EP4634332A1 - Composition d'hydrocarbures - Google Patents

Composition d'hydrocarbures

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Publication number
EP4634332A1
EP4634332A1 EP23825414.8A EP23825414A EP4634332A1 EP 4634332 A1 EP4634332 A1 EP 4634332A1 EP 23825414 A EP23825414 A EP 23825414A EP 4634332 A1 EP4634332 A1 EP 4634332A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
component
vol
paraffinic
hydrocarbon component
range
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23825414.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jarno Kohonen
Pirjo Saikkonen
Eerika VUORIO
Markku Kuronen
Ulla Kiiski
Terhi KOLEHMAINEN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Neste Oyj
Original Assignee
Neste Oyj
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Neste Oyj filed Critical Neste Oyj
Publication of EP4634332A1 publication Critical patent/EP4634332A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
    • C10G3/50—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen donors or hydrogen generating compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
    • C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
    • C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
    • C10G3/45—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof
    • C10G3/46—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten metals or compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
    • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
    • C10G2300/1011—Biomass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
    • C10G2400/06—Gasoil

Definitions

  • a HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION TECHNICAL FIELD generally relates to hydrocarbon compositions, usable e.g. in fuels, particularly in diesel fuels.
  • the disclosure relates particularly, though not exclusively, to a hydrocarbon composition comprising a paraffinic component and a cyclic hydrocarbon component, and to a method for producing the hydrocarbon composition.
  • a fuel comprising the hydrocarbon composition, and various uses of the hydrocarbon composition are disclosed.
  • EP2163598A1 discloses gas oil compositions comprising a base gas oil produced from a triglyceride-containing hydrocarbon that is an animal or vegetable fat and/or a component originating therefrom, and a petroleum base oil produced by refining crude oil.
  • the base gas oils may be obtained by mixing HDO treated vegetable fat and petroleum hydrorefined oil, or by hydrotreating a mix of oil of vegetable fat and petroleum gas oil fraction.
  • Compositional data for the petroleum hydrorefined oil is not disclosed in detail, but based on its density at 15 °C (821 kg/m 3 ) and distillation characteristics T50 (268.5 °C) and T90 (333.0 °C), the petroleum component appears to be much lighter than the cyclic hydrocarbon component utilised in the present disclosure.
  • Cold properties of the base gas oils are not discussed, but addition of cold flow improvers is suggested.
  • EP2134817B1 discloses preparation of hydrocarbon compositions by blending a biological component and a petroleum component. Regarding the petroleum component EP2134817B1 mentions that all the known diesel cuts can be used in its hydrocarbon compositions.
  • medium distilled products defined as oil cuts, preferably having a boiling point ranging from 180 to 380°C.
  • oil cuts include gas oils from primary distillation, gas oils from vacuum distillation, thermal or catalytic cracking, such as the desulphurized gas oil cut coming from fluid bed catalytic cracking (light cycle oil (LCO)), fuels coming from a Fischer-Tropsch process or of a synthetic origin.
  • LCO light cycle oil
  • EP2134817B1 teaches that by selecting the component of a biological origin suitably, diesel cuts having very poor CP, CFPP, cetane number and density characteristics are allowed to be exploited for the preparation of the hydrocarbon compositions.
  • the biological component used in the composition is prepared by subjecting a mixture of a biological origin, containing esters of fatty acids, and possibly also free fatty acids, to a hydrodeoxygenation step and an isomerization step.
  • the biological components disclosed in Example 3, prepared by hydrodeoxygenating and hydroisomerising soya oil and palm oil, have isoparaffin contents of 70 wt-% and 80 wt-%, respectively.
  • WO2012151016 discloses that fuel blends comprising 80 to 99 vol. % of petroleum derived hydrocarbons and from 1 to 20 vol.
  • % of biologically derived hydrocarbons and having a low pour point and/or a low cloud point without a pour point reducing treatment can be prepared by controlling ratio of ⁇ C18 to ( ⁇ C14 + ⁇ C16) to be less than 0.5.
  • ⁇ C18 represents a quantity of biologically derived C18 n-paraffins provided by the biologically derived feedstock
  • ⁇ C14 represents a quantity of biologically derived C14 n- paraffins provided by the biologically derived feedstock
  • ⁇ C16 represents a quantity of biologically derived C16 n-paraffins provided by the biologically derived feedstock, all as a vol. % of the renewable fuel blend.
  • WO2018138412 discloses fuel compositions having enhanced cold properties that are blends of mineral middle distillate fuels and renewable fuels.
  • the renewable fuel and mineral middle distillate fuel are present in a ratio of amounts by volume of from 10:90 to 90:10 and the diesel fuel blends contain 10-25 wt% n-paraffins in the C14-C20 range and an amount of isoparaffins in the C14-C20 range such that the ratio of the sum of wt% amounts of isoparaffins in the C14-C20 range to the sum of wt% amounts of n-paraffins in the C14-C20 range is less than 2.2. It was found that when the renewable fuel and the mineral middle distillate fuel had a cloud point difference of no more than 17 °C, preferably between 0 and 13 °C, particularly good cold properties were attained.
  • a hydrocarbon composition comprising, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon composition, 1 - 80 vol-% of a paraffinic component and 20 - 99 vol-% of a cyclic hydrocarbon component; wherein the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 90 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins at least 30 wt-% are n-paraffins, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #CAVP, is within a range from 14.0 to 20.0, and wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 30 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component,
  • paraffinic component as specified herein, particularly a renewable paraffinic component
  • a cyclic hydrocarbon component as specified herein
  • paraffinic materials or component having low refining degree involving for example lower investment cost, lower energy-consumption and/or less material lost to gas-phase during production, can be utilised e.g. in fuels even when such paraffinic materials or component have insufficient cold properties to be used as fuels as such.
  • the hydrocarbon compositions obtained by blending the components as specified herein have cloud points that are at least as good as or even better (lower) than calculated based on linear behaviour assumption and the amounts and cloud points of the blended components.
  • the hydrocarbon compositions of the present disclosure may even have a cloud point that is not worse (higher) than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component used in the hydrocarbon composition.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component fractions of lesser quality and fewer utilisation possibilities may be used.
  • paraffinic component may be particularly high in n-paraffins, i.e. not having been subjected to a dedicated isomerisation conversion or treatment.
  • paraffinic components include hydrotreated fats and oils, and side cuts from fractionation of Fischer Tropsch paraffins.
  • the present hydrocarbon compositions may exhibit good cetane number, high density, high energy content, good low-temperature properties, such as cloud point and/or cold filter plugging point, good kinematic viscosity, improved lubricity, improved anticorrosion properties and/or heat release and compatibility with equipment and/or materials similar to petroleum, while their production may involve lower investment cost, lower energy- consumption, and less material lost to gas-phase, enabling e.g. a smaller carbon footprint.
  • These hydrocarbon compositions may be used as drop-in analogs of their 100% crude oil derived counterparts and do not necessarily require further blending to meet e.g. EN 590 specifications for temperate climate diesel fuels.
  • a method for producing a hydrocarbon composition comprising: providing a paraffinic component comprising, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 90 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins at least 30 wt-% are n-paraffins, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #CAVP, is within a range from 14.0 to 20.0; providing a cyclic hydrocarbon component comprising, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 30 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #C AVC , is #CAVP minus 3.0 units, or higher; optionally heating the paraffinic component to a temperature that is higher than the cloud point of the paraffinic component, and optionally heating the cyclic hydrocarbon component to a temperature that is higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component; mixing
  • the method of the second example aspect is a method for producing a hydrocarbon composition according to the first example aspect.
  • the hydrocarbon composition of the first example aspect is a hydrocarbon composition obtainable or obtained with a method according to the second example aspect.
  • a fuel preferably a marine fuel or a diesel fuel, comprising, based on the total fuel volume, from 1 to 99 vol-%, preferably from 10 to 70 vol-%, a hydrocarbon composition according to the first example aspect, and from 1 to 99 vol-%, preferably from 30 to 90 vol-% oxygenated fuel component(s) and/or hydrocarbon cut(s), preferably comprising FAME (fatty acid methyl ester(s)), FAEE (fatty acid ethyl ester(s)), FCC gasoil, steam cracker gasoil, hydrocracked gasoil, and/or straight- run diesel.
  • FAME fatty acid methyl ester(s)
  • FAEE fatty acid ethyl ester(s)
  • FCC gasoil steam cracker gaso
  • hydrocarbon composition in fuel(s), preferably in diesel and/or marine fuel(s), in feedstock(s) for industrial conversion processes, preferably in thermal cracking feedstock(s) and/or in catalytic cracking feedstock(s), in transformer oil(s), in heat-transfer medium or media, in switchgear oil(s), in shock absorber oil(s), in insulating oil(s), in hydraulic fluid(s), in gear oil(s), in transmission fluid(s), in degreasing composition(s), in penetrating oil(s), in anticorrosion composition(s), in multipurpose oil(s), in metal working fluid(s), in rolling oil(s) especially for aluminium, in cutting oil(s), in drilling fluid(s), in solvent(s), in lubricant(s), in extender oil(s), in carrier(s), in dispersant composition(s), in demulsifier(s), in extractant(s), in paint composition(s), in coating fluid(s)
  • hydrocarbon composition of the present disclosure is particularly well suited for uses according to the fourth example aspect, its use is not limited to the listed applications, but use in similar, or even in completely different, applications may be possible.
  • Different non-binding example aspects and embodiments have been illustrated in the foregoing. The embodiments in the foregoing are used merely to explain selected aspects or steps that may be utilized in different implementations. Some embodiments may be presented only with reference to certain example aspects. It should be appreciated that corresponding embodiments may apply to other example aspects as well.
  • Fig.1 illustrates comparative hydrocarbon compositions comprising different amounts of a paraffinic component (PC) and a comparative cyclic hydrocarbon component FC1, by a graph showing carbon number distributions for the comparative hydrocarbon compositions and for the components as neat.
  • Fig.2 illustrates example embodiments of the present hydrocarbon composition comprising different amounts of PC and a cyclic hydrocarbon component FC2, by a graph showing carbon number distributions for the hydrocarbon compositions and for the components as neat.
  • Fig.3 illustrates example embodiments of the present hydrocarbon composition comprising different amounts of PC and a cyclic hydrocarbon component FC3, by a graph showing carbon number distributions for the hydrocarbon compositions and for the components as neat.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates comparative hydrocarbon compositions comprising different amounts of PC and FC1, and example embodiments of the present hydrocarbon composition comprising different amounts of PC and FC2, or PC and FC3, by a graph showing cloud points of the hydrocarbon compositions as a function of the PC content.
  • Fig.5 illustrates example embodiments of the present hydrocarbon composition comprising different amounts of PC and FC2, by a graph showing kinematic viscosity of the hydrocarbon compositions as a function of the PC content at different temperatures.
  • Fig.6 illustrates example embodiments of the present hydrocarbon composition comprising different amounts of PC and FC2, or PC and FC3, by a graph showing density at 15°C of the hydrocarbon compositions as a function of the PC content.
  • like reference signs denote like elements or steps. All standards referred to herein are the latest revisions available at the filing date, unless otherwise mentioned.
  • distillation characteristics such as initial boiling points (IBP), final boiling points (FBP), T5 temperature (5 vol-% recovered), T95 temperature (95 vol-% recovered), and boiling ranges, reference is made to EN ISO 3405-2019.
  • diesel fuels or components thereof refer to compositions suitable for use in or as fuel compositions meeting standard specifications for diesel fuels, such as specifications laid down in EN 590-2022 or in EN 15940-2016 + A1:2018 + AC:2019. Typically, such diesel fuels or components thereof boil, i.e.
  • marine fuels or components thereof refer to compositions suitable for use in or as fuel compositions meeting standard specifications for marine fuels, such as specifications laid down in ISO 8217-2017, for example in Table 1 for distillate marine fuels or in Table 2 for residual marine fuels.
  • such marine fuels or components thereof boil, i.e. have IBP and FBP, within a range from about 180 °C to about 600 °C, such as from about 180 °C to about 400 °C, as determined according to EN ISO 3405-2019.
  • hydrocarbons refer to compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen.
  • Hydrocarbons of particular interest in the present context comprise paraffins, particularly n- paraffins but also some i-paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and even some olefins.
  • Oxygenated hydrocarbons refer herein to hydrocarbons comprising covalently bound oxygen.
  • paraffins refer to non-cyclic alkanes, i.e. non-cyclic, open chain saturated hydrocarbons that are linear (normal paraffins, n-paraffins) or branched (isoparaffins, i- paraffins). In other words, paraffins refer herein to n-paraffins and/or i-paraffins.
  • n-paraffins refer to non-branched open chain alkanes, i.e. non-cyclic open chain saturated hydrocarbons
  • i-paraffins refer to otherwise similar but branched alkanes having one (i.e. monobranched i-paraffins) or more alkyl side chains (i.e. multiple-branched i-paraffins).
  • the term “paraffins” refers to sum amount of any n-paraffins, and any i-paraffins, if present.
  • olefins refer to unsaturated linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbons, excluding aromatic compounds.
  • olefins refer to hydrocarbons having at least one unsaturated bond, excluding unsaturated bonds in aromatic rings.
  • cyclic hydrocarbons refer to all hydrocarbons containing cyclic structure(s), including cyclic olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics.
  • Naphthenes refer herein to cycloalkanes or -alkenes containing at least one cyclic structure, with or without side chains, including also compounds having one or more olefinic bonds in the cyclic structure and/or in a side chain, but excluding compounds with any aromatic ring structure(s).
  • Aromatics refer herein to hydrocarbons containing at least one aromatic ring structure, i.e.
  • cyclic structure having delocalized, alternating ⁇ bonds all the way around said cyclic structure.
  • contents of various paraffins such as n-paraffins and i-paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics are expressed as weight % (wt-%) relative to the degassed weight of the feed, stream, effluent, product, component or sample in question, or, when so defined, as weight-% (wt-%) relative to the (total) weight of hydrocarbons or (total) weight of paraffins of the feed, stream, effluent, product, component, or sample in question, unless otherwise stated.
  • Said contents may be determined, for compositions boiling at 36 °C or higher (at standard atmospheric pressure), by GCxGC- FID/GCxGC-MS method, preferably conducted as follows: GCxGC (2D GC) method was run as generally disclosed in UOP 990-2011 and by Mattiainen M. in the experimental section of his Master's Thesis Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detectors in petroleum chemistry, University of Helsinki, August 2017, with the following modifications.
  • the GCxGC was run in reverse mode, using a semipolar column (Rxi17Sil) first and a non-polar column (Rxi5Sil) thereafter, followed by FID detector, using run parameters: carrier gas helium 31.7 cm/sec (column flow at 40 oC 1.60 ml/min); split ratio 1:350; injector 280 oC; Column T program 40 oC (0 min) – 5 oC/min – 250 oC (0 min) – 10 oC/min – 300 oC (5 min), run time 52 min; modulation period 10 sec; detector 300 oC with H240 ml/min and air 400 ml/min; makeup flow helium 30 ml/min; sampling rate 250 Hz and injection size 0.2 microliters.
  • renewable refers to compounds or compositions that are obtainable, derivable, or originating from plants and/or animals, including compounds or compositions obtainable, derivable, or originating from fungi and/or algae, in full or in part, whether these compounds or compositions are in their virgin, recycled or reclaimed form.
  • renewable compounds or compositions may comprise gene manipulated compounds or compositions.
  • Renewable feeds, components, compounds, or compositions may also be referred to as biological feeds, components, compounds, or compositions, or as biogenic feeds, components, compounds, or compositions.
  • the term fossil refers to compounds or compositions that are obtainable, derivable, or originating from naturally occurring non-renewable compositions, such as crude oil, petroleum oil/gas, shale oil/gas, natural gas, or coal deposits, and the like, and combinations thereof, including any hydrocarbon-rich deposits that can be utilized from ground/underground sources.
  • cyclic hydrocarbon component is meant hydrocarbon fractions or cuts rich in cyclic hydrocarbons, including cyclic olefins, naphthenes, and/or aromatics. Such hydrocarbon fractions or cuts are readily obtainable e.g. from fossil crude oil.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component may comprise, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 20 wt-%, preferably at least 30 wt-%, more preferably at least 40 wt-%, or at least 45 wt-% of fossil hydrocarbons.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, more than 50 wt-%, preferably at least 75 wt-% or at least 85 wt-% of fossil hydrocarbons, or even consists essentially of fossil hydrocarbons.
  • Cyclic hydrocarbon components comprising less than 100 wt-% of fossil hydrocarbons are obtainable e.g.
  • renewable, circular, and fossil compounds or compositions are considered differing from one another based on their origin and impact on environmental issues. Therefore, they may be treated differently under legislation and regulatory framework.
  • renewable, circular, and fossil compounds or compositions are differentiated based on their origin and information thereof provided by the producer. Chemically the renewable or fossil origin of any organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, can be determined by suitable method for analysing the content of carbon from renewable sources e.g.
  • the isotope ratio can be used for identifying renewable compounds, components, and compositions and distinguishing them from non-renewable, fossil materials in reactor feeds, reactor effluents, separated product fractions, and various blends thereof.
  • the biogenic carbon content can be expressed as the amount of biogenic carbon in the material as a weight percent of the total carbon (TC) in the material (in accordance with ASTM D6866 (2020) or EN 16640 (2017)).
  • the term renewable preferably refers to a material having a biogenic carbon content of more than 50 wt-%, especially more than 60 wt-% or more than 70 wt-%, preferably more than 80 wt-%, more preferably more than 90 wt-% or more than 95 wt-%, even more preferably about 100 wt-%, based on the total weight of carbon in the material (EN 16640 (2017)).
  • a hydrocarbon composition comprising, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon composition, 1 - 80 vol-% of a paraffinic component and 20 - 99 vol-% of a cyclic hydrocarbon component; wherein the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 90 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins at least 30 wt-% are n- paraffins, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #C AVP , is within a range from 14.0 to 20.0, and wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 30 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #C AVC , is #C AVP minus 3.0 units, or higher.
  • the present hydrocarbon composition may be referred to as a hydrocarbon component blend.
  • the present hydrocarbon composition is obtained by mixing with each other the paraffinic component and the cyclic hydrocarbon component as herein defined, optionally comprising additizing the paraffinic component, the cyclic hydrocarbon component, and/or the obtained blend.
  • the hydrocarbon composition is a blend of the paraffinic component and the cyclic hydrocarbon component, optionally comprising additives.
  • the hydrocarbon composition comprises, based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon composition, 3 - 60 vol-%, preferably 5 - 40 vol-%, more preferably 8 - 40 vol-%, even more preferably 10 - 35 vol-%, of the paraffinic component and 40 - 97 vol-%, preferably 60 - 95 vol-%, more preferably 60 - 92 vol-%, even more preferably 65 - 90 vol-%, of the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • the hydrocarbon composition consists essentially of the paraffinic component and the cyclic hydrocarbon component, optionally as suitably additized depending on the intended use.
  • paraffinic materials having high n-paraffin content and low refining degree can be utilised e.g. in fuels even when such materials have insufficient cold properties to be used as fuels as such.
  • the hydrocarbon compositions obtained by blending these components have cloud points that are at least as good as or better (lower) than calculated based on linear behaviour assumption and the amounts and cloud points of the blended components.
  • the hydrocarbon compositions of the present disclosure may even have a cloud point that is not worse (higher) than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component used in the hydrocarbon composition.
  • the paraffinic component rich in n- paraffins that are particularly good cetane enhancing hydrocarbons, contributes beneficially to the cetane number of the hydrocarbon composition, while the cyclic hydrocarbon component provides high density and high energy content, and widens the range of hydrocarbon types and molecular weights in the hydrocarbon composition, having beneficial effect on its heat release characteristics and reducing risk of incompatibility issues regarding equipment, materials, requirements and/or further components conventionally used for or with corresponding 100% crude oil derived compositions.
  • the present hydrocarbon compositions may thus be used as drop-in analogs of their 100% crude oil derived counterparts and do not necessarily require further blending to meet e.g. EN 590- 2022 specifications for temperate climate diesel fuels.
  • Those phases are the ignition delay period, premixed burning phase, diffusion burning phase, and oxidation phase.
  • Engines are usually tuned to the heat release from fossil fuels, resulting from the many different compounds typically making up fossil fuel.
  • the heat release profile is reflected by the broad distillation curve of the fossil fuel compared to e.g. the in comparison narrow distillation curve of FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters) or HDO (hydrodeoxygenation) treated vegetable oils and/or animal fats comprising relatively fewer compounds.
  • Heat release is linked to soot formation, reduction of which is desired in any combustion processes. Reduced risk of incompatibility issues is important, i.a. to avoid investments relating to renewing equipment and/or materials, revision of handling instructions, and product losses e.g.
  • cyclic hydrocarbon components as specified herein are readily obtainable e.g. from fossil crude oils, including crude oil distillates or bottoms from direct atmospheric distillation, or crude oil distillates or bottoms from vacuum distillation of heavy fractions or bottoms from direct atmospheric distillation, that have optionally been subjected to cracking and/or deasphalting, for example to cracking in a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or in a distillation bottom or residue cracker.
  • cyclic hydrocarbon component as specified herein is not particularly limited, but components of lesser quality and/or having limited utility in high value applications are preferred, including crude oil distillates or bottoms from vacuum distillation of heavy fractions or bottoms from direct atmospheric distillation, that have optionally been subjected to deasphalting and/or cracking, particularly to cracking in a fluidised catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a hydrocracker unit, a visbreaker unit or a delayed coking unit.
  • FCC fluidised catalytic cracking
  • Suitable cyclic hydrocarbon components include light cycle oils (LCO), heavy cycle oils (HCO), slurry oils, light gas oils, heavy gas oils, light vacuum gas oils, heavy vacuum gas oils, and/or residue fractions from a FCC unit, catalytic hydrocracking unit, visbreaker unit and/or a delayed coker unit.
  • LCO light cycle oils
  • HCO heavy cycle oils
  • slurry oils light gas oils, heavy gas oils, light vacuum gas oils, heavy vacuum gas oils, and/or residue fractions from a FCC unit, catalytic hydrocracking unit, visbreaker unit and/or a delayed coker unit.
  • the paraffinic components as specified herein are readily obtainable from biological fatty feedstocks, such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, using hydroconversion.
  • the paraffinic components may even be obtainable by a single hydroconversion preferably followed by gas-liquid separation and optional stabilisation.
  • the paraffinic components may also be obtained via Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas, obtainable e.g.
  • paraffinic component by gasification of biomass and/or fossil materials, or by extracting carbon dioxide e.g. from air and generating H 2 electrolytically from water, optionally followed by fractionation and recovery e.g. as a side cut between kerosene and diesel range components.
  • the choice of the paraffinic component as specified herein is not particularly limited, but components of lower refining degree and/or having limited utility in high value applications are preferred.
  • the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 95 wt-%, preferably at least 98 wt-% paraffins, and/or the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffins in the paraffinic component, at least 50 wt-%, preferably at least 70 wt-%, more preferably at least 85 wt-%, even more preferably at least 90 wt-% n-paraffins.
  • paraffinic components are readily obtainable via hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, even by a single hydroconversion of the biological fatty feedstock(s), preferably followed by gas-liquid separation and optional stabilisation, or via Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas.
  • Such paraffinic components with high n-paraffin content may have limited utility as such, but incorporating them to the present hydrocarbon compositions widens the range of applications considerably.
  • these paraffinic components, particularly when obtained using a single hydroconversion also have a low refining degree, involving lower investment cost, lower energy-consumption, and/or less material lost to gas-phase during production, which enables e.g. a smaller carbon footprint.
  • the paraffinic component may even consist essentially of paraffins, but is not necessarily fully n-paraffinic, but a low content, such as at most 30 wt-%, typically at most 15 wt-%, of isoparaffins may be present. Such amounts of isoparaffins, especially below 15 wt-%, may even be formed unintentionally or by side reactions, even when the paraffinic component is prepared using a single hydroconversion, with hydrodeoxygenation preferably as the main targeted reaction type, of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof.
  • the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, less than 2.0 wt-% aromatics (GCxGC-FID/GCxGC- MS); and/or the paraffinic component has a sulphur content less than 10 w-ppm, preferably less than 5 w-ppm (ENISO20846-2019).
  • the paraffinic component has typically low content of these compounds, particularly as obtainable e.g. via hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, or via Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas. Hence with increasing contents of the paraffinic component, hydrocarbon compositions with reduced contents of aromatics and sulphur may be obtained.
  • the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, from 50 to 5000 w-ppm, preferably from 100 to 2500 w- ppm oxygenates, as determined according to silica solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by GC-MS/GC-FID detection.
  • SPE silica solid phase extraction
  • the paraffinic component may contain traces of oxygenates, particularly of fatty acids or esters thereof, providing enhanced lubricity and anticorrosion properties to the hydrocarbon composition.
  • the average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component is within a range from 15.0 to 19.0, preferably within a range from 16.0 to 18.0.
  • Such paraffinic components are readily obtainable e.g. using a single hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, or by Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas followed by fractionation and recovery e.g. as a side cut between kerosene and diesel range components.
  • the paraffinic components having desired average carbon number may be obtainable by a single hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, followed by gas-liquid separation and optional stabilisation, by suitably selecting the fatty feedstock and/or reaction conditions of the hydroconversion, which may include selection of catalyst.
  • further fractionation or distillation of the hydroconversion effluent is not necessarily needed, but the carbon numbers, particularly the average carbon number, of the paraffinic component can be controlled by selection of the fatty feedstock and/or by controlling reaction conditions of the hydroconversion.
  • Naturally occurring fatty acids typically have carbon numbers within a range from C4 to C28.
  • fatty acids with carbon number within C14-C20 range include, but are not limited to, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid.
  • the fatty feedstock(s) are by no means limited to these fatty acids or even to these carbon numbers.
  • the paraffinic components as specified herein and having desired average carbon number may also be obtained for example through distilliation or fractionation of the optionally degassed hydroconversion effluent.
  • the biogenic carbon content of the paraffinic component is at least 70 wt-%, preferably at least 80 wt- %, more preferably at least 90 wt-%, or even more preferably at least 95 wt-% based on the total weight of carbon (TC) in the paraffinic component.
  • Paraffinic components with such a high biogenic carbon content are readily obtainable e.g. via hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), or via Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas prepared by gasifying biomass. High biogenic carbon content improves the value of the hydrocarbon composition.
  • the paraffinic component has a difference between T95 temperature (95 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) and T5 temperature (5 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) within a range from 10 to 50 °C, preferably within a range from 10 to 40 °C, more preferably within a range from 10 to 30 °C, even more preferably within a range from 15 to 25 °C; and/or T50 temperature (50 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405- 2019) within a range from 270 to 320 °C, preferably within a range from 280 to 310 °C, more preferably within a range from 285 °C to 305 °C.
  • Paraffinic components with such a narrow T95-T5 boiling range are readily obtainable e.g. using a single hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, or by Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas followed by fractionation and recovery e.g. as a side cut between kerosene and diesel range components.
  • the relatively high T50 temperature means that a substantial share of the component consists of long n-paraffins that may be solid at room temperature. Typically this kind of components have limited utility in high value applications.
  • the paraffinic component has a sum amount of the hydrocarbons of 3 adjacent carbon numbers at least 65 wt-%, preferably at least 70 wt-%, more preferably at least 75 wt-% of the total weight of the paraffinic component.
  • Paraffinic components with such a narrow carbon number distribution are readily obtainable e.g. using a single hydroconversion of biological fatty feedstock(s), such as fatty acids and/or esters thereof, for example by fractionation or distillation of the hydroconversion effluent or by suitably selecting the fatty feedstock(s) and/or operating conditions of the single hydroconversion, or by Fischer-Tropsch conversion of syngas followed by fractionation and recovery e.g.
  • the paraffinic component is a renewable paraffinic component.
  • the paraffinic component is obtained by subjecting biological fatty feedstock(s) comprising fatty acids and/or esters thereof to catalytic hydrotreatment, preferably to catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, to obtain a hydrotreatment effluent, and subjecting the hydrotreatment effluent to a separation to remove from the hydrotreatment effluent at least gaseous compounds (gas-liquid separation), preferably at least a portion of compounds gaseous at normal temperature and pressure (NTP), and water, to obtain a degassed hydrotreatment effluent as the paraffinic component.
  • gas-liquid separation gaseous compounds
  • NTP normal temperature and pressure
  • the renewable feedstock(s) and hydrotreatment conditions may be selected so as to obtain for example desired average carbon number, total paraffin and n-paraffin contents.
  • the degassed hydrotreatment effluent is further subjected to stabilisation, to obtain a stabilised hydrotreatment effluent as the paraffinic component. Stabilisation may be conducted in any conventional manner, by subjecting the degassed hydrotreatment effluent to temperature and pressure conditions driving off light gases to obtain a stabilised hydrotreatment effluent with a decreased vapor pressure.
  • paraffinic components as specified herein may be obtained without catalytic hydroisomerisation and/or catalytic hydrocracking in catalyst bed(s) or reactor(s) separate from the (initial) catalytic hydrotreatment preferably being hydrodeoxygenation.
  • hydrodeoxygenation far less light, liquid hydrocarbons, that would remain in the degassed and/or stabilised hydrotreatment effluent, are formed by cracking reactions compared to hydroisomerisation or hydrocracking, allowing a paraffinic component having average carbon number as specified herein to be recovered even without distillation, providing significant savings in energy consumption.
  • biological fatty feedstock(s) comprising fatty acids and/or esters thereof include vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, canola oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, crude palm oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, maize oil, poppy seed oil, cottonseed oil, soy oil, tall oil, corn oil, castor oil, jatropha oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, flaxseed oil, camelina oil, safflower oil, babassu oil, seed oil of any of Brassica species and/or subspecies, such as Brassica carinata seed oil, Brassica juncea seed oil, Brassica oleracea seed oil, Brassica nigra seed oil, Brassica napus seed oil, Brassica rapa seed oil, Brassica hirta seed oil and/or Brassica alba seed oil, and/or rice bran oil, or fractions or residues of said vegetable oils such as palm olein, palm stearin, palm
  • paraffinic components are particularly preferred as they have very high biogenic carbon content, low refining degree, limited utility in high value applications, and low content of aromatics and sulphur-containing impurities. Additionally, in certain embodiments, not even an energy-consuming distillation is required for recovering the degassed or stabilised hydrotreatment effluent as the paraffinic component.
  • the average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #C AVC is #C AVP minus 2.0 units, or higher, preferably #C AVP minus 1.0 unit, or higher, more preferably #C AVP minus 0.8 unit, or higher; and optionally the average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #CAVC, is #CAVP plus 2.5 units, or less, preferably #CAVP plus 2.0 units, or less, more preferably #CAVP plus 1.5 units, or less, even more preferably #CAVP plus 1.0 units, or less.
  • the average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component is at least 14, preferably at least 15, more preferably within a range from 14 to 20, even more preferably within a range from 15 to 19.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, from 30 to 80 wt-%, preferably from 40 to 80 wt-%, more preferably from 50 to 80 wt-%, even more preferably from 55 to 75 wt- % cyclic hydrocarbons, and optionally the cyclic hydrocarbon component has a weight ratio of naphthenes to aromatics more than 2.0, preferably more than 2.5, more preferably more than 3.0, even more preferably more than 3.5.
  • These components have limited paraffinic content, as is typical for cyclic hydrocarbon components originating e.g. from vacuum distillation. Also e.g.
  • lignocellulose-derived material(s) may be rich in cyclic hydrocarbons, particularly naphthenes, whether obtained by processing with fossil materials (i.e. co- processed) or alone, including thermally such as hydrothermally or by pyrolysis, or catalytically such as thermo-catalytically liquefied lignocellulosics.
  • Relatively high share of cyclics is preferred, so as to increase the density and energy content of the hydrocarbon compositions, and to widen the range of hydrocarbon types and molecular weights in the present hydrocarbon compositions.
  • Hydrocarbon compositions containing this kind of cyclic hydrocarbon components may have beneficial heat release characteristics and reduced risk of incompatibility issues regarding equipment, materials, requirements and/or further components conventionally used for or with corresponding 100% crude oil derived compositions.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbons are predominantly naphthenes, so that hydrocarbon compositions with low aromatics content may be obtained.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, less than 25 wt-%, preferably less than 20 wt-%, more preferably less than 18 wt-%, even more preferably less than 15 wt-% aromatics (GCxGC- FID/GCxGC-MS).
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component consists essentially of hydrocarbons.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, less than 50 wt-%, preferably from 20 to less than 50 wt-%, more preferably from 25 to 45 wt-%, even more preferably from 30 to 45 wt- % paraffins, and preferably the cyclic hydrocarbon component has a weight ratio of isoparaffins to n-paraffins > 1.
  • paraffins are present in limited amounts in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, as is typical for lower value cyclic hydrocarbon components.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component has a difference between T95 temperature (95 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) and T5 temperature (5 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) within a range from 80 °C to 200 °C, preferably within a range from 90 °C to 180 °C, more preferably within a range from 95 °C to 150 °C; and/or T50 temperature (50 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) at least 250 °C, preferably at least 260 °C, more preferably at least 270 °C, typically within a range from 250 °C to 330 °C, such as within a range from 260 °C to 320 °C, preferably within a range from 270 °C to 315 °C.
  • the paraffinic component may have very narrow boiling range
  • it is preferred that the cyclic hydrocarbon component has much wider T95-T5 boiling range, so as to widen the range of hydrocarbon types and molecular weights in the hydrocarbon composition, to contribute beneficially to its heat release characteristics, and to reduce risk of incompatibility issues regarding equipment, materials, requirements and/or further components conventionally used for or with corresponding 100% crude oil derived compositions.
  • the relatively high T50 temperature may reflect lower quality and thus limited utility of the cyclic hydrocarbon component as such in high value applications.
  • the density at 15 °C of the cyclic hydrocarbon component is at least 840 kg/m 3 , preferably at least 847 kg/m 3 , typically within a range from 840 to 860 kg/m 3 , preferably within a range from 847 to 860 kg/m 3 , as determined according to EN ISO 12185- 1996.
  • Such elevated density of the cyclic hydrocarbon component may be beneficial providing higher calorific value to the hydrocarbon composition compared to the paraffinic component. When such hydrocarbon composition is used in fuels, a slightly lower fuel consumption may then be achieved.
  • the density has an influence also on the component blending, enabling to blend more of the paraffinic component with the cyclic hydrocarbon component before reaching lower limit of a density specification for example for use in diesel fuels. This is beneficial also for reaching a lower aromatic content, sulphur content, and/or olefins content of the hydrocarbon composition. Additionally, it is possible to use in the present hydrocarbon compositions cyclic hydrocarbon components not usable as diesel fuels as such due to too high density, because the paraffinic component helps to reduce the density of the hydrocarbon composition to a level acceptable for diesel fuels.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component has a sum amount of the hydrocarbons of any 3 adjacent carbon numbers at most 42 wt-%, preferably at most 38 wt- %, more preferably at most 35 wt-% of the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component. That is, in these embodiments, in the cyclic hydrocarbon component the sums of the wt-% amounts of the hydrocarbons of any 3 adjacent carbon numbers are each as defined. These embodiments may have uniform, preferably relatively symmetric, even close to Gaussian carbon distribution, contributing to enhanced heat release characteristics of the hydrocarbon composition, and allowing higher shares of the paraffinic component to be incorporated into the hydrocarbon composition, with less impact on the cold properties.
  • the cloud point of the paraffinic component is at most 35 °C, preferably at most 30 °C, more preferably at most 28 °C higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • Cloud point may be measured according to EN ISO 3015-2019. High absolute difference in the cloud points, e.g. outside the aforementioned ranges, suggests that the components have very different compositions and average carbon numbers, which may contribute to the cold properties, and particularly to the cloud point of the hydrocarbon composition, so that better values than expected based on the amounts and cloud points of the blended components may not be reached.
  • the cloud point of the paraffinic component may be from 15 °C to 35 °C, or from 17 °C to 35 °C, or even from 18 °C to 35 °C higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • both the cyclic hydrocarbon component and the paraffinic component are rich in hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher.
  • the paraffinic component is rich in hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component may have a content of hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher of at least 50 wt-%, generally at least 60 wt-% or even at least 70 wt-%, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, while a typical paraffinic component may have a content of hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher of at least 80 wt-%, generally at least 90 wt-% or even at least 95 wt-%, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component and the paraffinic component are selected so that the content ratio of hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher in the paraffinic component (PC) ( ⁇ C14PC) to the hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher in the cyclic hydrocarbon component (CC) ( ⁇ C14CC) is less than 2.0, preferably at most 1.8, more preferably at most 1.5.
  • Hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher, particularly n-paraffins tend to have higher melting points, so generally the higher their share in the hydrocarbon composition, the higher the expected cloud point.
  • the paraffinic component and the cyclic hydrocarbon component are selected so that the content ratio of ⁇ C14 PC to ⁇ C14 CC is within a range from 1.0 to less than 2.0, preferably from 1.0 to 1.8, more preferably from 1.0 to 1.5.
  • the hydrocarbon composition has a total content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons having carbon number C17 or higher) which is at most 18 % higher, preferably at most 15 % higher, than a total content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • the hydrocarbon composition has a total content of ⁇ C18 hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons having carbon number C18 or higher) which is at most 15 % higher, preferably at most 10 % higher, than a total content of ⁇ C18 hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • the hydrocarbon composition does not need to be limited to using paraffinic components comprising a very limited quantity of C18 n- paraffins, but actually, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, the content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons can be as high as at least 50 wt-% or at least 55 wt-% or even at least 60 wt-%, and/or the content of ⁇ C18 hydrocarbons can be as high as at least 30 wt-% or at least 35 wt-% or even at least 40 wt-% of the total weight of the paraffinic component.
  • paraffinic components are readily obtainable e.g.
  • the hydrocarbon composition comprises, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon composition, at most 5 vol-% total aromatics, and optionally at most 0.02 vol-% aromatics comprising at least 3 aromatic rings, all as determined according to SS 155116:2014.
  • These embodiments provide considerably reduced environmental and/or health effects.
  • These compositional characteristics are highly beneficial for use e.g. in fuels, such as in diesel fuels, as possibly reducing emissions of CO, HC, NOx, particulates, particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 1-nitropyrene, and semi-volatile PAHs and 1-nitropyrene.
  • EN 590:2022 specifications for automotive diesel fuels require the content of polycyclic aromatics to be at most 8.0 wt-% (EN 12916-2019), and the very stringent specifications for environmentally classified Swedish diesel fuel (MK1, SS 155435:2016) require the content of total aromatics to be at most 5.0 vol-%, and the content of aromatics comprising at least 3 aromatic rings to be at most 0.02 vol-%, as determined according to SS 155116:2014.
  • Low content of aromatics is generally desired in applications involving human exposure. Such low aromatics contents are mainly contributed by the paraffinic component having very low aromatics content, typically less than 1 wt-%.
  • the more the hydrocarbon composition contains the paraffinic component the lower the content of total aromatics, polycyclic aromatics, and aromatics comprising at least 3 aromatic rings.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component and the amount of the paraffinic component may be suitably selected to provide the hydrocarbon composition with desired levels of aromatics.
  • the flash point of the hydrocarbon composition is more than 55 °C, preferably 60 °C or higher, more preferably 100 °C or higher, further preferably 110 °C or higher, even more preferably 135 °C or higher, such as up to 160 °C, e.g. within a range from 110 °C to 150 °C, as determined according to ISO 2719-2016 (Pensky-Martens closed cup procedure).
  • the density at 15 °C of the hydrocarbon composition is within a range from 800 to 860 kg/m 3 , preferably within a range from 800 to 850 kg/m 3 , more preferably within a range from 800 to 840 kg/m 3 , as determined according to EN ISO 12185- 1996.
  • the paraffinic component has typically a lower density compared to the cyclic hydrocarbon component, so blending them provides a convenient way to control the hydrocarbon composition density to a desired level.
  • the density of the cyclic hydrocarbon component and of the paraffinic component, respectively may be determined prior to the blending, and the amount of the paraffinic component and/or of the cyclic hydrocarbon component in the hydrocarbon composition may be suitably selected to provide the hydrocarbon composition with desired density.
  • the cloud point of the hydrocarbon composition is within a range from -15°C to +16°C, preferably within a range from -10°C to +10°C, further preferably within a range from -10°C to +8°C, more preferably within a range from -10°C to +5°C, even more preferably within a range from -8°C to +5°C, as determined according to EN ISO 3015- 2019.
  • Such hydrocarbon compositions may be used as drop-in analogs of their 100% crude oil derived counterparts in various high value applications, without a need e.g. to use heated pipelines and/or other equipment, and do not necessarily require any further blending to meet e.g. EN 590-2022 specifications for temperate climate diesel fuels.
  • Cetane number describes the ignition delay of a diesel fuel, higher cetane values denoting shorter ignition delay and thus easier ignition, i.e. better ignition quality of a diesel fuel.
  • the present hydrocarbon composition may have a cetane number of at least 51, preferably at least 55, more preferably at least 60, even more preferably at least 65, as determined according to EN 15195-2014.
  • Such good cetane number values are mainly contributed by the paraffinic component having excellent cetane numbers, typically within a range from around 80 to around 110. Hence, the more the hydrocarbon composition contains the paraffinic component, the better the cetane number generally is.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component, the paraffinic component, and/or amounts thereof in the hydrocarbon composition may be suitably selected to provide the hydrocarbon composition with desired cetane number.
  • Said selecting may comprise determining the cetane number of the cyclic hydrocarbon component and/or of the paraffinic component, respectively.
  • the kinematic viscosity of the hydrocarbon composition at 40 °C is within a range from 2.5 to 6.0 mm 2 /s, preferably within a range from 3.0 to 5.5 mm 2 /s, more preferably within a range from 3.0 to 4.5 mm 2 /s, as determined according to EN ISO 3104- 2020; and/or the kinematic viscosity of the hydrocarbon composition at 0 °C is within a range from 9.0 to 15.0 mm 2 /s, preferably within a range from 10.0 to 13.0 mm 2 /s, more preferably within a range from 11.0 to 12.5 mm 2 /s, as determined according to EN ISO 3104-2020.
  • Such kinematic viscosity at 40 °C values are beneficial in certain uses or applications, for example, for diesel fuels according to EN 590-2022 and/or MK1 specifications, or for marine fuels according to ISO 8217-2017, particularly for distillate marine fuels specified in ISO 8217-2017 Table 1.
  • a method for producing a hydrocarbon composition comprising: providing a paraffinic component comprising, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 90 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins at least 30 wt-% are n- paraffins, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #CAVP, is within a range from 14.0 to 20.0; providing a cyclic hydrocarbon component comprising, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 30 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #CAVC, is #CAVP minus 3.0 units, or higher; optionally heating the paraffinic component to a temperature that is higher than the cloud point of the paraffinic component, and optionally heating the cyclic hydrocarbon component to a temperature that is higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component;
  • At least one or more of antioxidant(s), stabilizer(s), detergent(s), corrosion inhibitor(s), friction modifier(s), metal deactivator(s), lubricating additive(s), antifoaming agent(s), and/or fuel dye(s) is/are used for the additizing.
  • the optional heating may be carried out before and/or during the mixing.
  • the mixing is performed or carried out at a temperature that is well above the cloud points of the components, for example at most 10 °C or at most 5 °C above the cloud points of the components.
  • the paraffinic component and the cyclic hydrocarbon component are typically mixed as liquids.
  • the hydrocarbon composition is a hydrocarbon composition obtained or obtainable according to the method of the second example aspect.
  • the paraffinic component, the cyclic hydrocarbon component, and/or the hydrocarbon composition are preferably as defined in the foregoing. Accordingly, in certain preferred embodiments of the method for producing a hydrocarbon composition, the hydrocarbon composition, the paraffinic component and/or the cyclic hydrocarbon component have at least one or more characteristic as further defined in the foregoing.
  • the method for producing a hydrocarbon composition comprises selecting a cyclic hydrocarbon component having #CAVC as specified herein and/or selecting a paraffinic component having a cloud point that is at most 35 °C, preferably at most 30 °C, more preferably at most 28 °C higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, such as from 15 °C to 35 °C, or from 17 °C to 35 °C, or even from 18 °C to 35 °C, higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • the selecting may comprise determining average carbon number of the paraffinic component and of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, respectively, and preferably comparing #CAVC with #CAVP, and/or determining the cloud point of the paraffinic hydrocarbon component and of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, respectively, and comparing the determined cloud points with each other.
  • the comparing may include assessing difference between corresponding value(s) obtained for the paraffinic component and for the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • a fuel comprising, based on the total fuel volume, from 1 to 99 vol-%, preferably from 10 to 70 vol-%, of the present hydrocarbon composition, and from 1 to 99 vol-%, preferably from 30 to 90 vol-% oxygenated fuel component(s) and/or hydrocarbon cut(s), preferably comprising FAME (fatty acid methyl ester(s)), FAEE (fatty acid ethyl ester(s)), FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) gasoil, steam cracker gasoil, hydrocracked gasoil, and/or straight-run diesel.
  • the fuel is a diesel fuel or a marine fuel.
  • the fuel is a diesel fuel fulfilling the requirements set in Directive 2009/30/EC, and optionally fulfilling also the requirements set in EN 590-2022.
  • the fuel is a temperate climate diesel fuel.
  • the fuel is a marine fuel fulfilling the requirements set in specification ISO 8217-2017.
  • the fuel consists essentially of the present hydrocarbon composition and the oxygenated fuel component(s) and/or hydrocarbon cut(s), optionally as suitably additized.
  • the method of the second example aspect may further comprise mixing of the hydrocarbon composition with oxygenated fuel component(s) and/or hydrocarbon cut(s), preferably comprising FAME (fatty acid methyl ester(s)), FAEE (fatty acid ethyl ester(s)), FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) gasoil, steam cracker gasoil, hydrocracked gasoil, and/or straight-run diesel, to obtain a fuel, wherein the fuel comprises from 1 to 99 vol-%, preferably from 10 to 70 vol-% of the hydrocarbon composition and from 1 to 99 vol-%, preferably from 30 to 90 vol-% of the oxygenated fuel component(s) and/or hydrocarbon cut(s).
  • FAME fatty acid methyl ester(s)
  • FAEE fatty acid ethyl ester(s)
  • FCC fluid catalytic cracking gasoil
  • steam cracker gasoil steam cracker gasoil
  • hydrocracked gasoil hydrocracked gasoil
  • the present hydrocarbon compositions can be expected to be highly usable in a wide range of various uses, such as in fuel(s), preferably in diesel and/or marine fuel(s), in feedstock(s) for industrial conversion processes, preferably in thermal cracking feedstock(s) and/or in catalytic cracking feedstock(s), in transformer oil(s), in heat-transfer medium or media, in switchgear oil(s), in shock absorber oil(s), in insulating oil(s), in hydraulic fluid(s), in gear oil(s), in transmission fluid(s), in degreasing composition(s), in penetrating oil(s), in anticorrosion composition(s), in multipurpose oil(s), in metal working fluid(s), in rolling oil(s) especially for aluminium, in cutting oil(s
  • the good cold- properties may allow using the hydrocarbon compositions without a need to use heated pipelines, while the compositional characteristics may provide the hydrocarbon compositions with heat release characteristics similar to their 100% crude oil derived counterparts and reduce the risk of incompatibility issues regarding equipment, materials, requirements and/or further components conventionally used for or with corresponding fully fossil compositions.
  • the present hydrocarbon compositions are usable as drop-in analogs of their 100% crude oil derived counterparts in various uses.
  • the method of the second example aspect may comprise incorporating the hydrocarbon composition into fuel(s), preferably into diesel and/or marine fuel(s), into feedstock(s) for industrial conversion processes, preferably into thermal cracking feedstock(s) and/or into catalytic cracking feedstock(s), into transformer oil(s), into heat-transfer medium or media, into switchgear oil(s), into shock absorber oil(s), into insulating oil(s), into hydraulic fluid(s), into gear oil(s), into transmission fluid(s), into degreasing composition(s), into penetrating oil(s), into anticorrosion composition(s), into multipurpose oil(s), into metal working fluid(s), into rolling oil(s) especially for aluminium, into cutting oil(s), into drilling fluid(s), into solvent(s), into lubricant(s), into extender oil(s), into carrier(s), into dispersant composition(s), into demulsifier(s), into extractant(s), into paint composition(s), into coating fluid(s) or paste(s), into
  • the present hydrocarbon composition or the present fuel may be suitably additized, for example with at least one or more of antioxidant(s), stabilizer(s), detergent(s), corrosion inhibitor(s), friction modifier(s), metal deactivator(s), lubricating additive(s), antifoaming agent(s), and/or fuel dye(s).
  • Hydrocarbon compositions in the examples below were prepared using three different cyclic hydrocarbon components FC1, FC2 and FC3, and one paraffinic component PC. The compositions were prepared by mixing the cyclic hydrocarbon component with the paraffinic component, at a temperature above the cloud points of the components.. No additives were used in these examples.
  • the paraffinic component was obtained by subjecting a fatty feedstock comprising bleached animal fats and/or vegetable oils to catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), followed by gas- liquid separation to separate gases and water, and recovering a degassed hydrotreatment effluent comprising >95 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins >85 wt-% were n-paraffins, as the paraffinic component. No further conversion such as isomerisation or cracking was performed, and no distillation was required.
  • HDO catalytic hydrodeoxygenation
  • the fatty feedstock was subjected to the catalytic HDO at about 320°C, about 5 MPa, using sulphided NiMo on alumina catalyst, and with WHSV between 0.3-11/h and hydrogen (H 2 ) flow between 500-1000 Nl/l feed.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon components FC1, FC2, and FC3 were prepared by subjecting a mixture comprising vacuum gas oil and solvent deasphalted vacuum distillation bottom to catalytic hydrotreatment, involving hydrocracking, and recovering a fraction boiling from 180 °C to 320 °C as FC1, a fraction boiling from 220 °C to 370 °C as FC3, and a mixture of FC1 and FC3 in weight-ratio 32:68 (FC1:FC3) as FC2, boiling from 189 °C to 363 °C.
  • Example 1 In Table 1 some compositional properties are presented for the cyclic hydrocarbon components and the paraffinic component.
  • Figures 1 to 3 present the contents (wt-%) of hydrocarbons per carbon number in the cyclic hydrocarbon components and in the paraffinic component as determined by GCxGC-FID/GCxGC-MS, as well as contents (wt- %) of hydrocarbons per carbon number in 95:5, 90:10 and 80:20 weight-% blends of each of the cyclic hydrocarbon component 1 to 3 (FC1, FC2 and FC3) and the paraffinic component (PC), respectively, as calculated based on the measured values of the components.
  • FC1 is a comparative cyclic hydrocarbon component
  • the blends of FC1 and PC for example as presented in Fig 1
  • Blends of FC2 and PC are presented in Figure 2, and blends of FC3 and PC in Figure 3.
  • FC1 has a carbon number distribution that an exemplary winter diesel composition could have, and FC2 and FC3 have carbon number distributions that exemplary summer diesel compositions could have, while the PC has a relatively narrow carbon number distribution.
  • FC1 had a lower average carbon number than the paraffinic component, and the average carbon numbers of FC2 and FC3, respectively, were closer to that of the paraffinic component than the average carbon number of FC1.
  • Figures 1 to 3 and Table 1 also illustrate the decrease in the relative share of hydrocarbons having at least 14 carbon atoms in the paraffinic component to hydrocarbons having at least 14 carbon atoms in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, i.e. the weight-ratio of ⁇ C14 PC to ⁇ C14 CC .
  • Hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher, particularly n-paraffins tend to have higher melting points, so generally the higher their share in the hydrocarbon composition, the higher the expected cloud point.
  • FC1 is a comparative cyclic hydrocarbon component. Table 2. Compositional data for the cyclic hydrocarbon components and the paraffinic component, as obtained by GCxGC-FID/GCxGC-MS and reported per compound type.
  • Compositional data (*) for the hydrocarbon compositions comprising different wt-% amounts of FC2 and PC has been calculated based on the amounts of the respective components.
  • FC2:PC FC2:PC FC2:PC FC2:PC FC1 FC3 FC2 PC 60:40* 70:30* 80:20* 90:10* 95:5* wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% wt-% n-paraffins C7-C26 14.1 18.3 15.1 93.2 46.3 38.5 30.7 22.9 19.0 isoparaffins C7-C29 18.5 22.5 20.4 6.2 14.7 16.1 17.6 19.0 19.7 naphthenes C7-C25 54.4 48.0 53.0 0.6 32.0 37.3 42.5 47.8 50.4 monoaromatics C7-C23 12.7 10.0 11.0 ⁇ 0.1 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 10.5 diaromatic
  • FC1 is a comparative cyclic hydrocarbon component. Table 3. Some physico-chemical characteristics as measured for the cyclic hydrocarbon components and the paraffinic component, and as measured for hydrocarbon compositions comprising different vol-% amounts of FC2 and PC.
  • Example 2 Using the data reported in Table 1, contents (wt-%) of hydrocarbons having different carbon numbers were calculated for hydrocarbon compositions comprising 5 wt-%, 10 wt-%, or 20 wt-% of the paraffinic component PC together with one of the three cyclic hydrocarbon components FC1, FC2 and FC3. Carbon number distributions for the components as neat and for the blends are plotted in Figure 1 using FC1, in Figure 2 using FC2, and in Figure 3 using FC3 as the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • FIGS 1-3 illustrate the difference in average carbon numbers and carbon number distributions of the hydrocarbons in the components, and the change in the content of hydrocarbons of C14 and heavier, particularly in the content of hydrocarbons of C17 and heavier upon blending PC in an increasing amount with the respective cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • the change in the content of hydrocarbons of C17 and heavier upon blending PC in an increasing amount with the respective cyclic hydrocarbon component is shown also in Table 4 below.
  • Table 4 below.
  • Table 4 Regarding the change in the content of hydrocarbons of C14 and heavier, in Figure 1 using FC1 as the cyclic hydrocarbon component this change was highly incremental upon increasing PC contents, while in Figure 2 using FC2, and Figure 3 using FC3 as the cyclic hydrocarbon component, the amount of these heavier hydrocarbons changed only moderately upon increasing PC contents.
  • Hydrocarbon composition containing 50 wt-% of the paraffinic component and of the cyclic hydrocarbon component FC3 had a total content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons which was almost 4 % less than a total content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component FC3, while a total content of ⁇ C18 hydrocarbons was almost 12 % lower. From Table 5, reporting calculated and measured cloud points for hydrocarbon compositions of different blending ratios, it can be seen that even at the high blending ratio of approximately half paraffinic component and half cyclic hydrocarbon component, the measured cloud point is better than, or at least as good as, the calculated value (weighted mean of cloud points of the components).
  • a highly n-paraffinic component as the paraffinic component can be blended in such high blending ration while still controlling or even achieving better cold properties than calculated based on linear behaviour assumption.
  • the content of a paraffinic component in a hydrocarbon composition does not need to be limited to 1 - 20 vol-% when a paraffinic component and a cyclic hydrocarbon component are selected as specified herein.
  • Example 3 Cloud points of blends of PC and one of the three cyclic hydrocarbon components FC1, FC2 and FC3, and of the components as neat, were determined according to EN ISO 3015- 2019. Additionally, cloud points of these blends were calculated based on the measured cloud points of the components as neat and the amounts of the components in the blends.
  • the calculated linear CP values in Table 5 are based on linear behaviour, which means a weighted mean of cloud points of the components.
  • the hydrocarbon compositions comprising the cyclic hydrocarbon component and the paraffinic component, as specified in the appended claims, exhibit good low-temperature properties such as cloud point, a wide range of hydrocarbon types and molecular weights and hence petroleum-like heat release and reduced risk of incompatibility issues regarding equipment, materials, requirements and/or further components conventionally used for or with corresponding 100% crude oil derived compositions, as well as good values of cetane number, kinematic viscosity, density and flash point, allowing these hydrocarbon compositions to be used as drop-in analogs of their 100% crude oil derived counterparts, not necessarily requiring further blending to meet e.g. EN 590-2022 specifications for temperate climate diesel fuels.
  • a hydrocarbon composition comprising, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon composition, 1 - 80 vol-% of a paraffinic component and 20 - 99 vol-% of a cyclic hydrocarbon component; wherein the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 90 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins at least 30 wt-% are n- paraffins, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #C AVP , is within a range from 14.0 to 20.0, and wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 30 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #C AVC , is #C AVP minus 3.0 units, or higher.
  • hydrocarbon composition according to clause 1, wherein the hydrocarbon composition comprises, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon composition, 3 - 60 vol-%, preferably 5 - 40 vol%, more preferably 8 - 40 vol-%, even more preferably 10 - 35 vol-%, of the paraffinic component and 40 - 97 vol-%, preferably 60 - 95 vol-%, more preferably 60 - 92 vol-%, even more preferably 65 - 90 vol-%, of the cyclic hydrocarbon component. 3.
  • paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 95 wt-%, preferably at least 98 wt-% paraffins, and/or wherein the paraffinic component comprises, based on the total weight of the paraffins in the paraffinic component, at least 50 wt-%, preferably at least 70 wt-%, more preferably at least 85 wt-%, even more preferably at least 90 wt-% n-paraffins. 4.
  • the hydrocarbon composition according to any one of the preceding clauses wherein the average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #CAVP, is within a range from 15.0 to 19.0, preferably within a range from 16.0 to 18.0. 5.
  • hydrocarbon composition according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the hydrocarbon composition has a total content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons which is at most 18 % higher, preferably at most 15 % higher, than a total content of ⁇ C17 hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component; and/or wherein the hydrocarbon composition has a total content of ⁇ C18 which is at most 15 % higher, preferably at most 10 % higher, than a total content of ⁇ C18 hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component. 7.
  • hydrocarbon composition according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the cloud point of the paraffinic component is at most 35 °C, preferably at most 30 °C, more preferably at most 28 °C higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component.
  • the biogenic carbon content of the paraffinic component is at least 70 wt-%, preferably at least 80 wt-%, more preferably at least 90 wt-%, or even more preferably at least 95 wt-% based on the total weight of carbon (TC) in the paraffinic component.
  • the paraffinic component has a difference between T95 temperature (95 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) and T5 temperature (5 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) within a range from 10 °C to 50 °C, preferably within a range from 10 °C to 40 °C, more preferably within a range from 10 °C to 30 °C, even more preferably within a range from 15 °C to 25 °C; and/or T50 temperature (50 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) within a range from 270 °C to 320 °C, preferably within a range from 280 °C to 310 °C, more preferably within a range from 285 °C to 305 °C.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, from 30 wt-% to 80 wt-%, preferably from 40 wt-% to 80 wt-%, more preferably from 50 wt-% to 80 wt-%, even more preferably from 55 wt-% to 75 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon component optionally has a weight ratio of naphthenes to aromatics more than 2.0, preferably more than 2.5, more preferably more than 3.0, even more preferably more than 3.5. 13.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component comprises, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, less than 50 wt-%, preferably from 20 wt-% to less than 50 wt-%, more preferably from 25 wt-% to 45 wt-%, even more preferably from 30 wt-% to 45 wt-% paraffins, and wherein the cyclic hydrocarbon component preferably has a weight ratio of isoparaffins to n-paraffins more than 1. 14.
  • the cyclic hydrocarbon component has a difference between T95 temperature (95 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) and T5 temperature (5 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405- 2019) within a range from 80 °C to 200 °C, preferably within a range from 90 °C to 180 °C, more preferably within a range from 95 °C to 150 °C; and/or T50 temperature (50 vol-% recovered, EN ISO 3405-2019) within a range from 250 °C to 330 °C, preferably within a range from 260 °C to 320 °C, more preferably within a range from 270 °C to 315 °C 15.
  • hydrocarbon composition according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the content ratio of hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher in the paraffinic component ( ⁇ C14PC) to the hydrocarbons having carbon number C14 or higher in the cyclic hydrocarbon component ( ⁇ C14CC) is less than 2.0, preferably at most 1.8, more preferably at most 1.5, even more preferably within a range from 1.0 to 2.0. 16.
  • the hydrocarbon composition according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the hydrocarbon composition comprises, based on the total volume of the hydrocarbon composition, at most 5 vol-% total aromatics, and optionally at most 0.02 vol-% aromatics comprising at least 3 aromatic rings, as determined according to SS 155116:2014. 17.
  • the cloud point of the hydrocarbon composition is within a range from -15 °C to +16 °C, preferably within a range from -10 °C to +10 °C, further preferably within a range from -10 °C to +8 °C, more preferably within a range from -10 °C to +5 °C, even more preferably within a range from -8 °C to +5 °C, as determined according to EN ISO 3015-2019. 19.
  • cetane number of the hydrocarbon composition is at least 51, preferably at least 55, more preferably at least 60, even more preferably at least 65, as determined according to EN 15195-2014. 20.
  • a method for producing a hydrocarbon composition comprising: providing a paraffinic component comprising, based on the total weight of the paraffinic component, at least 90 wt-% paraffins, of which paraffins at least 30 wt-% are n- paraffins, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the paraffinic component, #C AVP , is within a range from 14.0 to 20.0; providing a cyclic hydrocarbon component comprising, based on the total weight of the cyclic hydrocarbon component, at least 30 wt-% cyclic hydrocarbons, and wherein an average carbon number of the hydrocarbons in the cyclic hydrocarbon component, #C AVC , is #C AVP minus 3.0 units, or higher; optionally heating the paraffinic component to a temperature that is higher than the cloud point of the paraffinic component, and optionally heating the cyclic hydrocarbon component to a temperature that is higher than the cloud point of the cyclic hydrocarbon component; mixing, based on the total volume of
  • a fuel preferably a marine fuel or a diesel fuel, comprising, based on the total fuel volume, from 1 vol-% to 99 vol-%, preferably from 10 vol-% to 70 vol-%,of a hydrocarbon composition according to any one of clauses 1 to 19, and from 1 vol-% to 99 vol-%, preferably from 30 vol-% to 90 vol-% oxygenated fuel component(s) and/or hydrocarbon cut(s), preferably comprising FAME (fatty acid methyl ester(s)), FAEE (fatty acid ethyl ester(s)), FCC gasoil, steam cracker gasoil, hydrocracked gasoil, and/or straight-run diesel. 22.
  • hydrocarbon composition in fuel(s), preferably in diesel and/or marine fuel(s), in feedstock(s) for industrial conversion processes, preferably in thermal cracking feedstock(s) and/or in catalytic cracking feedstock(s), in transformer oil(s), in heat-transfer medium or media, in switchgear oil(s), in shock absorber oil(s), in insulating oil(s), in hydraulic fluid(s), in gear oil(s), in transmission fluid(s), in degreasing composition(s), in penetrating oil(s), in anticorrosion composition(s), in multipurpose oil(s), in metal working fluid(s), in rolling oil(s) especially for aluminium, in cutting oil(s), in drilling fluid(s), in solvent(s), in lubricant(s), in extender oil(s), in carrier(s), in dispersant composition(s), in demulsifier(s), in extractant(s), in paint composition(s), in coating fluid(s) or paste(s),

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Abstract

Est décrits ici une composition d'hydrocarbures contenant un composant paraffinique et un composant hydrocarboné cyclique, ledit composant paraffinique ayant un nombre moyen d'atomes de carbone dans une plage de 14,0 à 20,0 et ledit composant hydrocarboné cyclique ayant un nombre moyen d'atomes de carbone qui est le nombre moyen d'atomes de carbone du composant paraffinique moins 3,0 unités, ou plus. Est également divulguée l'utilisation de la composition d'hydrocarbures.
EP23825414.8A 2022-12-13 2023-12-12 Composition d'hydrocarbures Pending EP4634332A1 (fr)

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FI20226099A FI131538B1 (en) 2022-12-13 2022-12-13 Process for producing a hydrocarbon composition
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JP5129426B2 (ja) * 2001-09-07 2013-01-30 シエル・インターナシヨネイル・リサーチ・マーチヤツピイ・ベー・ウイ ディーゼル燃料、その製造及び使用方法
EP1398364A1 (fr) * 2002-09-06 2004-03-17 Fortum OYJ Composition de fuel pour moteur diesel
KR20080012831A (ko) * 2005-03-21 2008-02-12 벤-구리온 유니버시티 오브 더 네게브 리서치 앤드 디벨럽먼트 어쏘러티 식물성 또는 동물성 오일로부터 디젤 연료의 제조
ITMI20070522A1 (it) 2007-03-16 2008-09-17 Eni Spa Composizione idrocarburica utile come carburante e combustibile contenente una componente petrolifera e una componente di origine biologica
JP5072444B2 (ja) 2007-06-11 2012-11-14 Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 軽油組成物の製造方法
US8324438B2 (en) * 2008-04-06 2012-12-04 Uop Llc Production of blended gasoline and blended aviation fuel from renewable feedstocks
US9006501B2 (en) * 2011-05-04 2015-04-14 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Low pour point renewable fuel blend
FI127307B2 (en) 2017-01-27 2024-12-10 Neste Oyj Fuel compositions with improved cold properties and methods for their production
BR112020014546B1 (pt) * 2018-01-17 2024-03-12 Reg Synthetic Fuels, Llc Composições combustíveis mistas com perfis de emissões melhorados
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