EP4262024A1 - Vorrichtung zur steuerung von hf-elektromagnetischen strahlen nach ihrer frequenz und herstellungsverfahren - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur steuerung von hf-elektromagnetischen strahlen nach ihrer frequenz und herstellungsverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4262024A1
EP4262024A1 EP23167887.1A EP23167887A EP4262024A1 EP 4262024 A1 EP4262024 A1 EP 4262024A1 EP 23167887 A EP23167887 A EP 23167887A EP 4262024 A1 EP4262024 A1 EP 4262024A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radio frequency
control device
beam control
support frame
prism
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EP23167887.1A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Hervé Legay
Charalampos STOUMPOS
Thierry Pierre
Juan Duran Venegas
Maria GARCIA VIGUERAS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Rennes 1
Thales SA
Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Rennes
CentraleSupelec
Nantes Université
Original Assignee
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Universite de Rennes 1
Thales SA
Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Rennes
Universite de Nantes
CentraleSupelec
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Publication of EP4262024A1 publication Critical patent/EP4262024A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of radio frequencies (RF), and in particular to a device for controlling RF electromagnetic beams according to their frequency band, in particular for controlling the reflection and/or transmission of electromagnetic beams, as well as a process for manufacturing such a device.
  • RF radio frequencies
  • An example of a control device is described in the patent FR 3095303 B1 .
  • RF dichroic screens Devices for controlling the reflection and/or transmission of beams coming from RF electromagnetic signal sources, depending on their frequency band, also called “RF dichroic screens”, can be made up of frequency selective surfaces or FSS (acronym for “Frequency Selective Surfaces”, according to the corresponding Anglo-Saxon expression). Such surfaces are formed from a stack of two or more periodic surfaces, themselves designed from metallic patterns regularly distributed according to a periodicity vector, engraved or printed on a dielectric substrate.
  • FSS frequency selective surfaces
  • Such surfaces are formed from a stack of two or more periodic surfaces, themselves designed from metallic patterns regularly distributed according to a periodicity vector, engraved or printed on a dielectric substrate.
  • the metal patterns usually chosen are annular type patterns to constitute resonant elements whose interaction with RF electromagnetic signals is modeled according to a circuit comprising a coil (defined by an inductance L) and a capacitor (defined by a capacitance C) , with a predominant capacitive part. These periodic surfaces are called 'capacitive'.
  • An RF dichroic shield designed from such capacitive surfaces reflects in a high frequency band and transmits in a lower frequency band so it is typically used as a low pass (or notch) filter.
  • an RF dichroic screen reflects an RF signal having a low frequency band. The RF signal then penetrates little into the RF dichroic screen, and is less likely to be affected by ohmic losses (ie power losses). For this, it is known to use an RF dichroic screen behaving like a highly reflective metal plate for the low frequency band.
  • a degraded surface condition of an RF dichroic screen produces more disturbances on the wavefront of a reflected RF beam than on the wavefront of a transmitted RF beam.
  • the production of these disturbances is all the more important for a high frequency band than for a lower frequency band.
  • the RF dichroic screen behaves like a high-pass filter, therefore operating transparently in a high frequency band.
  • the dielectric substrates constituting these periodic surfaces also induce ohmic losses on the transmitted RF beam which can be minimized, but cannot be canceled.
  • RF dichroic screens formed from perforated plates. Such RF dichroic screens are frequently used as bandpass filters. These perforated plates are made up of metal sheets perforated at a given frequency, with rectangular or circular holes, as described in the article "Transmission and reflection of metallic mesh in the far infrared” by P. Vogel et al. Infrared Physics, 1964, vol. 4, pp. 257-262 .
  • the perforations act as waveguides for RF electromagnetic beams of wavelength ⁇ , for which the RF dichroic screen must be transparent. These perforations must be large enough for an electromagnetic mode to be established there.
  • the periodicity associated with these perforations is typically of the order of 0.75 ⁇ .
  • grating lobes can be excited there for beams with a large opening angle and/or having a non-zero angle of incidence relative to the normal of the RF dichroic screen.
  • the periodicity of these perforations thus constitutes a first constraint, due to the fact that it limits the angle of incidence for which the RF dichroic screen can be used and/or the opening angle of the RF beam (since it results in significant losses for too large an angular sector, for example greater than 40°).
  • a second constraint corresponds to the effects of partial reflections in the planes of discontinuities, for beams in transmission in these waveguides. These partial reflections depend on the quantity of metal constituting the perforated plates and are all the more important as the metal walls are thick. Partial reflections at the input and output of the waveguides can be compensated at a given frequency, by adjusting the length of the guided sections. However, around this given frequency and over an angular sector, the recombination of partial reflections produces a ripple in the frequency band, which can reach several tenths of a dB.
  • Polarization invariance of RF dichroic displays is an important need. Indeed, the polarization (in particular circular) of the wave transmitted or reflected by the screen must not or only slightly be disturbed, to avoid inducing significant losses and non-negligible changes depending on the angle of incidence. of the harness, as described in the article " Upgrade to the K-band uplink channel for the ESA Deep Space Antennas: Analysis of the optics and preliminary dichroic mirror design" by M. Marchetti et al. 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020 .
  • the walls (or walls) of the perforations have slots in order to produce transmission frequency windows at the resonance frequency of the slots, as described in the article " Waveguide 3-D FSSs by 3-D printing technique” by T. Wang et al. International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advance Applications (ICEAA), Cairns, Australia, 2016 .
  • the waveguides thus created therefore operate with a much lower periodicity, typically of the order of 0.5 ⁇ , in the frequency band ⁇ for which the RF dichroic screen must be transparent. Slots can take multiple shapes, as described in the article " Circuit Modeling of 3-D Cells to Design Versatile Full-Metal Polarizers" by C. Molero et al. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2019, vol. 67, pp. 1357-1369 .
  • Such RF dichroic screens are nevertheless entirely metallic and therefore suitable for applications with high power beams.
  • the metal RF dichroic screens known to those skilled in the art have responses depending on the polarization of the beams, which are not stable over a wide bandwidth and over a wide angular sector of incidence (in particular limited to a beam of opening angle ⁇ 5° around an angle of incidence of 30° for example).
  • the present invention improves the situation by proposing a radio frequency beam control device comprising a set of at least one cell, the cell comprising a support frame and at least one internal interconnection to the support frame, the radio frequency beams being waves electromagnetic TEM having a given polarization.
  • the support frame is inscribed in a prism, having a given axis Z', the prism comprising faces P not linked together by edges oriented along the axis of the prism Z', the support frame comprising corner elements, each corner element having an edge coinciding with one of the edges of the prism, the corner elements being arranged so that the support frame has, on each face of the prism, a slot extending along the axis of the prism Z'.
  • Each internal interconnection includes inductive rods each comprising two ends, the inductive rods each having a first end connected to one of the edges of the support frame, the second ends of the inductive rods being connected together at a rod connection point, the connection point of rods being positioned substantially in the center of the support frame in a plane orthogonal to the axis of the prism Z'.
  • Each cell is configured to carry out polarization-invariant transmission and/or reflection of radiofrequency beams of TEM electromagnetic waves.
  • a cell may comprise at least two internal interconnections and in addition at least one capacitive plate internal to the support frame extending in a plane orthogonal to the axis of the prism Z', the at least one capacitive plate being arranged between the two internal interconnections.
  • a cell may comprise at least two internal interconnections and in addition at least one central pillar extending along the axis of the prism Z' and being arranged substantially in the center of the support frame, the central pillar comprising a upper end connected to the rod connection point of one of the internal interconnections, and a lower end connected to the rod connection point of another internal interconnection.
  • the at least one capacitive plate can be connected to the support frame by at least one central pillar extending along the axis of the prism Z' and comprising an upper end and a lower end, the capacitive plate being arranged substantially in the middle of the central pillar.
  • the at least one capacitive plate can be held inside the support frame by means of a dielectric support.
  • the radio frequency beam control device may be made of a single electrically conductive material.
  • the number can be equal to 4 while the support frame has a square parallelepiped shape, or the number can be equal to 6 while the support frame having a hexagonal prism shape.
  • the radio frequency beam control device can be defined in a reference frame (X,Y,Z) and generally extend in a plane (X,Y), and the axis of the prism Z' can be parallel to the axis Z , the support frame having the shape of a right prism.
  • the radio frequency beam control device can be defined in a reference frame (X,Y,Z) and generally extend in a plane (X,Y), and the axis of the prism Z' can have an inclination ⁇ by relative to the Z axis, the support frame having the shape of an oblique prism.
  • the inductive rods and the edges of the support frame can form an angle ⁇ of between 45° and 90°, and/or between 90° and 135°.
  • the radio frequency beam control device can be defined in a reference frame (X,Y,Z), generally extend in a plane (X,Y), and comprise a set of several cells having geometric shapes and variable dimensions in the plane (X,Y).
  • the invention also provides an optical system comprising at least a first source of radio frequency signals configured to emit a radio frequency beam of frequency band ⁇ 1 in a given direction of propagation and an RF beam control device, the beam control device radio frequencies being configured to reflect and/or transmit the radio frequency beam according to the given direction of propagation and the frequency band Al.
  • the radio frequency beam emitted by the first source may be a TEM electromagnetic wave having a given phase
  • the radio frequency beam control device may be defined in a reference frame (X,Y,Z) and generally extend in a plane (X ,Y), the control device comprising a set of several cells, the radiofrequency beam control device being configured to modify the phase in the plane (X,Y).
  • the invention provides a method of manufacturing the radio frequency beam control device, the device being entirely metallic, and the manufacturing method using at least one 3D printing technique.
  • the radio frequency beam control device comprising two faces defined in the plane (X,Y), the method can comprise a first step of depositing layers of metal stacked in the direction of said inclination ⁇ , then a second step of cutting at least one of the two faces of the device.
  • the embodiments of the invention thus provide a device for controlling RF electromagnetic wave beams in TEM mode, capable of being invariant with respect to polarization, adapted to high power RF signals, and behaving like a Dichroic screen of high-pass filter type, that is to say operating in reflection in a low frequency band and in transparency in a higher frequency band, with very low insertion losses, for large angular sectors incident RF beams.
  • the device according to the embodiments of the invention makes it possible to control beams of RF electromagnetic waves in TEM mode, according to their frequency band in a manner invariant with respect to the polarization.
  • a device can for example be produced in the form of a dichroic screen of the high-pass filter type, operating in reflection in a low frequency band (for example X band) and in transparency in a higher frequency band (for example example Ka band), according to very low insertion losses.
  • Such a device is particularly suitable for new additive manufacturing processes which improve the performance of reflection and transmission of wide bands, according to a large angular sector of the beams of RF electromagnetic signals at incidence, and of high power.
  • FIG. 1 represents an optical system 10 comprising a radio frequency (RF) beam control device 300, according to embodiments of the invention.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the radio frequency beam control device 300 can for example be used as a dichroic screen in an optical system 10 implemented in an antenna system (not shown) comprising a large reflector associated with several sources of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic signals which can have very high power (for example of the order of several tens of kilowatts).
  • RF radio frequency
  • such an antenna system can be implemented in the form of an antenna mounted on board a satellite or a ground control station antenna, for space and/or scientific missions.
  • radio frequency beam control also called 'radio frequency beam manipulation' refers to various phenomena related to electromagnetic waves that can occur when an RF beam interacts with the material of an object given, such as the device 300. These phenomena include in particular the transmission, reflection, absorption, diffusion, refraction and/or diffraction of the electromagnetic wave.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can be used to transmit and /or reflect beams from distinct RF signal sources each having a distinct frequency band.
  • An antenna system can include different optical systems forming one or more "optical paths" and making it possible to control (in particular manipulate and/or direct) the RF signals produced by the sources positioned at different locations of the antenna system (depending on the size), towards the reflector.
  • these optical systems limit the design of the antenna system because they can induce significant power losses in the RF signals, and constrain the architecture of the antenna system by limiting, for example, the width of the beams (or angular aperture) produced by the RF sources. .
  • the optical system 10 is part of an antenna system (not shown) and comprises a first RF source 100, a second RF source 200 and an RF beam control device 300.
  • the two RF sources 100, 200 are configured to emit beams of electromagnetic waves in TEM mode (acronym for the Anglo-Saxon expression “Transversal Electro-Magnetic” associated with transverse electromagnetic waves) in two distinct RF frequency bands, respectively denoted ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 , and along two given propagation axes, denoted respectively 102 and 104.
  • An electromagnetic wave of an emitted RF beam is further characterized by a given phase (and an associated wave front).
  • the RF sources 100, 200 can be configured to transmit in specific frequency bands so that ⁇ 1 corresponds to the so-called “X band”, of low frequencies, typically between 7 GHz and 8.5 GHz, and ⁇ 2 corresponds to the so-called “Ka band”, of high frequencies, typically between 22.5 GHz and 27 GHz.
  • the RF beam control device 300 is therefore defined in a reference frame (X,Y,Z).
  • the RF beam control device 300 comprises at least two faces denoted 310 and 320.
  • the two faces 310 and 320 are spaced apart from each other by a distance d representing the ''thickness'' of the RF beam control device 300.
  • the thickness d may be greater than or equal to a value substantially equal to ⁇ 2 /2.
  • the thickness d can be equal to 5.5 mm.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can have a substantially planar structure, defined in the plane (X,Y) associated with reference (X,Y ,Z) and orthogonal to the Z axis. Thus, the RF beam control device 300 generally extends in the plane (X,Y).
  • the RF sources 100, 200 can be of the horn type and can be associated respectively with radiation field beams 104, 204, each defined according to an opening angle denoted respectively ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 .
  • the RF beam control device 300 can also be configured to modify or not the opening angle (ie the associated phase and wavefront) of the transmitted and/or reflected radiation fields noted respectively ⁇ 1 t and ⁇ 2t .
  • the two RF sources 100, 200 may have a radiation field 104, 204 having the same opening angle denoted ⁇ , before and after interaction with the RF beam control device 300.
  • the angle ⁇ can for example be of the order of 30°.
  • the RF sources 100, 200 can also be associated with a spherical wavefront which will be transformed into a plane wavefront by another optical system for example.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can be tilted with respect to the direction of average incidence (i.e. direction of propagation 102 and 202) of the beam at the spherical wavefront of two sources RF 100 and 200, for example so as to form an arrangement of sources which does not generate masking.
  • the average direction of incidence of the beams with the normal axis Z of the device 300 then forms an angle of incidence denoted ⁇ i , for example substantially equal to 30°.
  • the projection of the radiation fields 104 and 204 of the RF sources onto the dichroic screen can vary over a very wide angular sector depending on the opening angle ⁇ and the angle of incidence ⁇ i of the RF sources 100 and 200.
  • the dichroic screen is then configured to operate for highly oblique incidences, for example for angular sectors of between 15° and 45°.
  • the RF beam controller 300 may be configured to transmit and/or reflect an RF beam, and modify the phase (and associated wavefront) of the electromagnetic wave of the RF beam.
  • Such a configuration is applicable for RF 300 beam control devices used as a transmission screen (or “transmitarray” in English) and/or reflection screen (or “reflectarray” in English) to correct aberrations in multibeam optical systems.
  • the radio frequency beam control device 300 generally extending in a plane (X,Y), can have geometric shapes and variable dimensions in the plane (X,Y) making it possible to modify the phase of the wave electromagnetic in the plane (X,Y).
  • the RF sources 100, 200 may also be associated with a spherical, plane wavefront and/or comprising deformations such as aberrations generated by phase shifts.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can be configured to transform a given wavefront (e.g. spherical) and another wavefront (e.g. planar) and/or to correct wavefront aberrations by locally modifying the phase of the RF beam in the (X,Y) plane.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can be configured to differently modify the wavefront of a wave intended to be reflected (coming from the source 100) relative to the wavefront of a wave intended to be transmitted (coming from source 200).
  • the resulting optical system 10 may include RF sources positioned manner closer to the device 300 or arranged in a manner more suited to the intended application.
  • the two faces 310 and 320 can be parallel to each other.
  • the two faces 310 and 320 can be surfaces defined in two dimensions in the plane (X,Y) orthogonal to the normal axis Z.
  • the two faces 310 and 320 can be surfaces defined according to three dimensions in the reference frame (X,Y,Z).
  • the thickness d between the two parallel faces 310 and 320 is homogeneous along the RF beam control device 300.
  • the thickness d between the two faces 310 and 320 is inhomogeneous along the RF beam control device 300, such that the thickness d can vary along the X axis and/or along the Y axis.
  • at least one of the two faces 310 and 320 can be defined as a surface defined according to three dimensions in the reference frame (X,Y,Z).
  • the RF beam control device 300 may comprise a center O (not shown in the figures) positioned in the plane (X,Y) such that the thickness d varies increasing or decreasing at from this center O, along the axis X, to form a quasi-optical element, which can be a concave or convex element respectively.
  • the RF beam control device 300 comprises a set of cells 400 arranged in the plane (X,Y), as shown in the figures 2 to 4 , 6 and 8 to 10 .
  • Each cell 400 of the RF beam control device 300 includes an external cell support frame 420 and one or more internal interconnections 460.
  • the support frame 420 of a cell 400 (also called “cell support frame”) is inscribed in a general shape of prism (or faceted cylinder) having a main axis extending along an axis Z'.
  • the Z' axis corresponds to a generating line of the prism and is also called “Z' prism axis”.
  • the cell support frame 420 is of length d along the axis Z'.
  • the Z' axis is equivalent to the Z axis.
  • Such a prism is a polyhedron having faces formed by parallelograms, also called “prismatic faces” and two parallel polygonal bases.
  • the prism shape can be, for example and without limitation, a square parallelepiped called a cuboid or a hexagonal prism.
  • the cell support frame 420 is inscribed in a general shape of prism which rests on a polygonal base at sides of width l, defined in the plane (X,Y) and extends along the axis of the prism Z'.
  • THE prismatic faces P not are linked together by side edges parallel to each other and parallel to the axis of the prism Z'.
  • n is an index associated with the different faces of the prism in which the cell support frame 420 is inscribed, with n not ⁇ 1 NOT .
  • the prismatic faces include the faces P 1 , P 2 , P 3 And P 4 and the side edges include the edges And
  • the cell support frame 420 comprises, at each side edge of the prism, a corner element 4200- n arranged in the corner of the prism corresponding to the side edge
  • a corner element 4200- n consists of two rectangular plates 4200A- n and 4200B- n connected at an edge 430- n coinciding with the side edge associated with the corner of the prism, each plate having a length equal to the length d of the prism along the axis d (equivalent to the Z axis on the figures 2 to 4 , 6, 8 and 9 ).
  • Each of the two plates 4200A- n and 4200B- n of a corner element 4200- n extends partially over one of the two prismatic faces P not And P not + 1 adjacent connected by the edge 430- n corresponding to the edge associated with the corner of the prism.
  • the width of a rectangular plate 4200A- n or 4200B- n in the plane (X, Y) of the corner element is less than the width l of a prismatic face.
  • the cell support frame 420 is inscribed in the prism and includes “walls” 420- n coinciding with one of the prismatic faces P not of the prism of the cell support frame 420, each wall 420- n comprising a discontinuity defined by a slot 440- n , extending along the axis of the prism Z' (equivalent to the axis Z on the figures 2 to 4 , 6 , 8 And 9 ).
  • a wall 420- n thus comprises two rectangular plates, separated from one another by the slot 440- n , each of the two plates belonging to two adjacent corner elements 4200- n and 4200-( n + 1) for example.
  • a wall 420- n of the cell support frame 420 thus comprises the two adjacent rectangular plates 4200A- n and 4200B- n which extend on the same prismatic face P not and are separated from slot 440- n .
  • THE “walls” 420- n of the cell support frame 420 have a wall thickness denoted m. It should be noted that, in an RF beam control device 300 comprising two or more cells 400, the thickness of walls between two cells 400 can be defined as being equal to a value 2 ⁇ m .
  • each of the wall slots 440- n has a width corresponding to the distance between the two rectangular plates 4200A- n and 4200B- n of the wall which belong to the two adjacent corner elements.
  • THE Continuous slots 440- n can be median in relation to the walls 420- n , that is to say positioned substantially in the middle of the corresponding wall 420- n .
  • the angle between the two plates 4200A- n and 4200B- n of a corner element 4200- n depends on the shape of the prism and in particular on the number sides of the polygonal base.
  • the axis of the prism Z' is parallel to the axis Z is such that the cell support frame 420 has the shape of a right prism.
  • the angle of the edges 430- n corresponding to the edges with the plane (X,Y) of the RF 300 beam control device is straight.
  • the axis of the prism Z' can have an inclination ⁇ relative to the axis Z such that the frame 420 has the shape of an oblique prism.
  • the cell support frame 420 can be entirely or partially metallic so as to form 420- n electrically conductive walls.
  • the cell support frame 420 interrupted by the slots on each of these faces acts as a waveguide with parallel walls 420- n allowing the propagation of the beam to be transmitted by the RF beam control device 300, coming from the second RF source 200.
  • Such cell support frames 420 interrupted by slots (or split) can thus function as a transmission screen in all frequency bands of RF signals, and can be used in particular for L, S, C, Ku and Ka bands.
  • the set of cells 400 forms a periodic arrangement of waveguides whose dimensioning is small compared to the wavelength denoted ⁇ 2 associated with the frequency band of the beam coming from the RF source to be transmitted.
  • the width l of the cell support frame 420 can be determined such that L ⁇ ⁇ 2 3 .
  • the maximum value l max of the width l can be determined as L max ⁇ ⁇ 2 2 .
  • the thickness m of the walls 420- n can be low and also be adjusted, for example minimized, so as to attenuate the transmission losses of the beam from the RF source 200 to the interfaces between the air and the waveguide (at the input, face 310 and/or at the output, face 320), as well as the transmission losses on a given frequency band and angular sector which are proportional to the ratio m /l.
  • the reduction in the bandwidth and the reduction in the angular sector can be correlated to the quantity of metallic material forming the cell support frame 420. Minimizing the thickness m can also lead to a minimization of the total mass of the cell.
  • RF 300 beam control device while guaranteeing its rigidity.
  • the thickness m of the walls 420- n is less than the wavelength ⁇ 2 , which makes it possible to confer stability of transmission of the beam of the RF source 200 with respect to the variation of the opening angle ⁇ affecting the RF 300 beam control device.
  • the thickness m of the walls 420- n according to the modes of the invention can be between 250 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m.
  • Opening the cell support frames 420 at the level of slots 440-n passing through the walls 420- n also make it possible to simulate a dielectric material and significantly widen the transmission band of the RF beam control device 300.
  • the width slots 440-n can be between a minimum value noted and a maximum value noted
  • the minimum value and the maximum value width of the slots 440-n can be defined as a function of the width l of the cell support frame 420 and/or the thickness m of the walls 420- n , according to the following equations (1) and (2):
  • the widths slots of the same cell 400 and/or slots of all the cells 400 of the RF beam control device 300 may be identical or variable depending on the modes of application of the invention.
  • an RF beam control device 300 used to transmit and/or deflect and/or reflect an RF beam may include slot widths which vary (by a few micrometers for example) relative to the center O of the device 300 in order to spatially modulate the phase of the incident beam.
  • the radio frequency beam control device 300 generally extending in a plane (X,Y), can comprise a set of several cells 400 having geometric shapes and variable dimensions (for example the width ) in the plane (X,Y) making it possible to modify in a very fine manner (at the cell scale) the phase (and the associated wave front) of the electromagnetic wave in the plane (X,Y).
  • a slot 440- n can be indented (that is to say have a variable profile along the axis of the prism Z') at the entrance (face 310) and/or at the exit (face 320) and/or along the waveguide section.
  • These notches (not shown in the figures) and their dimensions, that is to say their length, their depth and their position, may differ depending on the slot 440- n considered in the cell 400 and/or in the plane (X ,Y).
  • the use of the cell support frame 420 as a waveguide in transmission makes it possible not to introduce frequency dispersion in the sections of the waveguide and to obtain very wide band responses for total transmission of a beam RF incident.
  • Each cell 400 of the RF beam control device 300 comprises one or more internal interconnections 460 having characteristics chosen to allow, for example, parameterization of the broadening of the frequency band of the beam coming from the first RF source 100 to be reflected and/or or the beam coming from the second RF source 200 to be transmitted.
  • an internal interconnection 460 of a cell 400 comprises stems 462- n .
  • THE rods 462- n of the internal interconnection 460 have a substantially cylindrical shape, length l t and diameter e t .
  • the diameters and t of the rods can be between 400 ⁇ m and 540 ⁇ m.
  • THE rods 462-n further comprise two ends denoted 462- n 1 and 462- n 2 on the Figure 3 .
  • one of the ends 462- n 1 of the rod 462- n is connected to an edge 430- n corresponding to a lateral edge according to an “attachment point”, while the other end 462- n 2 of the rod 462- n is connected to a “connection point” of the other rods 462- n .
  • connection point can be positioned substantially in the center of the cell support frame 420, in the plane (X,Y), so that all of the ends 462-n2 of the rods 462- n are connected together. .
  • THE rods 462- n can then have the same length l t .
  • the rods 462- k can be entirely or partially metallic so as to form an internal electrically conductive interconnection 460 which interconnects the walls 420- n to make them fully integral with each other.
  • the internal interconnection 460 then forms an elementary electrical discontinuity which can interact with the incident electric fields of the TEM electromagnetic waves produced by the RF sources 100 and/or 200 propagating in the support frame 420. This interaction with the electric fields induces the formation of electric currents in the rods 462- k .
  • the embodiment of the interconnection 460 in which the attachment points are located at the edges 430- n corresponding to the side edges is an interconnection symmetrical with respect to the frame 420.
  • a cell 400 comprising an interconnection 460 symmetrical with respect to the frame 420 is configured to carry out transmission and/or reflection of TEM electromagnetic waves (produced by the RF sources 100 and 200) which is polarization invariant. That is to say that the frequency response of the cell 400 allows the polarization of the electric fields of the TEM electromagnetic waves incident on a set of cells 400 not to vary after having been transmitted or reflected.
  • the internal interconnection 460 forms a single elementary electrical discontinuity.
  • the RF beam control device 300 is then qualified as an “order 1 device”.
  • an internal interconnection 460 comprises 4 rods which can be connected to the cell support frame 420 at 4 attachment points having (or not) the same distance d 1 from the entrance to the cell 400 (corresponding for example to the face 320 ).
  • a rod 462- n and an edge 430- n of a corner element form an angle ⁇ between them at the level of the end 462- n 1 of the rod 462- n (or point of attachment).
  • the rods 462- n can be defined in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the prism Z'.
  • each of the rods 462- n form an angle ⁇ ⁇ 90° or ⁇ > 90° with the edge 430- n of the corner element associated with their point of attachment, such that the position of the connection point is greater or less than the position d 1 of the points of attachment in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the prism Z'.
  • the different cells 400 of the device 300 are adjacent and connected to each other by the common cell walls 420- n . Furthermore, the internal interconnection 460 of each cell 400 is connected to the support frame of the cell 420 by the different attachment points. Such an arrangement of the cells 400 is carried out so that the cells 400 of the device 300 are integral with each other, despite the presence of the slots 440- n .
  • a cell 400 may comprise for example and without limitation, two internal interconnections 460, as described in relation to the embodiment of the Figure 3 .
  • Each of these two internal interconnections 460 includes stems 462- n .
  • the RF beam control device 300 is qualified as an “order 2 device”.
  • a first internal interconnect 460 may be connected to the cell support frame 420 by attachment points located at the same distance d 1 relative to the entrance of the cell 400 (corresponding for example to the face 320), while a second internal interconnection 460 can be connected to the cell support frame 420 by attachment points located at the same distance d 3 from the outlet of cell 400 (corresponding for example to face 310).
  • the choice of the attachment positions of the rods 462- n determines the dimensions d 1 and d 3 of cells and makes it possible to influence the widening of the frequency band of the beam (particularly in transmission).
  • the different dimensions d 1 and d 3 of all the cells 400 of the RF beam control device 300 may be identical or variable depending on the application of the invention.
  • an RF beam control device 300 used to transmit and/or deflect and/or reflect an RF beam may include dimensions d 1 and d 3 which are variable relative to the center O of the device in order to spatially modulate the phase of the incident beam.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can be manufactured from a modeling of the cells 400 in an equivalent electrical circuit (design phase).
  • Such modeling advantageously makes it possible to optimize the quasi-optical control properties of the RF beams desired for the device 300 depending on the application of the invention.
  • the characteristics of the cell support frame 420 consisting of corner elements 4200- n , forming walls 420- n each interrupted by one of the 440- n slots make it possible to model a characteristic impedance Z 1 of a cell 400.
  • the characteristic impedance Z 1 of a cell 400 is determined according to the parameters d and of cell 400. For example, a width of slots lower can induce a characteristic impedance Z 1 stronger. In this case, the variation of profile of the slots (by notches) can be implemented in the design phase to optimize the characteristic impedance Z 1 .
  • An internal interconnection 460 of a cell (the interconnection 460 comprising rods 462- n ), electrically conductive, forms an electrical discontinuity in the cell 400.
  • two internal interconnections 460 form a number of 2 successive electrical discontinuities in the cell 400, corresponding to the two sets of stems 462- n .
  • the electrically conductive rods 462- n also called “inductive rods”, form a succession of inductive charges denoted “L” and expressed in nH (nanoHenry), and positioned in parallel in the equivalent circuit of cell 400.
  • Diagram (a) of the Figure 5 represents such an equivalent circuit modeled from cells of the RF beam control device.
  • the parameters relating to the electrical representation of the cell 400 in equivalent circuit depend on the position of the attachment points 462- n 1 of the rods 462- n according to the dimensions d 1 and d 3 .
  • the configuration of the internal interconnections 460 symmetrically with respect to the cell support frame 420, according to attachment points at the edges 430- n makes it possible to model equivalent electromagnetic circuits of the cell 400 which are identical (or invariant). ) with respect to the characterization according to each TE and TM polarization of the incident electric fields of the TEM waves produced by the RF sources 100 and 200.
  • the inductances L of the successive inductive loads modeled by the equivalent circuit can also depend on the diameter(s) and of the rods 462- n of internal interconnections 460.
  • increasing the diameter e t can induce a decrease in inductance.
  • an increase in diameter e t by three can result in a decrease in inductance L by a factor of three.
  • a diameter that is too large can significantly degrade the width of the transmission band for high frequencies (of the source 200).
  • a step of optimizing the diameter(s) e t can be implemented in the design phase of the device 300 to optimize in parallel the inductance value(s) L. For example, it is possible to obtain inductances L up to a limit value L limit determined from a minimum value of the diameter and t of the rods.
  • the inductances L can also depend on the angle of inclination ⁇ of the stems 462- n .
  • a strong variation of this inclination angle ⁇ relative to a value of 90° can induce an increase in the inductance on the one hand while the distribution of the positions of this inductance is asymmetrical on the equivalent circuit. This may result in effects on the reflection and transmission properties of the device 300.
  • the variation of the angle ⁇ may be linked to the widening of the operating band of the device 300, with a simultaneous degradation of the level reflection.
  • FIG. 6 represents a perspective view of a cell 400 comprising two internal interconnections 460 and a plate 470 internal to the cell support frame 420, according to modes of the invention where the number is equal to 4.
  • the plate 470 internal to the cell support frame 420 can extend in a plane orthogonal to the axis of the prism Z' and be arranged (or positioned) substantially in the middle of the two internal interconnections 460.
  • An internal plate 470 can be a metal structure having a thickness e c and a shape adapted to the shape of the polygonal base of sides of the support frame 420.
  • the internal plate 470 can be designed to approach the cell support frame 420, according to a spacing (or length) ⁇ ⁇ 0, but not be metallically connected by the sides of the internal plate 470 to the support frame of cell 420.
  • the internal plate 470 may be held within the cell support frame 420 by dielectric support means.
  • the internal plate 470 can be held by a dielectric or metallic connection to the two internal interconnections 460.
  • this dielectric or metallic connection to the two internal interconnections can be a central pillar extending along the axis of the prism Z' and comprising an upper end and a lower end connected to the two internal interconnections 460, the capacitive plate then being arranged substantially in the middle of the central pillar between the two internal interconnections 460.
  • a metallic and electrically conductive internal plate 470 can induce a capacitive charge denoted “C” expressed in fF (femtoFarad), forming an elementary electrical discontinuity in the cell 400.
  • C capacitive charge
  • Such an internal plate 470 in the cell support frame 420 corresponding more generally to a tray called a “capacitive tray”.
  • the RF beam control device 300 comprises two internal interconnections 460 (inductive rods) and an internal plate 470 (capacitive plate), forming three elementary electrical discontinuities as described with reference to the example in the Figure 6 , the RF beam control device 300 is then qualified as an “order 3 device”.
  • the equivalent electrical circuit modeling of cell 400 as represented on the Figure 6 is shown in diagram (b) of the Figure 5 .
  • This equivalent electrical circuit modeling represents a succession of charges: inductive (L), capacitive (C) and inductive (L).
  • Each of the loads (capacitive and inductive) in the modeled equivalent circuit are designed to achieve a frequency response of the RF beam control device 300 of the high-pass filter type.
  • such a structure of the cells 400 makes it possible to obtain a significant increase in the rejection of the low frequency band. For example, at 8.5 GHz, the X-band rejection can reach 32 dB when the bandwidth is Ka-band.
  • the capacitance C of the capacitive load can therefore depend on the different dimensions of the capacitive plate.
  • increasing the thickness e c can increase the capacity of the circuit.
  • an increase in the diameter e c may imply an increase in the capacitance C.
  • a diameter e c that is too large can significantly degrade the width of the transmission band for high frequencies (from source 200).
  • the capacitive plate can have any shape adapted to the shape of the polygonal base of the cell support frame 420.
  • the cell 400 may comprise a cell support frame 420 having a thickness m c of wall 420- n greater locally in the plane of the capacitive plate, compared to the wall thickness m 420- n .
  • a local thickening of the walls of the frame 420 up to a spacing ⁇ of the shape of the capacitive plate makes it possible to obtain performances similar to the previous case, in which there is no local thickening of the walls 420- n .
  • this alternative can be used if large values of C are to be implemented.
  • the design of the RF beam control device 300 may include a step of determining the order x of the device in order to optimize the parameterization associated with RF beam control (for example the widening of the frequency band of the beam coming from the first RF source 100 to be reflected and/or of the beam coming from the second RF source 200 to be transmitted).
  • the determination of the order x of the device can include the evaluation of the successions of inductive or successions of inductive and capacitive loads, as shown in the table in Figure 7 .
  • the RF beam control device 300 can be manufactured using different techniques, such as a 3D printing technique, also called additive manufacturing.
  • a 3D printing technique also called additive manufacturing.
  • the use of a 3D printing technique makes it possible to obtain a uniform RF beam control device 300, comprising no dielectric and entirely metallic, using an electrically conductive material such as aluminum or titanium.
  • the electrically conductive material such as titanium can then be covered with another electrically conductive material such as silver for example in order to reduce ohmic losses.
  • the 3D manufacturing technique induces Passive Intermodulation Products (or PIPs) generated at lower intensity so that the RF beam control device 300 can withstand higher powers from the RF signal sources.
  • PIPs Passive Intermodulation Products
  • additional internal elements may be added to the cell support frame 420, such as a central pillar for example .
  • FIG 8 represents a perspective view of a cell 400 comprising two internal interconnections 460 and a central pillar 480 arranged in the center of the cell support frame 420, according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention in which the number is equal to 4.
  • a central pillar 480 is particularly advantageous in embodiments where the manufacturing technique is a 3D printing technique.
  • the central pillar 480 may have a substantially cylindrical shape, with a diameter denoted e p and a length d p , and comprise two ends denoted 482-1 and 482-2 and called “upper end 482-1” and “lower end 482-2 ".
  • the central pillar 480 extends along the axis of the prism Z' (in the direction of its length) and is thus parallel to the general orientation of the walls 420- n .
  • the central pillar 480 is arranged (or positioned) substantially in the center of the cell support frame 420 (ie center of the frame in the plane orthogonal to the axis of the prism Z'). At at least one of the two ends 482-1 and 482-2 can be positioned outside the cell 400.
  • the relation d z ⁇ d is verified. In the case where only one of the two ends 482-1 or 482-2 is positioned outside the cell 400, the relationship d z ⁇ d or d z > d can be verified. Alternatively, the two ends 482-1 and 482-2 of the interconnection 480 can be positioned inside the cell 400 such that d z ⁇ d.
  • each of the two ends 482-1 or 482-2 of the central pillar 480 is connected to one of the two connection points formed by the ends 462- n 2 of the rods 462- n of each of the two internal interconnections 460.
  • the upper end 482-1 can be connected to the rod connection point of one of said internal interconnections 460
  • the lower end 482-2 can be connected to the rod connection point of another internal interconnection 460.
  • Both interconnections internal 460 and the central pillar 480 thus form a single interconnection of the cell support frame 420.
  • This unique integral interconnection allows great mechanical rigidity of the rods 462- n , and more generally of the cells 400. Such rigidity generates in particular mechanical stability of the device 300 over time, and thus of these quasi-optical control properties of beams.
  • RF in applications of the invention using very high power sources.
  • the central pillar 480 facilitates the manufacture of the internal interconnections 460 and therefore of the cells 400 with split faces, in particular when the RF beam control device 300 is manufactured using a 3D printing technique.
  • the distance d 2 between the two sets of attachment points of the rods 462- n formed by the two internal interconnections 460 may be greater, less than or equal to the length d p of the central pillar 480.
  • the distance d p can depend on the angle ⁇ .
  • the two sets of rods 462- n can be defined in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the prism Z', as illustrated by the example of internal interconnections 460 of the figure 4 .
  • each of the rods 462- n form an angle ⁇ ⁇ 90° or an angle ⁇ > 90° with the edge 430- n of the corner element associated with their point of attachment (which coincides with a lateral edge ).
  • angle ⁇ and distance d 2 are given as non-limiting examples and that the invention covers any combination of angle ⁇ and distance d 2 which can be implemented.
  • the unique 460 interconnect interconnecting the walls 420- n to make them integral makes it possible to obtain a structure of the RF beam control device 300 having very important solidity properties, in particular by means of the central pillar 480, the attachment points at the edges 430- n , and the angle ⁇ of the rods 462- n .
  • the diameter e p of the central pillar 480 can be equal to 400 ⁇ m.
  • the central pillar 462 has substantially no effect on the quasi-optical control properties of RF beams of the device 300. Indeed, the propagation is orthogonal to the pillar of the incident electric fields of the TEM electromagnetic waves (produced by the RF sources 200 by example) which propagate in the waveguide formed by the cell support frame 420. This orthogonal propagation does not induce the formation of electric current in the central pillar 480, the diameter e p being negligible compared to the bands of RF frequencies. As a result, the impact of the central pillar 480 in the equivalent circuit modeling is significantly negligible.
  • the unique interconnection of the figure 8 can be substantially modeled by the two internal interconnections 460 represented on the Figure 4 , that is to say as a succession of two inductive charges (L).
  • Diagram (a) of the Figure 5 therefore represents the equivalent circuit modeled from such cells of the RF beam control device 300.
  • central pillar 480 being negligible in equivalent circuit modeling, those skilled in the art will easily understand that such a particular interconnection configuration, comprising one or more central pillars 480, can be adapted to all device designs. 'order x, such that x ⁇ 2 according to the determination of the number and nature of the successions of charges (inductive, or inductive and capacitive) represented as an example on the Figure 7 .
  • a capacitive plate can be formed by a local widening of the diameter e p over a small portion e c of the length d p of a central pillar 480 of a single interconnection.
  • the local enlargement of the diameter e p can also have a shape equivalent to the shape of the polygonal base along a side length l c .
  • FIG. 9 represents a perspective view of several cells 400 of the RF beam control device 300, in an embodiment where the number is equal to 6.
  • the RF beam control device 300 has hexagonal sections of waveguides in transmission.
  • the RF beam control device 300 can exhibit better properties of polarization invariance and transmission stability with respect to the variation of the opening angle of the electromagnetic wave injected into incidence. Such an increase induces greater solidity of the structure.
  • the RF beam control device 300 may have manufacturing advantages since the structure has less material.
  • the axis of the prism Z' is parallel to the axis Z.
  • the axis of the prism Z' can have an inclination ⁇ with respect to the axis Z.
  • FIG. 10 represents views in a plane (X,Z) of several cells 400 of the RF beam control device 300 according to two modes of the invention represented by diagrams (a) and (b), in which the walls 420- n , 440-n slots (and furthermore the central pillars 480) of the cell support frame 420 are oriented at an inclination ⁇ relative to the Z axis.
  • the angle of inclination ⁇ of the cells 400 is for example between 0° and ⁇ i relative to the axis Z.
  • this ⁇ inclination of the cells 400 has no significant influence on the equivalent electrical circuit modeling. However, this inclination can induce an increase in the thickness of the 420- n walls.
  • Diagram (a) of the Figure 10 represents a single interconnection (comprising two internal interconnections 460 and a central pillar 480) defining a succession of two inductive loads.
  • the entry face 310 is in the plane (X,Y), while the exit face 320 has a beveled (or stepped) structure perpendicular to the axis of the prism Z' defining the inclination of the frames cell support 420.
  • the geometry of the input 310 and output 320 faces could induce an asymmetry which could deteriorate the phase balance of the beams to be controlled.
  • Such an imbalance can be avoided or compensated for by variations in width slots 440- n by inducing a shift in the impedance bandwidth for the incidence of the TE and TM polarizations (the difference in relative width cannot therefore be significant).
  • the inlet 310 and outlet 320 faces can each have a beveled (or stepped) structure perpendicular to the axis of the prism Z' defining the inclination of the cell support frames 420.
  • This face configuration can for example provide better theoretical RF beam transmission performance to the device 300.
  • Diagram (b) of the Figure 10 corresponds to a single interconnection (comprising two internal interconnections 460 and a central pillar 480 widened in the center to form an internal plate 470) defining a succession of charges: inductive, capacitive and inductive.
  • the input 310 and output 320 faces are parallel to each other and to the plane (X,Y).
  • the input 310 and output 320 faces of the devices 300 are non-limiting examples and that the inlet 310 and/or outlet 320 faces of the devices 300 may alternatively comprise a staircase structure, and/or that the inlet 310 and/or outlet 320 faces of the devices 300 can be parallel to the plane (X,Y).
  • the spectral response of a device 300 comprising at least one face comprising a staircase structure can be optimal compared to the embodiments of the optical system 10 of the figure 1 .
  • such staircase structures are adapted to oblique incident waves allowing propagation without discontinuity in the waveguides formed by the cell support frames 420.
  • This variation in wall thickness between m min and m can be incremental or progressive. It should be noted that this doubling of wall thickness can induce modifications in the quasi-optical operating properties of the device 300. Such modifications can be compensated for by variations (in particular an increase) in the width slots 440- n .
  • the equivalent circuit modeling of the devices can take into account the inclination ⁇ in the variation of the characteristic impedance Z 1 waveguides.
  • characteristic impedance Z 1 can remain substantially stable for low ⁇ inclinations, for example for values of ⁇ less than or equal to 30° ( ⁇ ⁇ 30°).
  • the characteristic impedance Z 1 can be significantly modified for strong ⁇ inclinations, for example for values of ⁇ strictly greater than 30° ( ⁇ > 30°).
  • the implementation of the inclination ⁇ of the cells 400 as well as the modularity of structures (in stairs or parallel to the faces) of the entry faces 310 and/or exit faces 320 of the devices 300 can be facilitated by the use of 3D printing techniques.
  • the RF 300 beam control device produced by 3D printing has a good surface condition.
  • the inclination of the cells 400 and the use of additive manufacturing also makes it possible to halve the insertion losses of the beams of the RF source 200 to be transmitted compared to the reference of the state of the art.
  • diagram (b) of the Figure 10 illustrates cells 400 comprising an internal plate 470 corresponding to a local widening of the diameter e p , over a portion e c of the length d p of a central pillar 480.
  • the internal plates 470 integrate certain manufacturing constraints additives.
  • the internal plates 470 and the central pillar 462 then form a structure comprising two pyramidal shapes (on a slope of 45° for example) which do not modify the performance of the interconnection 460.
  • FIG. 11 is a flowchart representing two steps of a manufacturing process according to embodiments of the RF beam control device 300 in which the cells 400 have a tilt angle ⁇ .
  • FIG. 11 also shows a perspective view of a set of cells of the RF beam control device 300, illustrated by diagrams (a) and (b), during the two stages of the manufacturing process.
  • step 1102 a material is deposited by additive manufacturing as a priority, along the axis of the prism Z' having an angle of inclination ⁇ with the axis Z, to form stacked metal layers.
  • step 1104 the structure formed by the stacked metal layers is cut at the input face 310 of the RF beam control device 300.
  • the face 310 can be defined by a plane parallel to the plane (X,Y) of the RF beam control device 300.
  • this method can induce a non-symmetrical discontinuity inducing small disturbances in the frequency response of the RF beam control device 300.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing an example of radio performance achieved by the RF beam control device 300 used as a dichroic display.
  • the graph of the Figure 12 shows the evolution of the transmission gain and the return reflection losses as a function of frequency, according to the two polarizations TE and TM.
  • the graph notably highlights a wide band of Ka and X frequencies of the incident electromagnetic wave, invariant with respect to the polarization.

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EP23167887.1A 2022-04-14 2023-04-14 Vorrichtung zur steuerung von hf-elektromagnetischen strahlen nach ihrer frequenz und herstellungsverfahren Pending EP4262024A1 (de)

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US20230335899A1 (en) 2023-10-19

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