EP3276647B1 - Unité de mise à la terre pour une installation de commutation - Google Patents

Unité de mise à la terre pour une installation de commutation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3276647B1
EP3276647B1 EP17180227.5A EP17180227A EP3276647B1 EP 3276647 B1 EP3276647 B1 EP 3276647B1 EP 17180227 A EP17180227 A EP 17180227A EP 3276647 B1 EP3276647 B1 EP 3276647B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
module
assembly
earthing
switchgear
earthing unit
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17180227.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3276647A1 (fr
Inventor
Stefan Beutel
Andreas Kleinschmidt
Ronny Schneider
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens Energy Global GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP3276647A1 publication Critical patent/EP3276647A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3276647B1 publication Critical patent/EP3276647B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H31/00—Air-break switches for high tension without arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H31/003—Earthing switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H31/00—Air-break switches for high tension without arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H31/26—Air-break switches for high tension without arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means with movable contact that remains electrically connected to one line in open position of switch
    • H01H31/32—Air-break switches for high tension without arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means with movable contact that remains electrically connected to one line in open position of switch with rectilinearly-movable contact
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/008—Pedestal mounted switch gear combinations

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a grounding unit for a switchgear.
  • the grounding unit is used to ground an electrical conductor of the switchgear as required, in order to reduce an electrical potential applied to the conductor.
  • the invention relates to a grounding unit for a gas-insulated switchgear.
  • Gas-insulated switchgears are used in the high and medium voltage range and are usually metal-enclosed. Sulfur hexafluoride is often used as the insulating gas. In the medium voltage range, nitrogen is also often used as an insulating gas.
  • Encapsulated switchgear systems are often composed of several system modules.
  • Typical system modules are circuit breakers, measuring transformer modules, each of which has a current transformer or a voltage transformer, connection modules that each have electrical connections for connecting external electrical equipment to the switchgear, disconnector modules that each have a disconnector to interrupt a current path of the switchgear, busbar modules that each have have a busbar section, and connection modules for connecting other system modules.
  • System modules are usually connected to one another using flange connections. By combining such system modules, a switchgear can be built according to the modular principle according to the respective requirements. Earthing switches are often attached to system modules or integrated into system modules, for example into disconnector modules.
  • the invention is based on the object of specifying a grounding unit that can be used flexibly for a switchgear assembly and a switchgear assembly with such a grounding unit.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention with regard to the grounding unit by the features of claim 1 and with regard to the switchgear by the features of claim 8.
  • a grounding unit according to the invention for a switchgear for needs-dependent grounding of an electrical conductor of the switchgear comprises a housing with two opposing open housing ends, an electrical connecting conductor running between the two open housing ends and an earthing switch with an electrically conductive switching element.
  • the switching element can be moved between a first switching position, in which it is separated from the connecting conductor, and a second switching position, in which it is electrically conductively connected to the connecting conductor.
  • the grounding unit is designed as a system module for a modularly composed switchgear, in particular for an encapsulated switchgear, thanks to the housing which is open on both sides.
  • the connection conductor which runs through the housing, the grounding unit can be arranged between two further system modules of the switchgear, so that the connection conductor is electrically conductively connected to an electrical conductor of the two further system modules and electrically connects these two electrical conductors to one another.
  • the earthing switch of the earthing unit enables these interconnected conductors to be earthed.
  • the earthing switch can thus be flexibly introduced at different points in a current path of the switchgear, in particular between two system modules.
  • One embodiment of the invention provides that the connecting conductor has a contact recess which is designed to receive a contact end of the switching element in the second switching position. This embodiment of the invention enables a reliable electrical connection of the switching element to the connecting conductor by receiving the switching element in the contact recess of the connecting conductor.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides that the earthing switch has a drive for the switching element.
  • This embodiment of the invention enables the switching element to be moved by means of a drive for the switching element that is integrated into the grounding unit.
  • an insulating element is arranged on at least one of the two open housing ends, which has a feed-through electrode connected to the connecting conductor.
  • the insulating element serves as a carrier and support for the connecting conductor, which is connected to the lead-through electrode of the insulating element.
  • the insulating element can furthermore seal the open housing end on which it is arranged in a gas-tight manner in order to separate gas spaces in a gas-insulated switchgear from one another. In general, however, the insulating element has openings so that it does not completely close the open housing end.
  • the invention provides that at least one of the two open housing ends is bordered by a housing flange of the housing.
  • a housing flange advantageously enables an expedient connection of the grounding unit to another system module by means of a flange connection.
  • the invention provides that the housing has an essentially hollow cylindrical body section which has the two open housing ends and through which the connecting conductor runs.
  • a hollow cylindrical configuration of the fuselage section is the common design of system modules for modular switchgear adapted and therefore advantageously enables the use of the earthing unit in common modular switchgear.
  • the housing has a neck section protruding from an outer jacket surface of the hollow cylindrical body section and a head section adjoining the neck section, the switching element protruding from the head section into the neck section and being movable to the connecting conductor in the body section.
  • the switching element can be moved out of the head section through the neck section into the body section of the housing, the neck section and the head section projecting radially from the body section. In this way, a position of the neck section and the head section that is suitable for installing the grounding unit can be selected relative to other system modules.
  • a switchgear according to the invention is composed of several system modules, at least one system module being a grounding unit according to the invention, which is connected to at least one further system module so that one of the two open housing ends of the grounding unit faces the further system module.
  • the further system module has an electrical conductor which is connected in an electrically conductive manner to the connecting conductor of the grounding unit.
  • a further system module connected to a grounding unit is, for example, a measuring transformer module that has a current transformer or a voltage converter, or a connection module that has electrical connections for connecting external electrical equipment to the switchgear, or a connection module that connects other system modules to one another, or a Disconnector module that has a disconnector for interrupting a current path of the switchgear, or a circuit breaker or a busbar module that has a busbar section.
  • the invention provides that at least one grounding unit is arranged between two additional system modules and connected to each of these two additional system modules, so that each of the two open ends of the housing of the grounding unit faces one of the two additional system modules, each of the two additional system modules has an electrical conductor which is electrically conductively connected to the connecting conductor of the grounding unit.
  • a grounding unit according to the invention advantageously enables a flexible arrangement of an earthing switch at different points in a current path of the switchgear, in particular between two further system modules.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a first exemplary embodiment of a grounding unit 1.
  • Figure 1 shows a broken side view of the grounding unit 1 with a sectional illustration of the broken away area.
  • Figure 2 shows a perspective sectional view of the grounding unit 1.
  • the grounding unit 1 has a housing 3, an electrical connecting conductor 5, a grounding switch 7 and an insulating element 9.
  • the housing 3 comprises a body section 11, a neck section 13 and a head section 15.
  • the body section 11 is essentially designed as a hollow cylinder open on both sides, the open ends of which form two opposing open housing ends 21, 23 of the housing 3. Each open housing end 21, 23 is bordered by a housing flange 17, 19 which closes off the body section 11 on the side of the respective housing end 21, 23.
  • the neck section 13 protrudes from an outer jacket surface 25 of the fuselage section 11 and is designed as a hollow cylinder that is open to the interior of the fuselage section 11.
  • the head section 15 is arranged at the end of the neck section 13 facing away from the body section 11 and is designed as a hollow body which is open to the interior of the neck section 13 and its from the neck portion 13 facing away from the end is closed.
  • the insulating element 9 is designed like a disk and is arranged on a first open housing end 21. An edge region of the insulating element 9 is connected to a first housing flange 17. The insulating element 9 can completely close the first open housing end 21 or have openings.
  • the connecting conductor 5 runs between the two open housing ends 21, 23 through the body section 11.
  • the connecting conductor 5 is attached to the insulating element 9 and is supported by the insulating element 9.
  • the insulating element 9 has a feed-through electrode 27 which is connected to the connecting conductor 5.
  • the insulating element 9, apart from the feed-through electrode 27 and optionally from an edge region designed as a metallic insulating element flange 28, is made, for example, of a cast resin.
  • the feed-through electrode 27 is an electrical conductor embedded in the cast resin, which electrical contact can be made on both sides of the insulating element 9.
  • the earthing switch 7 has a movable, electrically conductive switching element 29 and a drive 31 for the switching element 29.
  • the switching element 29 is rod-shaped and between an in Figure 1 first switching position shown, in which it is separated from the connecting conductor 5, and a second switching position shown in Figure 2, in which it is electrically conductively connected to the connecting conductor 5, movable along a longitudinal axis of the switching element 29.
  • the connecting conductor 5 has a contact recess 33 which is designed to receive a contact end 35 of the switching element 29 in the second switching position.
  • the switching element 29 protrudes from the head section 15 into the neck section 13 of the housing 3 and can be moved by the drive 31 to the connecting conductor 5.
  • the drive 31 of the switching element 29 is formed in a known manner and therefore in the Figures 1 and 2 not shown in detail.
  • the drive 31 has a motor unit 37 with a motor and a gear unit 39 with a gear in order to move the switching element 29 via the gear through the motor.
  • the drive 31 can alternatively have an additional spring step drive which drives the switching element 29 by means of a spring which is pre-tensioned by a motor.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic side view of a switchgear panel 102 of a gas-insulated switchgear assembly 100.
  • the switchgear assembly 100 is composed of a plurality of system modules, each of which is encapsulated and connected to one another by flange connections 103.
  • Some flange connections 103 have an insulating element 9 which, like the insulating element 9 in FIGS Figures 1 and 2 grounding unit 1 shown is formed.
  • the system modules of the switchgear panel 102 are a circuit breaker 104, two current transformer modules 105, 106, each of which has a current transformer, a voltage transformer module 107 which has a voltage transformer, a connection module 108 which has electrical connections for connecting external electrical equipment to the switchgear, three disconnector modules 109 to 111, each of which has a circuit breaker for interrupting a current path of the switchgear 100, two busbar modules 112, 113, each of which has a busbar section, a connection module 114 for connecting other system modules and three grounding units 115 to 117.
  • the current converter modules 105, 106 are each connected to the circuit breaker 104.
  • the connection module 114 is connected to a first isolator module 109, which is connected to a first busbar module 112, and to a second isolator module 110, which is connected to the second busbar module 113.
  • Each ground unit 115 to 117 is like that in FIG Figures 1 and 2
  • the grounding unit 1 shown is formed with an insulating element 9.
  • a first grounding unit 115 is arranged between the first current transformer module 105 and the connection module 114.
  • the first grounding unit 115 is connected to the connection module 114 by a flange connection 103, which has the insulating element 9 of the first grounding unit 115, and to the first current transformer module 105 by a flange connection 103, which has no insulating element 9.
  • the first grounding unit 115 can be arranged between the first current transformer module 105 and the circuit breaker 104 instead of between the first current transformer module 105 and the connection module 114, or a first grounding unit 115 can be arranged between the first disconnector module 109 and the first busbar module 112 or the connection module 114 and a further first grounding unit 115 can be arranged between the second isolator module 110 and the second busbar module 113 or the connection module 114.
  • a second grounding unit 116 is arranged between the second power converter module 106 and the third isolator module 111.
  • the second grounding unit 116 is connected to the third isolator module 111 by a flange connection 103, which has the insulating element 9 of the second grounding unit 116, and to the second current transformer module 106 by a flange connection 103, which has no insulating element 9.
  • the second grounding unit 116 may be between the second power converter module 106 instead of between the second power converter module 106 and the third isolator module 111 and the circuit breaker 104 or on a free flange of the circuit breaker 104 or the third disconnector module 111.
  • the third grounding unit 117 is arranged between the third isolator module 111 and the connection module 108.
  • the third grounding unit 117 is connected to the third isolator module 111 by a flange connection 103, which has the insulating element 9 of the third grounding unit 117, and to the connection module 108 by a flange connection 103, which has no insulating element 9.
  • the third grounding unit 117 can be arranged between the connection module 108 and the voltage converter module 107 or on a free flange of the connection module 108.
  • each grounding unit 115 to 117 is electrically conductively connected to an electrical conductor of each system module to which the grounding unit 115 to 117 is connected, see FIG Figures 4 and 5 .
  • the voltage converter module 107 is connected to the connection module 108.
  • a first current transformer module 105, a first grounding unit 115, a connection module 114, a first disconnector module 109 and a second disconnector module 110 (and possibly a first busbar module 112 and a second busbar module 113) can be provided for each pole.
  • the first grounding units 115 can, for example, instead of each having their own drive 31, have a shared drive, by means of which their separating elements 29 are moved together.
  • a second current transformer module 106, a second grounding unit 116, a third grounding unit 117, a third isolating module 111 and a connection module 108 can be provided for each pole.
  • the second grounding units 116 can then also have a shared drive and / or the third grounding units 117 can have a shared drive.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 show sectional views of further exemplary embodiments of grounding units 118 to 120 which, like the third grounding unit 117 in FIG Figure 3 are each arranged between a disconnector module 111 and a connection module 108 of a switchgear 100, but can also be arranged analogously between two other system modules of a switchgear 100.
  • the grounding unit 118 shown differs from that in FIG Figure 1 grounding unit 1 shown only in that the insulating element 9 does not close the first open housing end 21, but the second open housing end 23.
  • the first open housing end 21 faces the isolator module 111
  • the second open housing end 23 faces the connection module 108.
  • the grounding unit 118 is connected to the isolator module 111 by a flange connection 103 which is formed by the first housing flange 17 of the grounding unit 118 and a flange 125 of the isolator module 111, but (in contrast to the connection of the third grounding unit 117 to the isolator module 111 in FIG Figure 3 ) has no insulating element 9.
  • the grounding unit 118 is connected to the connection module 108 by a flange connection 103 which has the insulating element 9 of the grounding unit 118 and is formed by the second housing flange 19 of the grounding unit 118, the insulating element 9 and a flange 126 of the connection module 108.
  • the connecting conductor 5 of the grounding unit 118 is electrically conductively connected to an electrical conductor 122 of the isolator module 111 and via the feed-through electrode 27 in the insulating element 9 to an electrical conductor 123 of the connection module 108.
  • the grounding unit 119 shown differs from that in FIG Figure 1 grounding unit 1 shown only in that both open housing ends 21, 23 of the grounding unit 119 are each closed by an insulating element 9. Accordingly, the grounding unit 119 (in contrast to the third grounding unit 117 in FIG Figure 3 and the grounding unit 118 in Figure 4 ) connected to the connection module 108 and the isolator module 111 by a flange connection 103, which has an insulating element 9 of the grounding unit 119.
  • the connecting conductor 5 of the grounding unit 119 is electrically conductively connected to an electrical conductor 122 of the isolator module 111 and to an electrical conductor 123 of the connection module 108 via the lead-through electrode 27 in the respective insulating element 9.
  • the grounding unit 120 shown differs from that in FIG Figure 1 grounding unit 1 shown only in that none of the open housing ends 21, 23 of the grounding unit 120 is closed by an insulating element 9. Accordingly, the grounding unit 120 is connected to the connection module 108 and the isolator module 111 in each case by a flange connection 103 which has no insulating element 9.
  • the connecting conductor 5 of the grounding unit 118 is connected in an electrically conductive manner to an electrical conductor 122 of the isolator module 111 and to an electrical conductor 123 of the connection module 108.
  • FIG. 7 shows a sectional view of the in Figure 6 grounding unit 120 shown, which is arranged only on a connection module 108 of a switchgear 100, but can also be arranged analogously to another system module of a switchgear 100.
  • the grounding unit 120 is connected to the connection module 108 by a flange connection 103, which is formed by the first housing flange 17 of the grounding unit 120 and a flange 127 of the connection module 108 and has no insulating element 9.
  • the connecting conductor 5 of the grounding unit 120 is connected in an electrically conductive manner to an electrical conductor 124 of the connection module 108.
  • a closure cover 128 is arranged on the second housing flange 19 of the grounding unit 120, by means of which the second open housing end 23 of the grounding unit 120 is closed.

Landscapes

  • Gas-Insulated Switchgears (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre d'une installation (100) de distribution pour la mise à la terre, en fonction des besoins d'un conducteur (122 à 124) électrique de l'installation (100) de distribution, l'unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre comprenant
    - un boîtier (3) ayant deux extrémités (21, 23) ouvertes opposées l'une à l'autre,
    - un conducteur (5) électrique de liaison, s'étendant entre les deux extrémités (21, 23) ouvertes du boîtier et
    - un interrupteur (7) de mise à la terre, ayant un élément (29) de coupure conducteur de l'électricité, qui est mobile entre une première position de commutation, dans laquelle il est séparé du conducteur (5) de liaison, et une deuxième position de commutation, dans laquelle il est relié d'une manière conductrice de l'électricité au conducteur (5) de liaison, le boîtier (3) ayant une partie (11) de carcasse, qui est sensiblement en forme de cylindre creux et dans laquelle s'étend le conducteur (5) de liaison, le boîtier ayant une partie (13) de col, issue d'une surface (25) latérale extérieure de la partie (11) de carcasse en forme de cylindre creux et une partie (15) de tête, se raccordant à la partie (13) de col, l'élément (29) de coupure pénétrant de la partie (15) de tête dans la partie (13) de col et pouvant être déplacé, par rapport au conducteur (5) de liaison, dans la partie (11) de carcasse,
    caractérisée en ce que
    les deux extrémités (21, 23) ouvertes du boîtier sont bordées chacune d'un rebord (17, 19) de boîtier et la partie (13) de col est disposée entre les deux rebords (17, 19) du boîtier en les reliant entre eux.
  2. Unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre suivant la revendication 1,
    caractérisée en ce que
    le conducteur (5) de liaison a un évidement (33) de contact constitué pour recevoir, dans la deuxième position de commutation, une extrémité (35) de contact de l'élément (29) de coupure.
  3. Unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisée en ce que
    l'interrupteur (7) de mise à la terre a un entraînement (31) de l'élément (29) de coupure.
  4. Unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisée en ce que
    à au moins l'une des deux extrémités (21, 23) ouvertes du boîtier, est disposé un élément (9) isolant, qui a une électrode (27) de traversée reliée au conducteur (5) de liaison.
  5. Installation (100) de distribution, composée de plusieurs modules d'installation,
    - dans laquelle au moins un module d'installation est une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, qui est reliée à au moins un autre module d'installation, de manière à ce que l'une des deux extrémités (21, 23) ouvertes du boîtier de l'unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre soit tournée vers l'autre module de l'installation,
    - dans laquelle l'autre module de l'installation a un conducteur (122 à 124) électrique, qui est relié d'une manière conductrice de l'électricité au conducteur (5) de liaison de l'unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre.
  6. Installation (100) de distribution suivant la revendication 5,
    caractérisée en ce que
    un autre module d'installation relié à l'unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est un module (105 à 107) de transducteur de mesure, qui a un transducteur de courant ou un transducteur de tension.
  7. Installation (100) de distribution suivant la revendication 5 ou 6,
    caractérisée en ce que
    un autre module d'installation relié à une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est un module (108) de connexion, qui a des bornes électriques de connexion de moyens de fonctionnement électriques extérieurs à l'installation (100) de distribution.
  8. Installation (100) de distribution suivant l'une des revendications 5 à 7,
    caractérisée en ce que
    un autre module de l'installation relié à une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est un module (114) de liaison, qui relie entre eux d'autres modules de l'installation.
  9. Installation (100) de distribution suivant l'une des revendications 5 à 8,
    caractérisée en ce que
    un autre module de l'installation relié à une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est un module (109 à 111) de sectionnement, qui a un sectionneur pour interrompre un trajet de courant de l'installation (100) de distribution.
  10. Installation (100) de distribution suivant l'une des revendications 5 à 9,
    caractérisée en ce que
    un autre module de l'installation relié à une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est un disjoncteur (104).
  11. Installation (100) de distribution suivant l'une des revendications 5 à 10,
    caractérisée en ce que
    un autre module de l'installation reliée à une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est un module (112, 113) à barre collectrice, qui a un tronçon de barre collectrice.
  12. Installation (100) de distribution suivant l'une des revendications 5 à 11,
    caractérisée en ce que
    au moins une unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre est montée entre deux autres modules de l'installation et est reliée à chacun de ces deux autres modules de l'installation, de manière à ce que chacune des deux extrémités (21, 23) ouvertes du boîtier (3) de l'unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre soit tournée vers l'un des deux autres modules de l'installation, chacun des deux autres modules de l'installation ayant un conducteur (122 à 124) électrique, qui est relié d'une manière conductrice de l'électricité au conducteur (5) de liaison de l'unité (1, 115 à 120) de mise à la terre.
EP17180227.5A 2016-07-29 2017-07-07 Unité de mise à la terre pour une installation de commutation Active EP3276647B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016214003.5A DE102016214003A1 (de) 2016-07-29 2016-07-29 Erdungseinheit für eine Schaltanlage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3276647A1 EP3276647A1 (fr) 2018-01-31
EP3276647B1 true EP3276647B1 (fr) 2020-08-26

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17180227.5A Active EP3276647B1 (fr) 2016-07-29 2017-07-07 Unité de mise à la terre pour une installation de commutation

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3276647B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102016214003A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2833360T3 (fr)

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH559438A5 (fr) * 1974-01-09 1975-02-28 Sprecher & Schuh Ag
JP3228635B2 (ja) * 1994-03-18 2001-11-12 株式会社日立製作所 ガス絶縁開閉装置
EP1174968A1 (fr) * 2000-07-19 2002-01-23 ABB T&D Technology AG Installation de commutation haute tension
DE102007003132A1 (de) * 2007-01-17 2008-07-24 Siemens Ag Schaltanordnung

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
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Publication number Publication date
DE102016214003A1 (de) 2018-02-01
ES2833360T3 (es) 2021-06-15
EP3276647A1 (fr) 2018-01-31

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