ES2010788A6 - Disposicion de conduccion de escape para el flujo de un fluido, procedimiento de realizacion correspondiente y vehiculo que la comprende. - Google Patents

Disposicion de conduccion de escape para el flujo de un fluido, procedimiento de realizacion correspondiente y vehiculo que la comprende.

Info

Publication number
ES2010788A6
ES2010788A6 ES8802733A ES8802733A ES2010788A6 ES 2010788 A6 ES2010788 A6 ES 2010788A6 ES 8802733 A ES8802733 A ES 8802733A ES 8802733 A ES8802733 A ES 8802733A ES 2010788 A6 ES2010788 A6 ES 2010788A6
Authority
ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
fluid
performance
flow
vehicle
arrangement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
ES8802733A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Henri Lescher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Glaenzer Spicer SA
Original Assignee
Glaenzer Spicer SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Glaenzer Spicer SA filed Critical Glaenzer Spicer SA
Publication of ES2010788A6 publication Critical patent/ES2010788A6/es
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1838—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly characterised by the type of connection between parts of exhaust or silencing apparatus, e.g. between housing and tubes, between tubes and baffles
    • F01N13/1844—Mechanical joints
    • F01N13/185—Mechanical joints the connection being realised by deforming housing, tube, baffle, plate, or parts thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/02—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using resonance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/082—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling by passing the exhaust gases through porous members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/085—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling throttling exhaust gas flow using a central core in a flow passage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/12—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using spirally or helically shaped channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
    • F01N1/12—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using spirally or helically shaped channels
    • F01N1/125—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using spirally or helically shaped channels in combination with sound-absorbing materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/24—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using sound-absorbing materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1805—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body
    • F01N13/1811—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body with means permitting relative movement, e.g. compensation of thermal expansion or vibration
    • F01N13/1822—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body with means permitting relative movement, e.g. compensation of thermal expansion or vibration for fixing exhaust pipes or devices to vehicle body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
    • F16L55/02—Energy absorbers; Noise absorbers
    • F16L55/033—Noise absorbers
    • F16L55/0331—Noise absorbers by inserting an elongated element in the pipe
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
    • F01N2310/10—Plastic foam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
    • F01N2450/20—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by mechanical joints, e.g. by deforming housing, tube, baffle plate or parts thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
    • F01N2450/22—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by welding or brazing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/06—Tubes being formed by assembly of stamped or otherwise deformed sheet-metal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/08—Exhaust gas passages being formed between the walls of an outer shell and an inner chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/10—Tubes having non-circular cross section
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of exhaust gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/26—Tubes being formed by extrusion, drawing or rolling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2490/00—Structure, disposition or shape of gas-chambers
    • F01N2490/20—Chambers being formed inside the exhaust pipe without enlargement of the cross section of the pipe, e.g. resonance chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
    • F01N2530/02—Corrosion resistive metals
    • F01N2530/04—Steel alloys, e.g. stainless steel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
    • F01N2530/06—Aluminium or alloys thereof

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Abstract

DISPOSICION DE CONDUCCION DE ESCAPE PARA EL FLUJO DE UN FLUIDO, PROCEDIMIENTO DE REALIZACION CORRESPONDIENTE Y VEHICULO QUE LA COMPRENDE, EN PARTICULAR PARA EL FLUJO DE LOS GASES DE ESCAPE DE UN MOTOR DE COMBUSTION INTERNA, DEL TIPO QUE COMPRENDE UNA ENVOLVENTE EXTERNA CONTINUA, DE SECCION SENSIBLEMENTE CONSTANTE, QUE ENCIERRA POR LO MENOS UN BLOQUE DE ATENUACION ACUSTICA QUE COMPRENDE UNA CAJA QUE COOPERA CON LA ENVOLVENTE EXTERNA PARA DELIMITAR POR LO MENOS UN CANAL LONGITUDINAL PERIFERICO DE PASO DEL FLUIDO. SEGUN LA INVENCION, LA CAJA TIENE UNA SECCION TRANSVERSAL CIRCULAR O ELIPTICA, Y COMPRENDE POR LO MENOS UNA ZONA DEFORMADA RADIALMENTE DE MANERA QUE AUMENTE LA SUPERFICIE DE INTERCAMBIO ENTRE EL FLUIDO Y EL BLOQUE DE ATENUACION.
ES8802733A 1987-09-09 1988-09-06 Disposicion de conduccion de escape para el flujo de un fluido, procedimiento de realizacion correspondiente y vehiculo que la comprende. Expired ES2010788A6 (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8712525A FR2620169B1 (fr) 1987-09-09 1987-09-09 Partie de ligne d'echappement, notamment pour moteur a combustion interne

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ES2010788A6 true ES2010788A6 (es) 1989-12-01

Family

ID=9354755

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ES8802733A Expired ES2010788A6 (es) 1987-09-09 1988-09-06 Disposicion de conduccion de escape para el flujo de un fluido, procedimiento de realizacion correspondiente y vehiculo que la comprende.

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4993512A (es)
JP (1) JPH06102968B2 (es)
DE (1) DE3830489C2 (es)
ES (1) ES2010788A6 (es)
FR (1) FR2620169B1 (es)
GB (1) GB2209560B (es)
IT (1) IT1223808B (es)

Families Citing this family (23)

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SE502786C2 (sv) * 1991-11-26 1996-01-15 Volvo Ab Anordning för ljuddämpning i ett kanalsystem, i synnerhet i ett avgassystem för förbränningsmotorer
US5464952A (en) * 1993-11-26 1995-11-07 Acoust-A-Fiber Research And Development Inc. Shield between vehicle exhaust and passenger compartment
US5849251A (en) * 1995-07-17 1998-12-15 Timko; Mark Catalytic converter for a tailpipe including apparatus for relieving back pressure
NL1006635C2 (nl) * 1997-07-21 1999-01-25 Gerard De Jager Leiding.
US5941070A (en) * 1997-07-31 1999-08-24 Nelson Industries, Inc. Flexible sealed conduit system
WO2000045673A1 (en) * 1999-02-05 2000-08-10 Mccord Winn Textron, Inc. Pneumatic system sound attenuator
US6385967B1 (en) * 2000-05-31 2002-05-14 Shun-Lai Chen Exhaust pipe for motor vehicle muffler
FR2854427A1 (fr) * 2003-04-29 2004-11-05 Mig Production Silencieux pour gaz d'echappement de moteurs a combustion interne.
US7293628B2 (en) * 2004-05-17 2007-11-13 Calsonic Kansei Corporation Shell main body for muffler
US20060157295A1 (en) * 2005-01-14 2006-07-20 Ziehl John C Combination muffler and spark arrester
JP2007297986A (ja) * 2006-05-01 2007-11-15 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 排気装置およびその排気装置を備えた車両
DE102006035755A1 (de) * 2006-08-01 2008-02-07 Contitech Kühner Gmbh & Cie. Kg Vorrichtung zur Schalldämpfung in einem Rohrkanal
JP2008062849A (ja) * 2006-09-08 2008-03-21 Toyota Industries Corp 産業車両の排気構造
US20080190689A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2008-08-14 Ballard Ebbin C Inserts for engine exhaust systems
US7905321B2 (en) * 2007-02-12 2011-03-15 Ballard Iii Ebbin C Inserts for engine exhaust systems
KR100755722B1 (ko) * 2007-03-08 2007-09-05 한국뉴매틱(주) 공압장치용 사일렌서
JP4853557B2 (ja) * 2009-08-21 2012-01-11 トヨタ自動車株式会社 放射音低減構造
EP2954206B1 (en) 2013-02-11 2019-03-27 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance SA A pulsation damper suitable for hygienic processing lines
WO2014122283A1 (en) * 2013-02-11 2014-08-14 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. A pulsation damper suitable for hygienic processing lines
RU2553591C1 (ru) * 2014-07-22 2015-06-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Казанский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. А.Н. Туполева-КАИ" (КНИТУ-КАИ) Устройство очистки отработанных газов
GB2528950A (en) * 2014-08-06 2016-02-10 Aaf Ltd Sound suppression apparatus
CN109854855B (zh) * 2018-12-26 2020-03-03 中航森瑞武汉新材料有限公司 一种中空螺旋消音排水管
US11898474B2 (en) * 2022-04-27 2024-02-13 John Ulishney Constant velocity muffler assembly

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US2646854A (en) * 1948-09-22 1953-07-28 Walker George Bromhead Baffle type muffler having a plurality of helical passages
US2613758A (en) * 1948-10-14 1952-10-14 Cullum Douglas Jack Wayth Baffle type muffler with sound absorbing material
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JPS5248263U (es) * 1975-10-03 1977-04-06
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US4263982A (en) * 1979-08-06 1981-04-28 Feuling James J Muffler for internal combustion engines and method of manufacturing same
US4530418A (en) * 1982-06-01 1985-07-23 Currie Neil L Automotive exhaust system
FR2547623B1 (fr) * 1983-06-15 1985-10-11 Luchaire Ind Echappements Dispositif de conduite d'un fluide, notamment silencieux

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH06102968B2 (ja) 1994-12-14
GB8820898D0 (en) 1988-10-05
FR2620169A1 (fr) 1989-03-10
JPH01159407A (ja) 1989-06-22
GB2209560B (en) 1992-05-06
US4993512A (en) 1991-02-19
GB2209560A (en) 1989-05-17
IT1223808B (it) 1990-09-29
IT8867801A0 (it) 1988-09-08
DE3830489C2 (de) 1994-08-25
FR2620169B1 (fr) 1990-07-20
DE3830489A1 (de) 1989-03-30

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