EP4064454A1 - Radôme de conception asymétrique - Google Patents

Radôme de conception asymétrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4064454A1
EP4064454A1 EP22158594.6A EP22158594A EP4064454A1 EP 4064454 A1 EP4064454 A1 EP 4064454A1 EP 22158594 A EP22158594 A EP 22158594A EP 4064454 A1 EP4064454 A1 EP 4064454A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
radome
dielectric constant
antenna
layer thickness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22158594.6A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Karch
Johannes Wolfrum
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
Original Assignee
Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Airbus Defence and Space GmbH filed Critical Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
Publication of EP4064454A1 publication Critical patent/EP4064454A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H01Q1/422—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising two or more layers of dielectric material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/28—Adaptation for use in or on aircraft, missiles, satellites, or balloons
    • H01Q1/281—Nose antennas

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to radomes for protecting antennas, in particular for protecting antennas or transmitting and receiving devices mounted on aircraft.
  • Radomes covering the antenna are used to protect antennas in ground, air and space applications from external influences or from environmental influences.
  • Such radomes must have the necessary mechanical stability to withstand the stresses caused by external influences and also be as transparent as possible for electromagnetic signals in at least one selected frequency range in order not to influence the functioning of the covered antenna any more than necessary.
  • radomes In aviation applications in particular, radomes must have high mechanical stability in order to withstand bird strikes or the high air pressure during flight, for example, so that the antenna is not damaged.
  • phase-sensitive applications such as in monopulse, interferometric or coherent phase change detection systems, high demands must also be placed on the electromagnetic properties so that the signal is not distorted too much by the radome.
  • the entry phase delay is also dependent on the entry angle.
  • the properties of a radome with regard to the transparency for electromagnetic waves are also in particular a function of the frequency of the electromagnetic waves, and antennas are increasingly being operated in different frequency ranges for the transmission and reception modes. This makes it increasingly difficult to meet the requirements for the radomes.
  • radomes are constructed, for example, from layers in a symmetrical manner, i.e. the various layers are constructed symmetrically with respect to a central plane, both with regard to the electromagnetic properties and the layer thicknesses.
  • a radome for an aircraft has a first layer with a first dielectric constant and a second layer with a second dielectric constant.
  • the first layer and the second layer have different first and second layer thicknesses.
  • the first layer includes a thermoset material and the second layer includes a thermoplastic material.
  • the first layer corresponds to the side of the radome that faces outwards, away from the antenna, when the radome is installed. This layer is directly exposed to environmental influences and has to withstand particularly mechanical loads, such as the aerodynamic loads during flight of an aircraft, weather conditions such as hail, dynamic loads such as bird strikes or other external influences.
  • the second layer corresponds to the side of the radome that faces inwards, towards the antenna when the radome is installed, and is not directly exposed to environmental stresses. Accordingly, this layer has to withstand, for example, less mechanical stress than the first layer.
  • transmitted signals from the antenna are introduced into the radome via the second layer and signals received by the antenna emerge from the second layer of the radome before they reach the antenna.
  • the second layer thus represents an electromagnetic interface between the radome and the air space between the antenna and the radome.
  • the first layer thickness is essentially determined by the material used and by the corresponding loads that the radome has to withstand. In other words, a certain minimum thickness is required for the first layer so that it can withstand the mechanical loads from the outside. Among other things, the material used determines the minimum thickness of the first layer. Since the first layer also has to withstand the weather conditions, the choice of material for this layer is limited. For example, as described below in relation to various embodiments, the first layer may include a thermoset material and glass fibers. However, other materials are also conceivable.
  • the second layer on the other hand, is located on the inside of the radome (facing the antenna) and accordingly has to withstand less mechanical stress than the first layer (facing away from the antenna). This allows for a wider choice of materials than the first layer.
  • the second layer thickness and the second dielectric constant can be chosen such that the electromagnetic transparency is improved together with the first layer for the intended frequency ranges and the dielectric losses are minimized.
  • the phase path of the electromagnetic signal through the radome can be adapted to the signal used by choosing a suitable dielectric constant and a suitable layer thickness of the second layer in order to reduce dielectric losses and improve the electromagnetic transparency.
  • the layer thicknesses of the first layer and the second layer as well as all additional layers described further below in relation to further embodiments can be constant over the entire cross section of the radome.
  • the layer thicknesses can also be tapered in places in order to take into account the angles of entry and exit of the electromagnetic radiation of the antenna at different points of the radome and thereby improve or maintain the performance over the entire radome.
  • thermosets Plastics are divided into thermosets, elastomers and thermoplastics.
  • a duroplastic material also known as thermoset
  • thermoset is a plastic that is three-dimensionally cross-linked after it has hardened and can no longer be converted into the molten state by heating or other measures.
  • Such a duroplastic material initially has high mechanical strength, but breaks when certain loads are exceeded.
  • the energy of an object impacting a duroplastic material is hardly or not at all absorbed by it, but is passed on almost completely. For this reason, such a material is well suited as the outer layer of a radome, especially for aircraft, because it can withstand, for example, a bird strike or hail without permanently deforming.
  • thermoset materials when thermoset materials are referred to in this disclosure, they may include, for example, but not limited to, cyanate ester resins, or epoxy resins reinforced with short or continuous quartz or glass fibers.
  • thermoplastic material also known as thermoplastic
  • thermoplastic is a plastic that can be reversibly deformed within certain temperature ranges. Such a plastic is soft compared to a thermoset and can deform during an impact event, thereby absorbing at least some of the energy.
  • a thermoplastic material as the (inner) second layer, together with an (outer) first layer of a thermosetting material, the impact energy on the radome is initially transferred from the first layer to the second layer without irreversibly deforming the radome .
  • the second layer can then absorb the impact energy (or at least part of it) and convert it into heat without causing substantial irreversible changes in the material properties. This creates a mechanically stable radome.
  • thermoplastic materials may include, for example but not limited to, polyphenylene ether (PPE).
  • PPE polyphenylene ether
  • the thermoplastic materials can be reinforced with short or continuous quartz or glass fibers.
  • the first dielectric constant is different from the second dielectric constant.
  • the electromagnetic properties of the entire radome can be adjusted by adapting the second dielectric constant to the respective transmission and reception frequencies, because the first dielectric constant is determined by the mechanical requirements and by the material of the first layer and the second layer has a larger selection of materials, in particular, as described below, also of thermoplastic materials, is possible.
  • the dielectric constant or (relative) permittivity is one Materials is a complex quantity with a real part and an imaginary part.
  • the real part determines the reflectivity and the transmissivity of the signal at the material as well as the propagation path of a signal through the material (or the change in the propagation path at the transition from one layer to the next layer).
  • the imaginary part describes the signal absorption within the material, is generally several orders of magnitude smaller than the real part and therefore has only a minor effect on the dielectric constant.
  • the mechanical characteristics (e.g. elastic constants, fracture-mechanical constants) of the materials of the individual layers can also be different.
  • the radome also has a third layer with a third dielectric constant.
  • the third layer is located between the first layer and the second layer.
  • the third layer connects the first layer and the second layer to one another and can in particular be a foam core or a honeycomb core.
  • this list is only exemplary and other materials are also conceivable.
  • the third dielectric constant is smaller than the first dielectric constant and/or equal to or smaller than the second dielectric constant.
  • Materials with low dielectric constants are beneficial for electromagnetic transparency and for reducing dielectric loss.
  • Great for the Signal propagation through a radome would therefore be materials with a dielectric constant as close as possible to 1, i.e. as close as possible to the dielectric constant of air, which leads to very low dielectric losses, since in electromagnetic terms there is no large jump, i.e. sudden change in the dielectric constant, at the transition is present and the electromagnetic wave does not experience any attenuation when passing through the layer.
  • materials with a high dielectric constant have a larger reflection coefficient at the layer surface and poorer electromagnetic transparency, but are typically mechanically more stable.
  • the second dielectric constant can be smaller than the first dielectric constant, since the second layer is also subjected to less mechanical stress than the first layer.
  • the third layer has a third layer thickness that differs from the first layer thickness and from the second layer thickness.
  • the layer thickness of the (outer) first layer is essentially specified by the mechanical requirements on the radome.
  • the layer thicknesses of the (inner) second layer and the third layer can therefore be adjusted to the electromagnetic properties of the radome as a whole to the electromagnetic signal of the antenna, in particular to the frequency ranges used and the angles of incidence of the signals. As a result, the electromagnetic transparency and the phase fidelity can be improved.
  • the third layer comprises a thermoplastic material.
  • the third layer can thus absorb the energy from a possible impact event and thus provide additional protection for the second layer. This is particularly advantageous when the second layer thickness is less than the first layer thickness. However, even when the second layer comprises or is formed entirely of a thermoplastic material, a third layer of thermoplastic material improves impact energy absorption.
  • the radome also has a fourth layer with a fourth dielectric constant and a fifth layer with a fifth dielectric constant.
  • the fifth layer is located between the second layer and the fourth layer.
  • the fifth dielectric constant is equal to the third dielectric constant and the fourth dielectric constant is equal to or less than the second dielectric constant.
  • the fourth layer corresponds to the innermost layer of the radome facing the antenna.
  • the fifth layer serves as a connecting layer of the fourth layer with the second layer.
  • the fifth layer comprises a thermoplastic material.
  • the fifth layer forms an inner layer, i.e. in particular a layer which is arranged between two mechanically stable layers.
  • Such layers are used to adapt the electromagnetic properties of the radome, for example by choosing suitable layer thicknesses and suitable dielectric constants.
  • the third layer comprises a thermoplastic material
  • the fifth layer may comprise the same thermoplastic material.
  • the fifth layer may also comprise a different thermoplastic material, for example a thermoplastic material with a different dielectric constant.
  • the fourth layer comprises a thermoset material.
  • the fourth layer is the innermost layer of the radome, it may also be formed of or include a thermoset material to increase mechanical strength if required by the application.
  • the fourth layer has a fourth layer thickness which differs from the first layer thickness or from the second layer thickness.
  • all layers of the radome can have different layer thicknesses. Taking into account the electromagnetic requirements for the signals used and the electromagnetic transitions due to the different materials and the different dielectric constants between the individual layers, the radome can be adapted for a specific application in order to minimize the signal influence or falsify.
  • the radome is always constructed asymmetrically with regard to the dielectric and/or mechanical characteristics with regard to the layer thicknesses and/or the materials used.
  • the fifth layer has a fifth layer thickness that differs from the third layer thickness.
  • the first layer comprises glass fibers.
  • the first layer can be further mechanically reinforced. Since the first layer is the outermost layer of the radome, high mechanical stability is required for this layer in particular. However, other layers can also include glass fibers or be reinforced with glass fibers.
  • the radome may have a surface coating on its outer surface, such as a paint coat, an erosion coat, or the like. Likewise, the radome may have a surface coating on its inner surface of the same or different material as the outer surface coating.
  • the layers of the radome are shaped to fit into each other.
  • the layers are mechanically connected to one another, so that a relative movement of the layers is generally not possible.
  • the layers can be assembled dry and infiltrated with Hartz and cured. However, the layers can also consist of pre-impregnated layers, so-called prepregs, assembled and cured.
  • an aircraft with an antenna and a radome as described above is provided.
  • the radome is placed above the antenna.
  • the first layer of the radome is arranged on a side of the radome facing away from the antenna.
  • the radome covers the antenna and protects the antenna from external influences.
  • the radome can be constructed in accordance with any of the previously described embodiments of the radome.
  • the antenna can be any type of antenna used on an aircraft such as, but not limited to, a communications antenna, weather radar, or military radar antenna.
  • An antenna within the meaning of the disclosure can also be understood to mean a plurality of individual antennas or an array of antennas. In general, such an antenna is a transmitter and/or receiver of electromagnetic waves.
  • the invention therefore provides a radome for various antenna applications that meets the mechanical requirements, for example as a result of aerodynamic loads and bird strike events. Due to modern transmission and reception technology, the requirements for such radomes in terms of electromagnetics are also becoming increasingly demanding.
  • the asymmetrical radome design contributes to improvements in the mechanical properties of the radome.
  • the electromagnetic properties of the radome can be adapted to the respective signals for complex antenna applications by varying the layer thicknesses and the dielectric constants used.
  • the radome 10 has a first layer 11 with a first dielectric constant ⁇ 1 and a first layer thickness d 1 , a second layer 12 with a second dielectric constant ⁇ 2 and a second layer thickness d 2 and a third layer 13 with a third dielectric constant ⁇ 3 and a third layer thickness d 3 on.
  • the third layer 13 is arranged between the first layer 11 and the second layer 12 and connects them to one another.
  • the first layer 11 corresponds to the outside of the radome, i.e. in 3 the side remote from the antenna 20 and the aircraft 100, and is formed of a thermoset material, specifically a cyanate ester resin or an epoxy resin reinforced with short or continuous quartz or glass fibers.
  • the first layer 11 is mechanically very stable and withstands a bird strike or hail, for example, without being permanently deformed or breaking.
  • the first layer 11 does not absorb the impact energy, or absorbs it only slightly, but transmits the impact pressure and thus the impact energy to the third layer 13 and the second layer 12 via shock waves.
  • the first layer thickness d 1 is specified by the mechanical requirements on the radome 10 and is designed in such a way that it withstands the aerodynamic loads and also any dynamic loads that may occur, such as those caused by bird strikes.
  • the first layer thickness d 1 is thus designed to withstand loads that are likely to occur, with a certain safety buffer being taken into account.
  • the second layer 12 is formed of a thermoplastic material, specifically a polyphenylene ether (PPE) reinforced with short or continuous quartz or glass fibers. This material is softer compared to the first layer 11 and can deform. This allows the second layer 12 to absorb the impact energy it receives from the first layer 11 (via the third layer 13).
  • PPE polyphenylene ether
  • the third layer 13 is also made of a thermoplastic material, but has a lower mechanical strength than the second layer 12 because, in contrast to the first layer 11 and the second layer 12, this does not represent a surface of the radome 10 and therefore less mechanical loads must withstand.
  • the third layer 13 is enclosed by the first layer 11 and the second layer 12 and therefore has no direct contact with the outside. There the third layer 13 being the softest layer of the radome 10, it absorbs a large part of the energy during impact events. The remaining energy is passed on to the second layer 12 and can be absorbed by it.
  • the interface between the first layer 11 (thermoplastic) and the third layer 13 (thermoplastic) also reduces the reflection of shock waves occurring on the first layer 11 and thereby reduces delamination damage.
  • first layer 11 and the second layer 12 correspond to (outer and inner) surfaces of the radome 10, they therefore have higher dielectric constants ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 than the third layer 13.
  • first layer 11 has the highest dielectric constant ⁇ 1 , since this outwardly facing layer must be mechanically the most stable.
  • the second dielectric constant ⁇ 2 is smaller than the first dielectric constant ⁇ 1 but larger than the third dielectric constant ⁇ 3 .
  • the first layer thickness d 1 , the second layer thickness d 2 and the third layer thickness d 3 each deviate from one another and are adapted in such a way that the necessary electromagnetic properties (transmission, reflection, phase fidelity, dielectric loss, distortion of the antenna diagram, etc.) of the radome are met 10 for the respective antenna application.
  • the use of the low-dielectric-constant thermoplastic layers 12, 13 improves the electromagnetic performance of the radome 10 in terms of entrance phase delay and antenna axial ratio, thereby reducing pointing errors and pattern distortions.
  • radome 10 with three layers 11, 12, 13 is shown, this embodiment is merely exemplary.
  • the radome 10 can also have only two layers.
  • the layer thickness of the (outer) first layer 11 is complete the mechanical requirements are given and the (inner) second layer 12 is adapted to meet the respective electromagnetic requirements.
  • this radome 10 shows a similar radome 10 as 1 .
  • this radome 10 also has a fourth layer 14 with a fourth layer thickness d 4 and a fourth dielectric constant ⁇ 4 and a fifth layer 15 with a fifth layer thickness d 5 and a fifth dielectric constant ⁇ 5 .
  • the fourth layer 14 and the fifth layer 15 are each arranged inside (in the direction of the antenna 20 when the radome 10 is installed) the second layer 12 , with the fifth layer 15 lying between the second layer 12 and the fourth layer 14 .
  • the fifth layer 15 can be formed from the same material as the third layer 13, ie ⁇ 5 is the same as ⁇ 3 , and the fourth layer 14 can be formed from the same material as the second layer 12, ie ⁇ 4 is the same as large as ⁇ 2 .
  • the second layer 12 can also be formed from the same material as the first layer 11.
  • the central layer (the second layer 12) is either made from the same material as the outermost layer (the first layer 11 ) or as the innermost layer (fourth layer 14).
  • the layers 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 have different layer thicknesses d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , d 4 and d 5 .
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layers, ie the third layer 13 and the fifth layer 15, each have smaller dielectric constants ⁇ 3 , ⁇ 5 than the remaining layers 11, 12, 14.
  • other ratios of the dielectric constants to one another are also conceivable.
  • thermoplastic intermediate layers serve as energy absorbers
  • electromagnetic properties of the radome 10 due to the low dielectric constant of the thermoplastic intermediate layers.
  • the electromagnetic properties can be adapted to the desired antenna application, in particular to the frequency ranges used and to different requirements in the transmission and reception modes.
  • the layer structures in the Figures 1 and 2 only show sections of a radome and the radome is usually not flat, but generally has a curved, for example parabolic, surface, so that the radome 10 can be mounted, for example, on the tip of an aircraft (such as the aircraft 100 from 3 ) can be attached.
  • the radome 10 can also be flat, for example to cover an antenna arranged in a depression in the outer wall of an aircraft and to present a flush surface of the aircraft to the outside.
  • FIG. 3 10 shows a schematic representation of an aircraft 100 according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • the aircraft 100 has an antenna 20 on the outside of the aircraft 100 .
  • a radome 10 covers the antenna 20 .
  • the antenna 20 can be any conceivable transmission and reception device for electromagnetic signals, such as a communication antenna or a radar antenna.
  • the radome 10 covers the antenna 20 in order to protect it from environmental influences such as aerodynamic loads, weather influences and bird strikes.
  • the radome 10 may be constructed in accordance with any of the embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the aircraft can also have more than one antenna 20 and more than one radome 10 .
  • the antennas 20 with the associated radomes 10 can be located at any conceivable and possible location on the aircraft 100 .
  • more than one antenna 20 or an antenna array with only one radome 10 can also be covered.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
EP22158594.6A 2021-03-25 2022-02-24 Radôme de conception asymétrique Pending EP4064454A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102021107538.6A DE102021107538A1 (de) 2021-03-25 2021-03-25 Asymmetrisch aufgebautes Radom

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EP4064454A1 true EP4064454A1 (fr) 2022-09-28

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EP22158594.6A Pending EP4064454A1 (fr) 2021-03-25 2022-02-24 Radôme de conception asymétrique

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US (1) US11777203B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP4064454A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102021107538A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11121447B2 (en) * 2017-09-27 2021-09-14 Apple Inc. Dielectric covers for antennas
DE102022127708A1 (de) * 2022-10-20 2024-04-25 Lufthansa Technik Aktiengesellschaft Radomwandung für Kommunikationsanwendungen
CN120113106A (zh) * 2022-10-27 2025-06-06 华为技术有限公司 用于天线的外壳及天线设备
CN117996431A (zh) * 2024-02-06 2024-05-07 中信科移动通信技术股份有限公司 天线罩

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992012550A1 (fr) * 1991-01-14 1992-07-23 Norton Company Paroi de radome permettant le passage de l'energie electromagnetique sur une large bande ainsi que le passage des ondes millimetriques
US6028565A (en) * 1996-11-19 2000-02-22 Norton Performance Plastics Corporation W-band and X-band radome wall
US6107976A (en) * 1999-03-25 2000-08-22 Bradley B. Teel Hybrid core sandwich radome
DE102016221143A1 (de) * 2016-10-27 2018-05-03 Lufthansa Technik Ag Radomwandung für Kommunikationsanwendungen

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5408244A (en) * 1991-01-14 1995-04-18 Norton Company Radome wall design having broadband and mm-wave characteristics
EP2747202A1 (fr) * 2012-12-18 2014-06-25 EADS Deutschland GmbH Paroi d'un radôme

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992012550A1 (fr) * 1991-01-14 1992-07-23 Norton Company Paroi de radome permettant le passage de l'energie electromagnetique sur une large bande ainsi que le passage des ondes millimetriques
US6028565A (en) * 1996-11-19 2000-02-22 Norton Performance Plastics Corporation W-band and X-band radome wall
US6107976A (en) * 1999-03-25 2000-08-22 Bradley B. Teel Hybrid core sandwich radome
DE102016221143A1 (de) * 2016-10-27 2018-05-03 Lufthansa Technik Ag Radomwandung für Kommunikationsanwendungen

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US11777203B2 (en) 2023-10-03
DE102021107538A1 (de) 2022-09-29
US20220311134A1 (en) 2022-09-29

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