of the oncoming water mass changes from markedly lower (cf. Figure 20A ) to about the same (cf. Figure 20B ) as the vessel's speed at the forward top surface of the body.
  • Another alternative definition of the lower design speed is the speed of the vessel at which the vessel's energy consumption undergoes a marked drop.
  • any fluid flow patterns i.e. fluid flow directions and/or fluid velocities, around the body and/or the hull may be observed and determined by numerous measurement techniques. Examples of such measurement techniques are use of colorants in the water passing the body and the hull and/or use of light weight threads attached to the body and/or to the hull (as used in sails for sailboats). These measurement techniques may be complemented with, or replaced by, fluid flow data simulations.
  • the invention comprises a streamlined body which in at least one load condition is fully or partly submerged in a mass of water when the vessel is lying motionless, positioned ahead of the hull behind, the body working in interaction with the hull behind.
  • the body is formed and positioned such that it essentially displaces oncoming water masses in the vertical plane and then leads a mass of water under and/or out towards the sides of the hull behind, such that the hull itself, lying behind the body, displaces oncoming water masses to the least possible extent.
  • the invention reduces the resistance to forward movement of the vessel when the vessel operates above the aforementioned lower design speed. Above the lower design speed, the invention causes formation of a wave trough along a large part of the width of the hull by positioning a wide streamlined body ahead of the hull. The bottom of the wave trough is essentially determined by the defined trailing edge of the body.
  • the wave trough is created by displacing a substantial proportion of the oncoming water mass in over the leading edge of the body, which is accelerated over the body's curved top surface.
  • the whole or parts of the water mass are lifted, preferably above the water surface.
  • the water mass is lowered in the gravitational field and obtains increased relative velocity in relation to the vessel at the trailing edge of the body.
  • the extent of the water mass in the vertical plane will decrease. This, together with the velocity vector of the water mass at the trailing edge of the body, forms the wave trough.
  • the underside of the body is shaped and/or angled to balance the whole or parts of the weight from the masses of water that pass over the top surface of the body, so that the forepart to the least possible extent undergoes a change in draught while at speed.
  • the hull bow area is located in the wave trough created at the rear edge of the body, so that the bow area itself does not displace water masses displaced by the body.
  • the bow area remains dry or basically dry, while at speed. Further, the vessel's hull prevents the wave trough produced by the body from rising, thereby preventing the wave trough from propagating further in the surrounding water masses as waves.
  • Oncoming waves will to a large extent be flattened out by the top surface of the body and led under the bow area without resulting in slamming against the bow area.
  • the weight of the wave crests on the top surface of the body will seek to weigh the vessel down, and therefore a wave crest will not cause displacement buoyancy in the same way as for a conventional bow.
  • a wave trough will reduce the weight of the water mass at the top surface of the body.
  • the body will also be able to utilise parts of the potential energy that oncoming wave crests represent for forward movement when the wave crests is lowered in the gravitational field at the rear top surface of the body or as increased speed of the water mass that is led under the vessel's hull.
  • FIG. 6A it is shown a ball rolling in air over a profile having essentially the same shape as the foil shown in Figure 5A .
  • the ball has an initial velocity V 0 at position 1 and at "the leading edge" of the profile at position 2. Due to the gravitational force, the velocity is gradually reduced until the ball reaches a minimum velocity V min at the thickest part of the body profile at position 3.
  • Figure 6B illustrates the velocity V of the ball graphically at position 1 to 5.
  • Figures 7A , B and C illustrate schematically the streamlines of a mass of water flowing with an initial velocity V 0 over a foil in the direction of the double lined arrow.
  • the straight water surface 5 is indicated in the figures.
  • Figures 9A and B show the general mode of operation of the invention for the particular embodiment in which the oncoming water masses are led under the hull.
  • the position of the water surface 5 is shown with broken line.
  • Figure 9A shows the wave 31 formed behind the body 4 when only the body 4 is passed through a water mass above a lower design speed.
  • Figure 9B shows the interaction between the body 4 and the hull 2 and how the hull 2 prevents the wave 31 from rising when the vessel 1 is operated above a lower design speed.
  • the invention can be configured in several ways, but the main principles of the mode of operation are common to all the embodiments.
  • Figures 10A-D and Figures 13A-C show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 with a bow area 3 and a body 4 according to the invention, with the body 4 partly submerged in a water mass when the vessel 1 is lying motionless.
  • the position of the water surface 5 is indicated in Figures 10B and C and in Figures 13B and C .
  • the body 4 is located at a distance from the bow area 3 such that a passage 60 is formed between the body 4 and the bow area 3.
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, a trailing edge 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44.
  • the broken lines for the body's trailing edge 42, the contour line 53 and interface 56 in Figure 10A are not visible from above, but are shown in order to better illustrate the configuration of the hull 2 and the body 4.
  • the water mass on the body's top surface 47 is isolated from the surrounding water masses, such that few or no waves are produced in surrounding water masses when the water mass is accelerated on the top surface 47 of the body.
  • a water mass can thus be accelerated from point 200 to point 400 and here give the water mass a favourable velocity vector 85 (cf. Figure 13B ) without significant waves being produced in the surrounding water masses.
  • Parts of the energy that help to lift the water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 accompany the water mass as potential energy in over the top surface 47 of the body, where the water mass is lowered in the gravitational field at the body's rear top surface 44.
  • parts of the increased potential energy in the lifted water mass 80 are utilised for forward movement, or to give the water mass on the top surface 47 of the body increased speed at the trailing edge 42 of the body, instead of being lost to the surrounding water masses as waves.
  • the body's underside 45 can be shaped and/or angled to give a dynamic lift that balances the weight of the whole or parts of the water mass on the body's top surface 47.
  • the dynamic lift is created in that the body's underside 45 forms the angle of attack ⁇ to the horizontal plane. As the trailing edge 42 of the body is thus lowered, the velocity of the water mass on the body's top surface 47 increases further.
  • Points 100 and 300 are the location of the water masses respectively upstream of the leading edge 41 (i.e., upstream of point 200) and at the body's 4 highest point, along a flow line. Points 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 are also marked in Figure 13A .
  • the invention has thus reduced the formation of waves from the vessel 1 that spread to the surrounding water masses.
  • the velocity of the essentially laminar flow on the body's top surface 47 will increase proportionally to the increase in the vessel's 1 speed, and thus prevent further accumulation of water masses 80 ahead of the body 4.
  • the percentage 80A of the lifted water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 that escapes as wave will remain relatively constant.
  • the height of the lifted water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 will remain relatively constant, and thus the wave height formed by the forepart 6 of the vessel 1 will not increase as in the case of a conventional vessel 1.
  • the water mass on the top surface 47 of the body will, because of the Coanda effect, follow the body's top surface 47 also at high speeds.
  • the invention thus reduces the wave resistance of the vessel 1 within a wide speed range.
  • the laminar flow on the body's forward top surface 43 prevents spray and wave-breaking resistance and will therefore also reduce or eliminate these resistance components.
  • the body 4 can be secured to the hull 2 by means of the side plates 70 as shown in Figures 13A-C .
  • the body 4 may also be secured to the hull 2 by one or more V-wedges 65 (see for example Figures 12A-D ) between the bow area 3 and the body's top surface 47.
  • V-wedges 65 see for example Figures 12A-D
  • the fastening means can be configured such that they slow down as little as possible the water masses flowing on the body's top surface 47.
  • Figures 11A-D and Figures 14A-D show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 and a body 4 according to the invention where the body 4 is incorporated in the bow area 3. Furthermore, the body 4 is partly submerged in a water mass when the vessel 1 is lying motionless. The position of the water surface 5 is indicated in Figures 11B and C and in Figures 14B and C .
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, two trailing edges 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, an interface 55, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 and interface 54 indicate the boundary between the body's leading edge 41 and the body's trailing edges 42.
  • the broken lines in Figure 11A that indicate the body's trailing edges 42, the contour line 53 and the interface 55 are not visible from above, but are shown in order better to illustrate the design of the hull 2 and the body 4.
  • the water mass has a high velocity that results in the water mass having a smaller vertical extent. This, together with the velocity vectors 85 of the water mass at the body's trailing edges 42, leads the water mass under the bow area 3 and/or out towards the sides of the hull 2. This means that the bow area 3 will only displace a small proportion of the oncoming water masses the forepart 6 of the vessel 1 must displace; cf. Figure 14C showing the front view of the vessel 1.
  • the body 4 can be configured such that the velocity vectors 85 of water masses at the body's trailing edges 42 and the velocity vector of the oncoming water masses that are not displaced by the body 4, obtain a velocity vector that is as parallel as possible to the bow area 3.
  • the forward top surface 43 of the body has a tapering cross-section out towards the periphery of the body 4 in a transverse direction. This causes primarily a lifting of water masses 80 towards the middle of the body 4 and to a small extent out towards the body's 4 periphery, seen from in front.
  • the transverse extent of the body 4 thus leads a major portion of the lifted water mass 80 in over the body 4, such that only a minor proportion 80A of the lifted water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 escapes as waves to surrounding water masses.
  • the lifted water mass 80 and 80A formed by the body 4 is illustrated in Figures 14A and B .
  • the water mass on the top surface of the body 47 is to a large extent isolated from the surrounding water masses, such that significant waves are not produced in surrounding water masses as a result of the water mass being accelerated on the body's top surface 47.
  • a water mass can thus be accelerated from point 200 to point 400 (cf. Figures 14A-D ) without significant waves being produced in the surrounding water masses.
  • the water masses flow with as much laminar flow as possible under the hull 2 to point 500.
  • Point 100 and point 300 are the location of the water masses respectively upstream of the leading edge 41 (i.e., upstream of point 200) and at the highest point of the body 4, along a flow line.
  • Parts of the energy that helped to lift the water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 accompany the water mass as potential energy in over the body's top surface 47 and is lowered in the gravitational field at the rear top surface 44 of the body.
  • parts of the increased potential energy in the lifted water mass 80 are utilised for forward movement, or to give the water mass on the body's top surface 47 increased velocity at the trailing edges 42 of the body, instead of being lost to surrounding water masses as waves.
  • the body 4 As the body 4 is located close to the water surface 5, a lift is not obtained as is done with a sufficiently submerged lifting foil.
  • the weight of the water masses on the body's top surface 47 will weigh the forepart 6 down.
  • the body's underside 45 can be shaped and/or angled to give a dynamic lift that balances the weight the whole of or parts of the water mass on the body's top surface 47.
  • the dynamic lift is produced in that the body's trailing edge 42 is positioned lower than its leading edge 41.
  • the velocity of the water mass on the body's top surface 47 increases further.
  • the invention has thus reduced the formation of waves from the vessel 1 that spread to the surrounding water masses.
  • the vessel 1 is to be designed to travel at high speed, it will be expedient to allow the transverse extent of the body 4 to decrease from the body's 4 largest width and backwards, seen from above (i.e. downstream of interface 54), so as thus to lead a larger proportion of the water mass that passes through on the top surface 47 of the body under the bow area 3 instead of out towards the sides of the hull 2.
  • the laminar flow on the body's forward top surface 43 prevents spray and wave-breaking resistance and will therefore also reduce these resistance components.
  • the body 4 in this second embodiment is incorporated in the bow area 3 and secured to the hull 2 in that the hull 2 beams and support system are extended and continue on the interior of the body 4.
  • This embodiment thus does not require any form of external strut or other form of external attachment.
  • This third embodiment according to the invention shown in Figures 12A , B, C and D and Figures 15A , B, C and D, has a structure and mode of operation that is somewhere between the two embodiments described above.
  • the model boat, described later in this document under the section entitled Model tests is, in Tests B, made according to this third embodiment; cf. Figures 18A and 18B , but without the V-wedge 65.
  • Figures 12A-D and Figures 15A-D show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 with a bow area 3 and a body 4 according to the invention with the body 4 partly submerged in a water mass when the vessel 1 is lying motionless.
  • the position of the water surface 5 is indicated in Figures 12B and C and in Figures 15B and C .
  • the body 4 is located at a distance from the bow area 3 such that passage 60 is formed between the body 4 and the bow area 3.
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, a trailing edge 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 and the interface 54 indicates the boundary between the body's leading edge 41 and its trailing edge 42.
  • the body 4 is located a distance from the bow area 3 such that passage 60 is formed between the body 4 and the bow area 3.
  • the broken lines for the body's trailing edge 42, the contour line 53, the interface 55 and the interface 56 in Figure 12A are not visible seen from above, but are shown in order better to illustrate the configuration of the vessel 1.
  • the water masses will be slowed down in the same way as ahead of a conventional ship's bow.
  • This causes a lifted water mass 80 ahead of the body 4.
  • the forward top surface 43 of the body has a tapering cross-section out towards the periphery of the body 4 in the transverse direction. This causes primarily a lifting of water masses 80 towards the middle of the body 4 and only to a small extent out towards the periphery of the body 4 in the transverse direction.
  • the transverse extent of the body 4 thus leads a major part of the lifted water mass 80 in over the body 4, such that only a small proportion 80A of the lifted water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 escapes as waves to surrounding water masses.
  • the lifted water mass 80 that is formed by the body 4, including escaped water mass 80A, is illustrated in Figures 15A and B .
  • the water mass on the body's top surface 47 will to a large extent be isolated from the surrounding water masses, such that significant waves are not produced in surrounding water masses when the water mass is accelerated on the body's top surface 47.
  • a water mass can be accelerated from point 200 to point 400, and here the water mass can be given a favourable velocity vector 85, (cf. Figures 15A-D ) without significant waves being produced in the surrounding water masses.
  • Parts of the energy that help to lift the water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 accompany the water mass as potential energy in over the top surface 47 of the body, the water mass being lowered in the gravitational field at the rear top surface 44 of the body.
  • parts of the increased potential energy in the lifted water mass 80 are utilised for forward movement, or to give the water mass on the body's top surface 47 increased velocity at the trailing edge of the body 42, instead of being lost to surrounding water masses as waves.
  • the body 4 As the body 4 is located close to the water surface 5, a lift is not obtained as is achieved with a sufficiently submerged lifting foil.
  • the weight of the water masses on the body's top surface 47 will weigh the forepart 6 down.
  • the body's underside 45 can be shaped and/or angled to give a dynamic lift that balances the weight of the whole or parts of the water mass on the body's top surface 47.
  • the dynamic lift is produced in that the body's trailing edge 42 is positioned lower than its leading edge 41.
  • the velocity of the water mass on the body's top surface 47 increases further.
  • Points 100 and 300 are the location of the water masses respectively upstream of the leading edge 41 (i.e., upstream of point 200) and at the body's 4 highest point, along a flow line.
  • the invention has thus reduced the formation of waves from the vessel 1 that spread to surrounding water masses.
  • the water mass on the body's top surface 47 will, because of the Coanda effect, follow the body's top surface 47 also at higher speeds.
  • the invention reduces the wave resistance within a wide speed range.
  • the body 4 can in this third embodiment be secured to the hull 2 by means of one or more V-wedges 65, seen from above, as shown in Figures 12A-D , as also can be seen in Figures 18A and B .
  • V-wedges 65 seen from above, as shown in Figures 12A-D , as also can be seen in Figures 18A and B .
  • the body 4 can be fastened to the hull 2 using struts or plates so that the water masses on the top surface 47 of the body slow down as little as possible.
  • the body 4 and the hull 2 are configured so that the total resistance for the vessel 1 is as low as possible.
  • the configuration and location of the body 4 is determined to a large extent by the hull's 2 draught, width/draught ratio, variation in draught (load/ballast) and speed range.
  • the body 4 should be configured such that maximum laminar flow is achieved at the body's top surface 47 from a lower design speed.
  • vessel 1 that operates at low to moderate speed, typically F N 0.1- 0.25, it may be the dynamic pressure in oncoming water masses that limits the proportion of the oncoming water masses that is lifted over the forward top surface 43 of the body.
  • the body 4 can therefore be configured such that the body's 4 profile has little fullness at the body's forward part 46, and where the body's 4 forward underside may have a small angle of attack; cf. Figures 26B, 26C, 26D and 26F . This gives little deceleration of water masses ahead of the body 4.
  • the rear underside of the body 4 may have a gradually increasing angle of attack to more easily lead water masses under the vessel 1; cf. Figures 26C, 26D and 26F .
  • Figure 26F has a gap that allows some water from the body's underside 45 to flow through the gap and up onto the body's rear top surface, so as thereby to improve the flow conditions in the area around the body's trailing edge 42, thereby reducing any turbulence problems.
  • Such gap in the body 4 is prior art that is, inter alia, used in the aircraft industry.
  • Figure 26E shows an example of two bodies 4 that are located at different heights.
  • a configuration of this kind can be used when a vessel 1 operates in different load conditions.
  • the upper body 4 can be placed so high that water masses are not led over this body, but that the lower body 4 functions as otherwise described in this document.
  • the water masses can pass over both bodies 4 and the effect of the bodies 4 here too will be as otherwise described in this document.
  • hull 2 with a larger width compared to draught, typically barges it may also be expedient to give the body 4 a width about the same as the width of the hull 2 so that the lifted water mass 80 in front of the hull is essentially led under the hull 2.
  • the body 4 can be configured to displace a larger proportion of oncoming water masses laterally than is the case with a larger width/draught ratio.
  • the cross-section of the body 4 out towards the periphery of the body 4 in the transverse direction can be made slimmer and thus reduce lifting of water masses 80 upstream of the body's 4 periphery; cf. Figures 11C , 12C , 21C , 22C and 23C .
  • the trailing edges 42 of the body can also be configured parallel to the sides of the hull 2, so that more water is led out towards the sides of the hull 2.
  • the body 4 can be adapted such that its underside 45 or its leading edge 41 is positioned just above the water surface 5 when the vessel 1 is ballasted, such that the body's underside 45 physically prevents formation of a bow wave; cf. Figures 21A , B, C and D. When the vessel 1 is in loaded condition, the body 4 will be fully or partly submerged as otherwise described in this document.
  • the body 4 can be secured to the hull 2 in a fixed position.
  • the attachment can also be effected such that the position of the body 4 in the vertical plane, horizontal plane and/or the angle of attack can be changed during motion.
  • the body 4 can be equipped with one or more passive or active flaps at the trailing edge 42 of the body to minimise the total resistance for the vessel 1 to different depth/speed.
  • active flaps can be used to reduce the vessel's 1 motions in waves.
  • the underside 45 of the body can be shaped and/or angled such that at speed a dynamic lift is generated from the body's underside 45, where the dynamic lift balances the whole or parts of the extra weight the water masses at the body's top surface exert on the body 4 when the vessel 1 is at speed. Since the weight from the water masses in the flow at the body's top surface 47 is essentially constant above a lower design speed, whilst the dynamic lift from the body's underside 45 increases with increasing speed, higher speed will require a smaller angle of attack. It may therefore be advantageous to construct a vessel 1 according to the invention where said angle of attack of the body 4 can be adjusted at speed, as indicated by arrows in Figure 27A .
  • Figure 27B shows a body 4 fitted with one or more remote controlled flaps able to move as indicated by the arrow.
  • the dynamic lift and the flow picture at the trailing edge 42 of the body will thus be capable of being changed at speed.
  • Figure 27C shows body 4 fitted with one or more remote controlled flaps able to move as one or more of the arrows indicate.
  • the dynamic lift and the flow picture at the trailing edge 42 of the body will thus be capable of being changed at speed.
  • Figure 27D shows a body 4 fitted with one or more remote controlled flaps able to move as indicated by one or more of the arrows.
  • the dynamic lift and the flow picture at the trailing edge 42 of the body will thus be capable of being changed at speed.
  • the dynamic lift can also be provided by fitting the body 4 with one or more fixed and/or movable lifting foils at the underside 45 of the body. This is illustrated in a possible embodiment in Figure 27E .
  • the arrows indicate how the angle of attack of the lifting foil can be changed at speed.
  • the underside 45 of the body can also be mounted at a small or no angle of attack, where necessary lift at the body's underside is generated by increase in pressure at the bow area 3 under body 4 as a result of displacement of oncoming water masses; cf. Figures 21B-D .
  • the underside 45 of the body will thus also suppress formation of bow wave in at least one load condition.
  • Figures 21A-D show a forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 and a body 4 according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, two trailing edges 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44, and the interfaces 54 indicate the boundary between the body's leading edge 41 and its trailing edges 42.
  • the vessel water surface 5 is indicated in two load conditions, which also thus defines the bow area 3 for the two load conditions.
  • the broken lines for the body's trailing edges 42, the contour line 53 and the interface 55 in Figure 21A are not visible from above, but are shown in order better to illustrate the configuration of the hull 2 and the body 4.
  • the passage or channel 60 between the body 4 and the bow area 3 should be dimensioned so that the water mass that passes over the body 4 flows freely (i.e., with little or no deceleration) with maximum laminar flow further under the hull 2 and optionally out to the sides of the bow area 3. At deepest draught, there should be sufficient distance from the body's top surface 47 and the body's trailing edge 42 to the bow area 3 to allow the water masses on the body's top surface 47 to flow freely.
  • the body 4, cf. e.g. the first embodiment, can be configured with or without side plates 70.
  • the side plates 70 can be extended to the leading edge 41 of the body, or they can be extended further forward past the body's leading edge 41. In general, it can be said that the further forward the side plates 70 are extended, the smaller the proportion 80A of the lifted water mass 80 ahead of the body 4 will escape as wave in the surrounding water masses.
  • the body 4 can be fastened to the bow area using struts or plates that are not secured right out at the sides of the body 4, seen from in front.
  • the body 4 can be secured using one or more V-wedges 65 as described in the first and the third embodiment.
  • the body 4 can with these attachments also be configured with a tapering cross-section out towards the sides of the body 4 seen from in front, as shown in Figures 22A , B, C and D.
  • Figures 22A-D show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 and a body 4 according to a fifth embodiment of the invention with the body 4 completely submerged in a water mass when the vessel 1 is lying motionless.
  • the position of the water surface 5 is indicated in Figures 22B and C .
  • the body 4 is placed at a distance from the bow area 3 such that passage 60 is formed between the body 4 and the bow area 3.
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, a trailing edge 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44.
  • the broken lines for the body's trailing edge 42, the contour line 53, interface 56 and the fastening means in Figure 22A are not visible from above, but are shown in order better to illustrate the configuration of the hull 2 and the body 4.
  • Figures 23A-D show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 and a body 4 according to a sixth embodiment of the invention with the body 4 completely submerged in a water mass when the vessel 1 is lying motionless.
  • the position of the water surface 5 is indicated in Figures 23B and C .
  • the body 4 is placed at a distance from the bow area 3 such that passage 60 is formed between the body 4 and the bow area 3.
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, a trailing edge 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44, and the interfaces 54 indicate the boundary between the body's leading edge 41 and its trailing edge 42.
  • the broken lines in Figure 23A that indicate the body's trailing edge 42, the contour line 53 and the interfaces 55 and 56 are not visible from above, but are shown in order better to illustrate the configuration of the hull 2 and the body 4.
  • Figures 24A-D show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 and a body 4 according to a seventh embodiment of the invention.
  • the model boat described later in this document under the section entitled Model tests, is in Test C made according to this seventh embodiment; cf. Figures 17A and B .
  • This embodiment combines the properties as described in the first embodiment with the properties of a pointed conventional bow.
  • the position of the water surface 5 is indicated in Figures 24B and C .
  • the body 4, seen from in front, does not in this embodiment extend out to the largest width of the vessel 1.
  • the body 4 is positioned at a distance from the bow area 3 behind such that passage 60 is formed between the body 4 and the bow area 3, as described in the first embodiment of the invention.
  • the body 4 comprises a leading edge 41, a trailing edge 42, a forward top surface 43, a contour line 53, a rear top surface 44, an underside 45 and a forward part 46.
  • the sum of the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44 constitutes the body's top surface 47.
  • the contour line 53 indicates the boundary between the forward top surface 43 and the rear top surface 44.
  • the broken lines for the body's trailing edge 42, the passage 60, the contour line 53 and interfaces 56 in Figure 24A are not visible from above, but are shown in order better to illustrate the configuration of the hull 2 and the body 4. Further, the broken lines in Figure 24D mark the boundary between the body 4 and the hull 2.
  • the top surface 47 of the body will flatten out oncoming waves and lead them under the hull 2 such that the bow area 3 to a lesser extent encounters resistance from waves. It may therefore be advantageous with sufficient distance between the body's top surface 47 and the bow area 3 to allow waves of a certain height to pass freely in the passage 60 between the top surface 47 of the body and the bow area 3, and then be led under the hull 2.
  • the body's underside 45 can be made curved or V-shaped, seen from in front; cf. respectively Figures 14B-C and Figures 23B-C .
  • the body's leading edge 41 can be rounded (cf. Figures 14A and D ), or the body 4 can be made with a "sweep back" configuration; cf. Figures 23A-D .
  • the body's 4 area at the underside may also be critical since smaller area can give less slamming. By positioning the body 4 deeper in the water mass, the body's underside 45 may also be less exposed to slamming.
  • Figures 25A and B show the forepart 6 of a vessel 1 comprising a hull 2 and a body 4 according to the invention where the highest point of the body 4 is located at the water surface 5.
  • the body's trailing edge 42 is located higher and lower than the hull 2 bottom, respectively. At low speed, it may be an advantage that the body's trailing edge 42 is located lower than the hull 2 bottom, in part because the turbulence problems that may arise when the water mass from the body's top surface 47 is to be led under the hull 2 will thus be smaller.
  • the body's 4 radius, seen in a vertical section in the vessel's 1 direction of travel, at the leading edge 41 of the body may be important for the body's 4 seagoing characteristics. If the radius of the body 4 here is unduly sharp, i.e., with small radius at the body's leading edge 41 (cf., e.g., Figures 26B , C and D), cavitation and turbulence may occur when the vessel 1 is at speed and/or is exposed to waves. A configuration of the body's leading edge 41 as shown in Figure 26A may be more advantageous as regard cavitation. Furthermore, cavitation problems may occur if there are other areas on the top surface 47 and/or underside 45 with a small radius of curvature. By small here is meant substantially smaller than typical dimensions for the body 4, for example, a radius of curvature of less than 20% of the body's length.
  • a vessel 1 designed according to the invention has reduced wave resistance at increasing speed compared to a conventional vessel 1, and since the vessel's 1 wave resistance is less dependent on the length of the vessel 1, it may be advantageous to design the vessel 1 according to the invention with larger width and smaller length compared with a conventional vessel 1.
  • a vessel 1 according to the invention with the same load capacity as a conventional vessel 1 can thus be less costly to build.
  • the top surface 47 of the body may have a single, double or triple curvature, as illustrated respectively in Figures 26A , B and C.
  • the top surface 47 may also have one or more straight portions.
  • the body's 4 contour line 53 can be moved forwards or backwards in the longitudinal direction of the body 4 with reference to what is shown in Figures 26A-D .
  • the body 4 may have different profiles and profile thicknesses across the transverse extent of the body 4.
  • the body's underside 45 can be straight (cf. Figure 26B ) or have a single curvature (cf. Figures 26A and D ) or have a double curvature (cf. Figure 26C ).
  • the body 4 can be made as one or more combinations of Figures 26A-D .
  • the body 4 can in an alternative embodiment be made with most fullness out towards the periphery of the body 4 in the transverse direction and least fullness about the centre axis, seen from in front.
  • the rear top surface 44 of the body can be made with a defined/marked trailing edge 42, for example, pointed or almost pointed, where the defined trailing edge 42 can be located lower than the body's leading edge 41.
  • the body's leading edge 41 seen from above can be made straight, concave, convex, "sweep back", “forward sweep” or a combination thereof.
  • Figures 28A-J illustrate examples of these and show the body's top surface 47, seen from above. The arrow indicates the direction of flow of the water mass.
  • the body's leading edge 41, trailing edge 42 and interface 54 are indicated.
  • Figures 28A-J are not exhaustive as regards showing all possible configurations of the body 4.
  • the body's top surface 47 and underside 45 can be configured with a V or U shape, seen from in front, when the vessel 1 is lying motionless in order to be adapted for heeling. This will be particularly relevant for sailing boats.
  • the width of the body 4 seen from in front should normally be between 50 and 100% of the hull 2 width for the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth embodiment.
  • the width of the body 4 seen from in front can also be smaller than 50% of the width of the hull 2.
  • the body 4 should preferably have a width/height ratio greater than 1.5.
  • the model boat has interchangeable bow sections. It is thus easy to switch between different bow sections whilst the rest of the model boat has the same structure. Repeated runs can thus be carried out under otherwise identical conditions.
  • the model boat is radio-controlled using an electric propulsion engine.
  • the battery is well dimensioned so that the voltage loss is insignificant.
  • the propeller shaft of the model is mounted horizontally or close to horizontally, and is supported by simple brass bearings which does not absorb thrust forces.
  • the propeller shaft is mounted directly on the electric motor, which in turn is mounted in a carriage which rolls smoothly in the direction of the propeller shaft.
  • the carriage does absorb the torsional moment of the propeller and the electric motor, but not the propellers thrust-forces.
  • the carriage impinges a pressure sensor so that the propellers thrust-force in Newton [N] may be logged.
  • the speed of the model boat is measured by a GPS logger.
  • the test results of achieved speed [m/s] and the propulsion resistance [N] are for each of the three model tests plotted in Figure 2 as tests A, B and C.
  • the models Froude number [F N ] is also provided along the x axis. For each measuring point the average thrust-force is registered through a time period of 5-10 seconds and correspondently plotted against the speed during the same time period.
  • Test A the model boat is driven using a conventional bow configuration according to the prior art, as shown in Figures 16A , B and C.
  • Test B the model boat is driven using a modified bow configuration according to the third embodiment of the invention without a V-wedge 65, as described earlier in this document.
  • the bow sections in Test B is the same as shown in Figures 18A and B with the exception that the modified bow configuration in Figure 18A and B is shown with a V-wedge 65.
  • the body 4 is in Test B secured to the model boat using a thin plate, as can be seen in Figure 20A .
  • Test C the model boat is driven using a modified bow configuration according to the seventh embodiment of the invention as shown in Figures 17A and B , and as described earlier in this document, cf. Figures 24A , B, C and D.
  • the model boat with a conventional bow in Test A is built as a typical displacement hull.
  • the model has a maximum length of 154 cm and a width of 33 cm.
  • the transition between the model boat's hull sides and bow area 3 is about 115 cm from the stern of the model boat.
  • the model boat weighed 34.5 kg, which gave a draught of about 9.7 cm.
  • the model boat was trimmed such that it had almost neutral trim when it lay motionless and floated in the water.
  • Neutral trim means to say that the model boat is oriented such that the bottom of the model boat is parallel to the water surface 5.
  • the model boat in Tests B has a maximum length of 153.5 cm.
  • the width, weight and trim of the model are otherwise unchanged from Test A.
  • the draught of the model boat was about 10.2 cm.
  • the maximum width of the body 4, seen from in front, is 33.0 cm and the body's 4 maximum length, seen from the side, is 31.0 cm.
  • the maximum vertical thickness of the body 4 is 8.0 cm and is located about 13 cm from the foremost point on the body's leading edge 41.
  • the body's trailing edge 42 is positioned 1.0 cm above the bottom of the model boat.
  • the foremost point on the body's leading edge 41 in the vessel's 1 direction of travel is located 4.9 cm higher than the bottom of the model boat.
  • the curvature in the transition between the model boat's bottom and the bow area 3 has a radius of about 15.0 cm.
  • the distance of the passage 60 between the body's trailing edge 42 and the hull 2, measured in the horizontal plane, is about 11.0 cm.
  • the distance of the passage 60 between the body's top surface 47 and the hull 2, measured perpendicular to the body's top surface 47 is about 6.0 cm.
  • the radius of the curvature in the transition between the sides of the model boat and the bow area 3 is about 5.5 cm.
  • the model boat in Test C has a maximum length of 154 cm.
  • the width, weight and trim of the model are otherwise unchanged from Test A.
  • the draught of the model boat was about 9.8 cm.
  • the width of the body 4, seen from in front, is 16 cm and the body's 4 length, seen from the side, is 26.5 cm.
  • the body's 4 maximum vertical thickness is 4.0 cm and is located 12 cm from the body's leading edge 41.
  • the trailing edge 42 of the body is located at the same height as the model boat's bottom.
  • the foremost point on the body's leading edge 41 is located 4.7 cm higher than the model boat's bottom.
  • the curvature between the model boat's bottom and the bow area 3 forming the passage 60 has a radius of about 10 cm.
  • the distance of the passage 60 between the body's trailing edge 42 and the hull 2, measured in the horizontal plane is about 7.0 cm.
  • the distance of the passage 60 between the body's top surface 47 and the hull 2, measured perpendicular to the body's top surface 47, is about 8 cm.
  • the transition between the model boat's hull sides and the bow area 3 is about is about 110 cm from the stern of the model boat, where the bow area 3 begins with a convex shape and then a concave shape as can be seen in Figure 17A .
  • the modified bow in Test B has lowest resistance to forward movement at speeds above about 1.23 m/s, whilst the modified bow in Test C gives lower resistance to forward movement in the speed range between about 1.03 m/s and 1.23 m/s.
  • the propulsion resistance for the conventional bow in Test A is lower than the two alternatives with modified bow below about 1.03 m/s
  • Figures 19A , B and C show photographs taken during model tests.
  • Figure 19A is taken when the model is fitted with the conventional bow configuration as in Test A
  • Figures 19B and C are taken when the model is fitted with the modified bow configuration, as in Test B.
  • Measured speed for Figures 19A , B and C is respectively 1.25 m/s, 1.25 m/s and 1.34 m/s. It is shown visually in Figures 19A , B and C that the wave formation from the model with a modified bow according to the invention is substantially smaller than the same model with a conventional bow configuration.
  • the model boat is scaled up 50 times, a full-scale ship will be obtained that is 77 metres long.
  • a speed of the model boat of 1.25 m/s will correspond to a speed of 8.84 m/s for the full-scale ship by using the equation (1) given above, corresponding to 17.2 knots.
  • the model test indicates that the full-scale ship built with a conventional bow according to the model used in Test A will be given 47.1% more propulsion resistance than the full-scale ship built with a modified bow according to the model used in Test B (the calculated propulsion resistance is respectively 1,158 KN and 787 KN).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Helmets And Other Head Coverings (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Navire (1) comprenant
    une coque (2) avec une zone d'étrave (3) définie en tant que zone de la surface de la coque (2) vue depuis l'avant en dessous d'une surface d'eau (5) lorsque le navire (1) se trouve immobile et flotte dans une masse d'eau ; et
    un corps (4) agencé au niveau de la zone d'étrave (3), dans lequel le corps (4) comprend en outre :
    un bord d'attaque (41) ;
    un bord de fuite (42) situé en aval du bord d'attaque (41) ;
    une carène (45) ; et
    une surface supérieure (47) qui comprend en outre
    une surface supérieure avant (43) qui s'étend depuis le bord d'attaque du corps (41) jusqu'à une ligne de contour extérieure (53) du corps (4) vu depuis l'avant ; et
    où le point le plus haut du corps (4), vu depuis l'avant, est situé plus haut que la moitié du tirant d'eau le plus profond du navire (1) lorsque le navire (1), sans charge utile et sans lest, se trouve immobile et flotte dans une masse d'eau,
    caractérisé en ce que la section verticale du corps (4) à travers la direction de marche du navire (1) et l'étendue du corps (4) dans la direction transversale de la coque (2), dans au moins l'une des conditions de charge du navire (1), sont conçues pour
    déplacer une masse d'eau qui arrive sur la surface supérieure (47) du corps à une vitesse pour le navire (1) qui est supérieure ou égale à une vitesse nominale inférieure définie en tant que la vitesse la plus basse du navire (1) où la masse d'eau qui arrive qui est déplacée principalement dans un plan vertical le long de la direction de marche du navire (1) obtient un flux essentiellement laminaire sur la surface supérieure avant (43) du corps, et où la configuration de la surface supérieure (47) du corps accélère la masse d'eau qui arrive qui est abaissée dans le champ gravitationnel en aval de la ligne de contour (53), de sorte que la masse d'eau qui arrive atteigne une vitesse et une direction au niveau du bord de fuite (42) du corps qui mènent la masse d'eau qui arrive loin de la zone d'étrave (3), ou essentiellement parallèle à la zone d'étrave (3), ou une combinaison de ceux-ci, où la zone du corps (4) vue depuis l'avant, constitue plus de 20 % de la partie de la zone d'étrave (3) située derrière le corps (4) entre deux plans verticaux dans la direction de marche du navire (1) avec un espacement qui correspond à la largeur maximale du corps (4).
  2. Navire (1) selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que la surface supérieure (47) du corps est en outre configurée de sorte que la masse d'eau qui arrive obtienne une direction en aval de la ligne de contour (53) qui mène la masse d'eau qui arrive loin de la zone d'étrave (3), ou essentiellement parallèle à la zone d'étrave (3), ou une combinaison de ceux-ci.
  3. Navire (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé en ce que le bord d'attaque (41) du corps s'étend hors de la plus grande largeur du corps (4) dans une vue depuis le dessus.
  4. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que le corps (4) est agencé de sorte que son bord d'attaque (41) soit en dessous ou au niveau de la surface de l'eau (5) dans au moins l'une des conditions de charge du navire (1) lorsque le navire (1) se trouve immobile et flotte dans une masse d'eau.
  5. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que le corps (4) est positionné de sorte que le point le plus haut du corps (4), vu depuis l'avant, soit positionné plus haut que les 3/4 du tirant d'eau le plus profond du navire (1), calculé à partir du point le plus bas du navire (1) lorsque le navire (1), sans charge utile et sans lest, se trouve immobile et flotte dans une masse d'eau.
  6. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que la ligne de contour (53) du corps et le bord d'attaque (41) du corps, dans au moins l'une des conditions de charge du navire (1), sont positionnés de sorte que plus de 20 % de la masse d'eau qui arrive soit soulevée au-dessus de la surface de l'eau (5) à une vitesse du navire (1) qui est supérieure ou égale à la vitesse nominale inférieure.
  7. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que le bord de fuite (42) du corps, dans une vue dans une section verticale, a une forme identique, ou quasi identique, au bord de fuite d'un hydroptère.
  8. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que la section verticale du corps (4) dans la direction de marche du navire (1) et l'étendue du corps (4) dans la direction transversale de la coque (2), dans au moins l'une des conditions de charge du navire (1), sont configurées de sorte que plus de 20 % de la masse d'eau qui arrive qui passe sur la surface supérieure (47) du corps à une vitesse du navire (1) qui est supérieure ou égale à la vitesse nominale inférieure soit menée sous la coque (2).
  9. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que le corps (4) est agencé à une distance de la zone d'étrave (3), de sorte qu'au moins un passage (60) soit formé entre le corps (4) et la zone d'étrave (3).
  10. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que le bord de fuite (42) du corps est agencé à une distance de la zone d'étrave (3) de sorte que la coque (2), dans au moins l'une des conditions de charge du navire (1), empêche la partie de la masse d'eau qui arrive qui est menée sous la coque (2) de monter lorsque la vitesse du navire (1) est supérieure ou égale à la vitesse nominale inférieure.
  11. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que l'étendue transversale maximale (B) du corps (4) divisée par la hauteur maximale (H) du corps (4), vu depuis l'avant, est supérieure à 1,5.
  12. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que le corps (4) a une étendue transversale maximale, vu depuis l'avant, qui représente au moins 3/8 de la largeur maximale de la coque (2), vu depuis l'avant.
  13. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que la position verticale du corps (4) par rapport à la surface de l'eau (5) est, dans au moins une condition de chargement, telle que la masse d'eau qui arrive au niveau de la surface supérieure (47) du corps en aval de l'épaisseur maximale du corps (4), mesurée le long de la direction de marche du navire (1) et à 90 degrés sur la ligne de corde du corps (4), obtient une vitesse essentiellement constante ou croissante, à une vitesse du navire (1) qui est supérieure ou égale à la vitesse nominale inférieure.
  14. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que l'aire en coupe du corps (4), vu depuis l'avant, décroît en hauteur vers les périphéries dans la direction transversale du corps de sorte que la pression accumulée au niveau de la carène (4) du corps (4) et la pression accumulée au niveau de la surface supérieure (47) du corps (4) soient essentiellement rendues égales au niveau des périphéries du corps (4).
  15. Navire (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 13,
    caractérisé en ce que la périphérie de chaque côté transversal du corps (4) comprend une plaque s'étendant sur une partie principale du corps (4) le long de la direction de marche du navire, la forme géométrique de la plaque étant conçue de sorte que la pression au niveau de la carène (45) du corps (4) ait un effet nul ou insignifiant sur la pression au niveau de la surface supérieure (47) du corps (4).
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US10414464B2 (en) 2019-09-17
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JP2018501150A (ja) 2018-01-18
DK3247620T5 (da) 2019-08-26
JP6697786B2 (ja) 2020-05-27
DK3247620T3 (da) 2019-07-15
KR102461779B1 (ko) 2022-10-31
CA2971771A1 (fr) 2016-06-30
PH12017501036B1 (en) 2020-06-05
AU2015371072A1 (en) 2017-08-03
EP3247620A1 (fr) 2017-11-29
WO2016102497A1 (fr) 2016-06-30
EA201791459A1 (ru) 2017-12-29
CA2971771C (fr) 2023-02-21
CN107406121A (zh) 2017-11-28
PL3247620T3 (pl) 2019-09-30
KR20170096052A (ko) 2017-08-23
ES2733699T3 (es) 2019-12-02
NZ732720A (en) 2023-04-28
PH12017501036A1 (en) 2017-11-27
TR201909861T4 (tr) 2019-07-22
CN107406121B (zh) 2019-03-26
MX2017008217A (es) 2017-10-18
MX380156B (es) 2025-03-12
US20170341712A1 (en) 2017-11-30
EP3037338A1 (fr) 2016-06-29
AU2015371072B2 (en) 2019-02-14
PE20171392A1 (es) 2017-09-20
BR112017013488A2 (pt) 2018-02-27

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