ES2206486T3 - Dispositivo medico intravascular. - Google Patents
Dispositivo medico intravascular.Info
- Publication number
- ES2206486T3 ES2206486T3 ES95900402T ES95900402T ES2206486T3 ES 2206486 T3 ES2206486 T3 ES 2206486T3 ES 95900402 T ES95900402 T ES 95900402T ES 95900402 T ES95900402 T ES 95900402T ES 2206486 T3 ES2206486 T3 ES 2206486T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- agent
- cellulose
- poly
- base material
- thrombolytic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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Abstract
UN DISPOSITIVO DE USO MEDICO INTRAVASCULAR (10) QUE TIENE UNA ESTRUCTURA (11) CONFORMADA Y DIMENSIONADA DE MODO QUE SE PUEDA INTRODUCIR EN EL SISTEMA VASCULAR DE UN PACIENTE, EN DONDE LA ESTRUCTURA TIENE UNAS PROPIEDADES BIOLOGICAMENTE INERTES Y UN AGENTE TROMBOLITICO (12) O UN AGENTE ANTITROMBOGENICO (14). EL AGENTE TROMBOLITICO DISUELVE CONVENIENTEMENTE O ROMPE LA FORMACION DE TROMBOS EN LA SUPERFICIE DE LA ESTRUCTURA CUANDO SE COLOCA EN EL SISTEMA VASCULAR DE UN PACIENTE. EL AGENTE ANTITROMBOGENICO INHIBE LA FORMACION DE TROMBOS SOBRE LA SUPERFICIE DEL DISPOSITIVO DE USO MEDICO. LA ESTRUCTURA INCLUYE TAMBIEN UN MATERIAL BIOLOGICAMENTE INERTE (15) QUE BIEN FORMA AL MENOS PARTE DEL MATERIAL BASE DEL DISPOSITIVO O BIEN UN MATERIAL DE REVESTIMIENTO (22) SOBRE EL MATERIAL BASE. EL AGENTE TROMBOLITICO Y/O AGENTE ANTITROMBOGENICO SE COMBINAN HOMOGENEAMENTE CON EL MATERIAL BASE Y/O DE REVESTIMIENTO.
Description
Dispositivo médico intravascular.
Esta invención se refiere generalmente a
dispositivos médicos y, en particular, a un dispositivo médico
intravascular tratado con un agente trombolítico y/o un agente
antitrombogénico.
Cuando dispositivos médicos tales como catéteres,
guías de alambre, cánulas, dilatadores ("stents"), y análogos
se introducen en el sistema vascular de un paciente y se manipulan
a través de los vasos del mismo, la pared del vaso sanguíneo se
perturba o lesiona comúnmente. A menudo se forman trombos en el
sitio lesionado, y el vaso sanguíneo puede experimentar
obstrucción o cierre. En caso de que el dispositivo médico
permanezca dentro del vaso durante un periodo de tiempo prolongado,
se formarán también en muchos casos trombos en el dispositivo.
Tanto las plaquetas de la sangre como los factores de la
coagulación de la sangre desempeñan papeles fundamentales en la
formación de trombos. Las plaquetas se adhieren a los objetos
extraños en la sangre o a las paredes lesionadas de los vasos y se
agregan luego para formar tapones de plaquetas. Los factores de
coagulación interaccionan en una cascada de reacciones que da como
resultado la conversión del fibrinógeno soluble en hebras de
fibrina insolubles. Los agregados de plaquetas sirven como anclas o
sitios de unión para la fibrina, y las hebras de fibrina forman una
malla que atrapa las células de la sangre y más plaquetas. Las
plaquetas secretan también factores procoagulantes que promueven
adicionalmente la formación de fibrina. Esta cascada de
retroalimentación positiva continúa, dando como resultado la
formación de una red de plaquetas, fibrina y glóbulos sanguíneos
atrapados que constituyen un trombo. Como resultado de la formación
del trombo, el paciente corre el riesgo de complicaciones tales
como ataque cardíaco, embolia pulmonar, y accidente cerebrovascular
agudo.
Los intentos para controlar la formación de
trombos y reducir la oclusión vascular trombótica han implicado
tradicionalmente el uso de agentes antitrombogénicos administrados
sistémicamente. Estos incluyen tanto los anticoagulantes, que
inhiben la conversión del fibrinógeno soluble en fibrina insoluble,
como los agentes antiplaquetarios, que inhiben la actividad de las
plaquetas con inclusión de adhesión, agregación y secreción de
factores procoagulantes.
Los tratamientos de superficie que implican
agentes antitrombogénicos tales como heparina, agentes
trombolíticos como uroquinasa, o combinaciones de los mismos, no
son nuevos. La heparina inmovilizada en la superficie se consignó
por primera vez al principio de los años 1960, y preparaciones de
uroquinasa o uroquinasa-heparina inmovilizadas en
la superficie se consignaron a principios de los años 1970. Sin
embargo, los métodos consignados para la inmovilización de
uroquinasa han implicado la unión covalente o iónica de uroquinasa
en lugar de la simple dispersión de uroquinasa a través de una
matriz de polímero portadora. La unión covalente de uroquinasa, o
cualquier fármaco, cambia químicamente el fármaco, reduciendo o
destruyendo a menudo su actividad farmacológica beneficiosa. La
unión fónica requiere el uso de agentes de unión, tales como los
agentes tensioactivos de amonio cuaternario o el uso de polímeros
que contienen grupos funcionales cargados. Estos agentes de unión o
polímeros cargados son a menudo tóxicos o causan reacciones
inflamatorias locales.
Un dispositivo médico tal como un dilatador
proporciona un adyuvante útil para la angioplastia transluminal
percutánea con catéter (PTCA), particularmente en el caso de cierre
agudo o amenaza de cierre de los vasos, después de un procedimiento
de angioplastia. Un problema con el uso de dilatadores
intravasculares es que la implantación del dilatador requiere
terapia antiplaquetaria y anticoagulación agresiva y precisa,
típicamente por la vía de infusión intravascular sistémica. Sin
embargo, la incidencia de complicaciones trombóticas sigue siendo
importante. Adicionalmente, un efecto secundario de esta terapia
antiplaquetaria y anticoagulación sistémica es una pérdida
incrementada de sangre en el sitio percutáneo de entrada en el cual
se introduce el dilatador en el sistema vascular. Como resultado,
la incidencia de complicaciones hemorrágicas sigue siendo
importante.
Los problemas que anteceden se resuelven, y se
consigue un avance técnico en un dispositivo médico intravascular
ilustrativo que tiene una estructura conformada y dimensionada para
introducción en el sistema vascular de un paciente. Para minimizar
ventajosamente, si no eliminar, la inflamación, la estructura tiene
propiedades biológicamente inertes e incluye un agente trombolítico
y un agente antitrombogénico. En una realización, la estructura
incluye un material biológicamente inerte. En otra realización, la
estructura incluye un material base y un recubrimiento de un
material biológicamente inerte. Alternativamente, el material base
puede incluir el material biológicamente inerte. En otro aspecto de
la invención de la Solicitante, en el cual el material base no es
biológicamente inerte por completo, el material base incluye
ventajosamente un agente anti-inflamatorio o el
agente anti-inflamatorio puede estar incluido en un
material de recubrimiento que se aplica sobre el material base para
minimizar, si no eliminar, la inflamación del tejido vascular.
La estructura del dispositivo médico
intravascular incluye también un agente trombolítico y un agente
antitrombogénico. El agente antitrombogénico minimiza
ventajosamente la formación de trombos. La inclusión de un agente
trombolítico causa ventajosamente la destrucción de los trombos
macroscópicos existentes y previene la formación de trombos
macroscópicos por causar la destrucción de los trombos
microscópicos a medida que se forman. Agentes trombolíticos
preferidos incluyen estreptoquinasa, uroquinasa, y activadores del
plasminógeno tisular (t-PA). Sin embargo, cualquier
agente trombolítico puede incorporarse en la estructura del
dispositivo para reducir la trombosis causada por los
dilatadores.
El agente trombolítico se incluye ventajosamente
en la estructura del dispositivo sin enlazarse fónica o
covalentemente a los otros materiales de la estructura. Esto
elimina las reacciones tóxicas causadas por los agentes de enlace
iónico y elimina también la reducción de la actividad trombolítica
causada por el enlace covalente. El agente trombolítico puede
incluirse en el material base de la estructura o incluirse
homogéneamente con un material de recubrimiento.
Para minimizar ventajosamente las reacciones
inflamatorias debidas a materiales de la estructura que no son
biológicamente inertes por completo, se incluye un agente
anti-inflamatorio en la estructura del dispositivo.
El agente anti-inflamatorio puede ser de tipo no
esteroidal tal como salicilatos, derivados del ácido propiónico, y
otros. El agente anti-inflamatorio puede ser
también del tipo esteroidal, tal como cortisona, dexametasona,
betametasona, prednisona, y otros. Cuando se utiliza el tipo de
agente anti-inflamatorio esteroidal, pueden
alcanzarse beneficios adicionales por los efectos
antiproliferativos, los cuales contribuyen a la reducción de la
restenosis. El agente anti-inflamatorio esteroidal
preferido es dexametasona.
La inclusión del agente antitrombogénico en la
estructura del dispositivo reduce ventajosamente la trombosis al
tiempo que elimina los efectos secundarios asociados con la
administración sistémica. El agente antitrombogénico incluye un
anticoagulante y/o un agente antiplaquetario. Los anticoagulantes
incluyen, por ejemplo, heparina, hirudina, hirulog, agatrobán,
péptido anticoagulante de garrapata, antiestasina, y una diversidad
de otros inhibidores naturales y sintéticos de los factores de
coagulación. El agente antiplaquetario incluye, por ejemplo,
aspirina, dipiridamol, ticlopidina, sulfinpirazona,
prostaglandinas, antagonistas del factor von Willebrand,
antagonistas de las glicoproteínas IIb/IIIa, y otros. El material
base comprende uno o más de un metal, acero inoxidable, tántalo,
nitinol, oro, platino, inconel, iridio, carbono, plásticos,
polímeros, o un material biológicamente inerte. La estructura puede
incluir un material biológicamente inerte o puede incluirse
ventajosamente un material biológicamente inerte en el material
base de la estructura. El material biológicamente inerte incluye
uno o más de celulosa, compuestos de celulosa, polímeros basados en
celulosa, ésteres de celulosa, éteres de celulosa, acetato de
celulosa, nitrato de celulosa, poliuretanos, siliconas, copolímeros
etileno-acetato de vinilo, poli(metacrilatos
de metilo), poli(metacrilatos de hidroxietilo),
poli(tereftalatos de etileno), politetrafluoretilenos,
polieter-uretanos, poli(óxidos de etileno), nailons,
poliésteres, poliamidas, poliimidas, poli(acetatos de
vinilo), poliolefinas, poliestireno, polipropilenos,
policaprolactonas, epóxidos, parilenos, hidrogeles,
polivinilpirrolidona, poli(alcoholes vinílicos),
poli(etilen-glicoles),
poli-acrilamidas, ácidos poliglicólicos, ácidos
polilácticos, proteínas, colágeno, albúmina, lípidos, fosfolipidos,
y fosfatidilcolina, poliuretano, silicona, poli(tereftalato
de etileno), poli(éter-uretano),
politetrafluoretileno, policaprolactona, ácido poliglicólico, y
ácido poliláctico.
La estructura del dispositivo médico puede
incluir ventajosamente uno o más de los materiales base
mencionados anteriormente junto con un recubrimiento de uno o más
de los materiales biológicamente inertes con el agente trombolítico
y/o el agente antitrombogénico incluido homogéneamente en el
recubrimiento y/o el material.
Cuando se aplican los agentes antitrombogénicos y
trombolíticos a la superficie de un material base, se aplica un
recubrimiento de imprimación de material biológicamente inerte a la
superficie de la estructura del dispositivo médico para adherir al
menos uno de los agentes trombolíticos y antitrombogénicos.
En una realización alternativa de la presente
invención, el dispositivo médico intravascular puede incluir una
estructura en la cual están combinados el material base y el agente
trombolítico. El material antitrombogénico se aplica luego o se
añade para mejorar adicionalmente la aptitud del dispositivo para
minimizar y/o disolver la formación de trombos en el mismo.
El método de tratamiento de un dispositivo médico
con un agente trombolítico comprende proporcionar un material base
para el dispositivo médico junto con el agente trombolítico. El
material base se trata con el agente trombolítico para disolver
ventajosamente el trombo en la superficie del dispositivo médico.
El material base se sumerge ventajosamente en una solución del
agente trombolítico y se elimina luego para dejar que el agente
trombolítico se seque sobre el mismo. Los pasos de inmersión y
secado del material base y el agente trombolítico se repiten para
formar una concentración deseada de agente trombolítico sobre el
material base. El método incluye adicionalmente proporcionar un
polímero o un material derivado biológicamente y mezclar el agente
trombolítico con el polímero o material derivado biológicamente y
aplicar la mezcla al material base.
La Fig. 1 representa una vista parcial en corte
transversal de un dispositivo médico intravascular de la presente
invención con un recubrimiento trombolítico en la estructura del
dispositivo;
la Fig. 2 representa el dispositivo médico de la
Fig. 1 con un recubrimiento de un agente antitrombogénico sobre el
material base del dispositivo;
la Fig. 3 representa el dispositivo médico de la
Fig. 1 con un primer recubrimiento de agente antitrombogénico
formado sobre el material base y un segundo recubrimiento de agente
trombolítico formado sobre el mismo;
la Fig. 4 representa el dispositivo médico de la
Fig. 3 con un recubrimiento de imprimación aplicado en primer lugar
al material base para adherir los recubrimientos de agente
antitrombogénico y agente trombolítico al material base;
la Fig. 5 representa el dispositivo médico 10 de
la Fig. 3 con un recubrimiento de imprimación y tres capas
separadas cada una de los recubrimientos de agente antitrombogénico
y agente trombolítico aplicadas sobre el mismo;
la Fig. 6 representa el material base de un
dispositivo médico que se ha colocado en sangre humana;
la Fig. 7 representa el material base de un
dispositivo médico tratado con un agente trombolítico y colocado
luego en sangre humana; y
la Fig. 8 representa el dispositivo médico 10 de
la Fig. 1 con un recubrimiento homogéneo de un agente
trombolítico, un agente antitrombogénico, y un material
biológicamente inerte.
La Fig. 1 representa una vista parcial en corte
transversal de un dispositivo médico intravascular 10 tal como un
dilatador, catéter, guía de alambre, cánula, y análogos que tiene
una estructura 11 conformada y dimensionada para introducción en el
sistema vascular de un paciente. La estructura de un dilatador
incluye típicamente un alambre conformado tal como el FLEX Stent
Gianturco-Roubin disponible comercialmente de Cook
Incorporated, Bloomington, Indiana, para introducción percutánea en
un sitio de angioplastia fracasada. La estructura de un catéter,
guía de alambre, cánula, y análogos son también bien conocidas y
están disponibles comercialmente asimismo de Cook Incorporated, y
de cualesquiera otros fabricantes de dispositivos médicos. Estos
dispositivos médicos intravasculares se insertan comúnmente en la
vasculatura de un paciente utilizando procedimientos quirúrgicos
percutáneos bien conocidos. Para la minimización de la formación o
la eliminación ventajosa de trombos en el dispositivo médico, la
estructura incluye un agente trombolítico 13 y un material base 12
tratado con el agente trombolítico. En la Fig. 1, el agente
trombolítico 13 se representa como un recubrimiento sobre el
material base 12.
El material base 12 del dispositivo médico
intravascular incluye uno cualquiera de cierto número de materiales
biocompatibles diferentes comercialmente disponibles, tales como un
metal, un plástico, un polímero, un material biológicamente inerte,
o un material biológicamente derivado adecuado para la formación
de la estructura. La estructura del dispositivo médico
intravascular incluye preferiblemente un material biológicamente
inerte a fin de minimizar, si no eliminar, una reacción
inflamatoria del tejido vascular de la persona en la que está
posicionado el dispositivo. El metal comprende, entre otros, al
menos uno de un grupo constituido por titanio, acero inoxidable,
tántalo, nitinol, oro, platino, inconel, e iridio, todos los cuales
son metales o aleaciones comercialmente disponibles utilizados en
la fabricación de dispositivos médicos. Todos estos metales son
bien conocidos por ser materiales biocompatibles. El material
biológicamente inerte incluye uno o más de una celulosa, compuestos
de celulosa, polímeros basados en celulosa, ésteres de celulosa,
éteres de celulosa, acetato de celulosa, nitrato de celulosa,
poliuretanos, siliconas, copolímeros
etileno-acetato de vinilo, poli(metacrilatos
de metilo), poli(metacrilatos de hidroxietilo),
poli(tereftalatos de etileno), politetrafluoretilenos,
polieter-uretanos, poli(óxidos de etileno), nailons,
poliésteres, poliamidas, poliimidas, poli(acetatos de
vinilo), poliolefinas, poliestireno, polipropilenos,
policaprolactonas, epóxidos, parilenos, hidrogeles,
polivinilpirrolidona, poli(alcoholes vinílicos),
poli(etilen-glicoles), poliacrilamidas,
ácidos poliglicólicos, ácidos polilácticos, proteínas, colágeno,
albúmina, lípidos, fosfolípidos, y fosfatidilcolina, poliuretano,
silicona, poli(tereftalato de etileno),
poli(éter-uretano), politetrafluoretileno,
policaprolactona, ácido poliglicólico, y ácido poliláctico.
El material biológicamente inerte puede estar
incluido también en, o puede constituir el material base total o
formar una parte del mismo. El polímero comprende al menos uno de
un grupo constituido por materiales bien conocidos de acetato de
celulosa, nitrato de celulosa, silicona, poli(tereftalato de
etileno), poliuretano, poliamida, poliéster, poliortoéster, y un
polianhídrido. El polímero puede incluir también uno de los
materiales biológicamente inertes mencionados anteriormente. La
expresión material derivado biológicamente incluye, a modo de
ejemplo, proteínas, colágeno, y lípidos. En términos más amplios,
el agente trombolítico incluye un activador del plasminógeno que
estimula o aumenta el sistema fibrinolítico de la sangre que
desintegra los trombos por descomponer la fibrina insoluble en
productos de degradación de fibrina solubles. El agente
trombolítico puede causar tanto la descomposición como la lisis de
los trombos macroscópicos existentes por causar la lisis de los
trombos microscópicos a medida que se forman.
El recubrimiento de agente trombolítico 13
comprende al menos uno de un grupo constituido por uroquinasa,
estreptoquinasa, y activadores del plasminógeno tisular
(t-PA), bien conocidos y disponibles comercialmente.
Estos agentes trombolíticos son bien conocidos y se administran
típicamente de modo sistémico para disolver, romper, o dispersar
los trombos.
En la Fig. 2 se representa el dispositivo médico
10 de la Fig. 1 con un segundo recubrimiento 13 de un agente
antitrombogénico sobre el material base 12. Este agente
antitrombogénico incluye un agente anticoagulante y/o un agente
antiplaquetario para inhibir la formación de trombos en el
dispositivo médico. El agente anticoagulante incluye típicamente
heparina, hirudina, hirulog, agatrobán, péptido anticoagulante de
garrapata, y antiestasina. El agente antiplaquetario incluye
típicamente aspirina, dipiridamol, ticlopidina, sulfinpirazona,
prostaglandinas, antagonistas del factor von Willebrand, y
antagonistas de las glicoproteínas IIb/IIIa.
La Fig. 3 representa el dispositivo médico 10 de
la Fig. 1 con el recubrimiento de agente antitrombogénico 14
formado sobre el material base 12 primeramente y el recubrimiento
de agente trombolítico 13 formado encima del recubrimiento 14.
La Fig. 4 representa el dispositivo médico 10 de
la Fig. 3 en el cual se ha aplicado primeramente un recubrimiento
de imprimación 15 al material base 12 para adherir los
recubrimientos del agente antitrombogénico 14 y el agente
trombolítico 13 al material base. Este recubrimiento de material de
imprimación incluye, por ejemplo, un éster de celulosa bien
conocido y comercialmente disponible, nitrato de celulosa,
poliuretano, o una combinación de los mismos. El imprimador puede
incluir también cualquiera de los materiales biológicamente inertes
mencionados con anterioridad.
La Fig. 8 representa el dispositivo médico 10 de
la Fig. 1 en el cual un recubrimiento homogéneo 22 de un agente
trombolítico 13, agente antitrombogénico 14, y un material
biológicamente inerte 15 se ha aplicado al material base 12. El
material biológicamente inerte del recubrimiento homogéneo no está
unido fónica o covalentemente al agente trombolítico. Este
recubrimiento homogéneo no afecta a la resistencia y eficacia del
agente trombolítico. Además, el material biológicamente inerte
minimiza, si no elimina, la inflamación del tejido vascular
circundante. Un agente anti-inflamatorio 23 se
incluye también en la mezcla homogénea para minimizar los efectos
de cualquier material del material base 12. El agente
antiinflamatorio 23 puede incluirse también en la estructura del
material base 12. El agente anti-inflamatorio puede
incluir un agente esteroidal o no esteroidal. El agente esteroidal
incluye uno o más de una cortisona, dexametasona, betametasona y
prednisona, siendo el agente anti-inflamatorio
preferido dexametasona. El agente anti-inflamatorio
no esteroidal incluye uno o más de los salicilatos y derivados del
ácido propiónico.
La Fig. 5 representa el dispositivo médico 10 de
la Fig. 3 con un recubrimiento de imprimación 15 que tiene tres
capas separadas de agente antitrombogénico 14 y tres capas
separadas de agente trombolítico 13 aplicadas sobre el mismo.
Aunque el dispositivo médico 10 se ha ilustrado
como dotado de recubrimientos separados de un agente trombolítico
13 y agente antitrombogénico 14 aplicados al mismo, debe entenderse
y contemplarse que el dispositivo médico 10 puede formarse por
mezcla del agente antitrombogénico, el agente trombolítico, y el
material base juntos para formar la estructura básica del
dispositivo. Puede aplicarse también un imprimador a esta mezcla
para facilitar la unión de los dos agentes al material base.
Alternativamente, el dispositivo médico intravascular de la
presente invención puede ser también una estructura que incluya uno
cualquiera o más de los agentes trombolíticos mencionados
anteriormente y un material base tratado con el agente
trombolítico. Se contempla también que el material base puede
incluir asimismo carbono asociado por ejemplo con conexiones de
marcapasos. El material base y el agente trombolítico pueden
conformarse juntos y extruirse o conformarse luego para formar el
dispositivo médico intravascular según se desee. El agente
antitrombogénico puede aplicarse en la forma de un recubrimiento o,
alternativamente, incluirse también en la mezcla como se ha
expuesto anteriormente.
El método de tratamiento de un dispositivo con un
agente trombolítico comprende los pasos de proporcionar un
material base para el dispositivo médico proporcionando al mismo
tiempo un agente trombolítico, y tratar el material base con el
agente trombolítico como se describirá con mayor detalle más
adelante en esta memoria. El paso de tratamiento del material base
incluye sumergir el material base tal como acero inoxidable en una
solución del agente trombolítico tal como uroquinasa. El material
base se retira de la solución y el recubrimiento de agente
trombolítico se deja secar. Los pasos de inmersión y secado del
agente trombolítico sobre el material base se repiten luego tantas
veces como se desee. El método de tratamiento de un dispositivo
médico con un agente trombolítico incluye también proporcionar al
menos uno de un grupo constituido por un polímero, material
biológicamente inerte, o material derivado biológicamente como se
ha descrito previamente. El agente trombolítico y el polímero, el
material biológicamente inerte, o el material derivado
biológicamente se mezclan y se aplican luego al material base.
En la Fig. 6 se representa un material base 17
tal como acero inoxidable de un dispositivo médico que se ha
colocado en sangre humana. Glóbulos rojos de la sangre 18, glóbulos
rojos de la sangre hendidos 19, agregados de plaquetas 20,
plaquetas simples 21, y un gran número de hebras de fibrina 22 se
han formado sobre el material base sin tratar cuando se coloca, por
ejemplo, en sangre humana. La Fig. 7 representa el material base 17
tratado con un agente trombolítico como se describe en esta
memoria. Únicamente un pequeño número de glóbulos rojos de la
sangre 18 y hebras de fibrina 22 parecen haberse formado sobre el
material base tratado. Estas dos figuras citadas ilustran muestras
de acero inoxidable tratadas con uroquinasa y aumentadas 1500
veces.
Una descripción de los materiales y el método
utilizados con la deposición de trombos in vitro sobre tres
dilatadores FLEX Giantruco-Roubin de Cook
Incorporated, se dará a continuación. Se examinó la deposición de
trombos in vitro sobre tres dilatadores coronarios FLEX
Gianturco-Roubin. Los dilatadores tenían una
longitud de 20-25 mm y estaban diseñados para
expandirse hasta 2,5-3,5 mm de diámetro. Un
dilatador estaba hecho de alambre de acero inoxidable de 0,006'' de
diámetro (0,152 mm), un segundo dilatador estaba hecho de alambre
de tántalo de 0,006'' de diámetro (0,152 mm) y un tercer dilatador
estaba hecho de alambre de acero inoxidable recubierto de 0,006''
de diámetro (0,152 mm). El tercer dilatador estaba recubierto con
una capa de imprimación (35066C, STS Biopolymers, Inc., Rush, Nueva
York) seguida por tres capas de heparina en un polímero de
celulosa (Medicoat Heparin tipo 35066A, disponible también
comercialmente de STS Biopolymers, Inc.). Después del despliegue,
el tercer dilatador se recubrió ulteriormente con uroquinasa
(Abbokinase™, uroquinasa para inyección, 50.000 U.I./ml, disponible
comercialmente de Abbot Laboratories, como sigue. El dilatador se
sumergió en la solución de uroquinasa durante aproximadamente 5
minutos, se secó al aire ambiente durante aproximadamente 30
minutos, se sumergió en solución de uroquinasa durante
aproximadamente 1 minuto, se secó al aire ambiente durante
aproximadamente 30 minutos, se sumergió en solución de uroquinasa
durante 5-10 segundos y se secó al aire ambiente
durante 30 minutos antes su manipulación ulterior. Los dilatadores
sin recubrimiento se desplegaron también antes de su utilización
en el experimento de deposición de trombos que se describirá a
continuación.
Se suspendió cada dilatador del tapón de un tubo
de ensayo de 6 ml para incubación en sangre. Se recogieron 18 ml
de sangre venosa humana en una serie de tres tubos Vacutainer de 6
ml, cada uno de los cuales contenía 0,C6 ml de solución salina
normal heparinizada (100 U de heparina/ml). La sangre, que contenía
1 U de heparina por ml, se vertió luego cuidadosamente en los tubos
de incubación y los tapones que suspendían los dilatadores se
introdujeron en estos tubos. Los tubos se posicionaron en una mesa
rotativa inclinada que giraba a aproximadamente 20 rpm en una
estufa a 37°C. Los tubos se posicionaron de tal manera que el
dilatador se mantuviera sumergido totalmente en la sangre durante
todo el periodo de incubación, que duró 1 hora. Los tubos se
posicionaron de tal modo que girasen de una manera bien conocida.
Después de la incubación durante 1 hora en la sangre, se enjuagó
suavemente cada dilatador (2 inmersiones de aproximadamente
1-3 segundos de duración cada una) en solución
salina tamponada con fosfato a 37°C y se fijó luego en aldehído
glutárico al 3 por ciento en solución salina tamponada con fosfato
de Milloniz durante al menos 30 minutos antes de su procesamiento
ulterior. Después de la preparación estándar
(post-fijación en osmio, deshidratación, secado
hasta el punto crítico y recubrimiento por sublimación catódica con
oro) los dilatadores se examinaron por microscopía electrónica de
barrido.
Las superficies de los dilatadores de acero
inoxidable y tántalo sin recubrimiento estaban cubiertas
completamente con una malla densa de fibrina que contenía plaquetas
y glóbulos rojos. Para cada uno de estos dilatadores, se apreciaba
cierta variabilidad en este recubrimiento de una región a otra. Sin
embargo, no existían en ningún caso diferencias notables entre los
dilatadores de acero inoxidable y tántalo, y la cobertura se estimó
visualmente como próxima al 100 por ciento.
La superficie del dilatador recubierto con
H-UK (el tercer dilatador) aparecía notablemente
diferente. La gran mayoría (estimada visualmente como
90-95 por ciento) de la superficie tenía solo un
pequeño número de glóbulos rojos adherentes y una rara plaqueta
adherente. Había también cierta variabilidad en este recubrimiento,
y un porcentaje de 5 a 10 por ciento de la superficie estimado
visualmente tenía una capa ligeramente más densa de glóbulos rojos
adherentes con un pequeño número de plaquetas y una hebra ocasional
de fibrina.
La diferencia más notable entre los dilatadores
recubiertos y no recubiertos era la deposición de fibrina.
Aproximadamente el 100 por ciento de la superficie de los
dilatadores no recubiertos aparecía cubierto con fibrina en
contraste con una cobertura de fibrina estimada visualmente de sólo
1-2 por ciento para el dilatador provisto de
recubrimiento.
La heparina es un mucopolisacárido anticoagulante
obtenido típicamente de mucosa intestinal de porcino o pulmón de
bovino. La heparina actúa como un inhibidor de la trombina por
aumentar notablemente los efectos de la antitrombina III endógena
de la sangre. La trombina, una enzima potente en la cascada de la
coagulación, es fundamental en la catálisis de la formación de
fibrina. Por esta razón, al inhibir la trombina, la heparina
inhibe la formación de trombos de fibrina. Sin embargo, la
inhibición por la heparina de la formación de trombina y fibrina no
es 100 por ciento como se evidencia por la deposición de fibrina en
los dilatadores sin recubrimiento en la sangre heparinizada.
Adicionalmente, la heparina no tiene actividad fibrinolítica.
La uroquinasa es una enzima que actúa sobre el
plasminógeno que se obtiene típicamente de cultivos de células
renales humanas. La uroquinasa cataliza la conversión del
plasminógeno en la plasmina fibrinolítica que destruye los trombos
de fibrina.
Es muy probable que tanto la heparina como la
uroquinasa en el dilatador recubierto contribuyeran a la reducción
espectacular en la deposición de fibrina sobre este dilatador. No
se ha determinado cuál de estos agentes puede haber tenido el mayor
efecto. Además, no se ha determinado si los efectos estaban
localizados cerca de la superficie del dilatador o si el suministro
de heparina o uroquinasa puede haber causado efectos
anticoagulantes y/o fibrinolíticos respectivamente sobre los 6 ml
totales de sangre en la cual se incubó el dilatador.
En otra serie de experimentos realizados por los
autores de la invención, se implantaron dilatadores recubiertos en
las arterias ilíacas externas de conejos durante periodos de hasta
seis meses. Aunque no se observó reacción inflamatoria alguna en
respuesta a los polímeros celulósicos utilizados, el agente de
unión de amonio cuaternario cloruro de benzalconio se asociaba con
una reacción inflamatoria intensa cuando se incluyó en el
recubrimiento del dilatador. Sin embargo, cuando se incluyó también
en el recubrimiento el potente esteroide
anti-inflamatorio dexametasona, se suprimió la
reacción inflamatoria. Se consignaron resultados similares
(Linkoff, et al., "Local Delivery of Dexamethasone by an Eluting
Stent Attenuates the Adverse Response to Biodegradable Polymer in
the Porcine Coronary Artery", Circulation, Vol 88, No. 4,
Parte 2, p. I-655, octubre de 1993) cuando se
implantaron dilatadores recubiertos con ácido
poli-1-láctico (PLLA) o PLLA con
adición de dexametasona (DEX-PLLA) en arterias
coronarias de porcino. Se observó una inflamación severa en
respuesta a los dilatadores recubiertos con PLLA. Sin embargo, la
inflamación era sustancialmente menor en las arterias implantadas
con dilatadores recubiertos con DEX-PLLA. Asimismo,
por un estudio de microesferas de ácido poliláctico (PLA)
suministradas a la pared de la arteria carótida del conejo (Dev, et
al., "Microspheres for Drug Delivery to the Arterial Wall: A
Study of Kinetics, Toxicity and Effects of Corticosteroid Loaded
Microspheres", JACC, p. 19A, febrero de 1994), se informó
que las arterias infundidas con microesferas sin carga exhibían
inflamación, en tanto que las arterias infundidas con microesferas
cargadas con dexametasona no lo hacían.
Claims (14)
1. Un dispositivo médico intravascular que
comprende una estructura conformada y dimensionada para
introducción en un sistema vascular de un paciente, incluyendo la
estructura un material base biológicamente inerte,
caracterizado porque está formado sobre la estructura un
recubrimiento que comprende una mezcla de un material inerte, un
agente trombolítico y un material antitrombogénico.
2. El dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el cual dicho material
biológicamente inerte incluye al menos uno de una celulosa,
compuesto de celulosa, polímero basado en celulosa, éster de
celulosa, éter de celulosa, acetato de celulosa, nitrato de
celulosa, parileno, copolímero etileno-acetato de
vinilo, poli(metacrilato de metilo), poli(metacrilato
de hidroxietilo), poli(óxido de etileno), poliimida, polipropileno,
hidrogel, polivinilpirrolidona, poli(alcohol vinílico),
poli(etilen-glicol), poliacrilamida,
proteína, colágeno, albúmina, lípido, fosfolípido,
fosfatidilcolina, nailon, poliéster, poliamida, poli(acetato
de vinilo), poliolefina, poliestireno, epóxido, poliuretano,
silicona, poli(tereftalato de etileno),
politetrafluor-etileno,
polieter-uretano, policaprolactona, ácido
poliglicólico, y ácido poliláctico.
3. El dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el cual dicho material base
comprende uno o más de un metal, acero inoxidable, tántalo,
nitinol, oro, platino, inconel, titanio, iridio, carbono, plástico,
polímero, y dichos materiales biológicamente inertes.
4. El dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el cual dicho agente trombolítico
incluye un activador del plasminógeno.
5. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 4, en el
cual dicho activador del plasminógeno incluye al menos uno de
estreptoquinasa, uroquinasa, y un activador del plasminógeno
tisular (t-PA).
6. El dispositivo de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3,
en el cual dicho agente antitrombogénico incluye un agente
anticoagulante y/o un agente antiplaquetario.
7. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 6, en el
cual dicho agente anticoagulante se selecciona de al menos uno de
heparina, hirudina, hirulog, agatrobán, péptido anticoagulante de
garrapata, y antiestasina.
8. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 6, en el
cual dicho agente antiplaquetario se selecciona de al menos uno de
aspirina, dipiridamol, ticlopidina, sulfinpirazona,
prostaglandinas, antagonista del factor von Willebrand, y
antagonista de las glicoproteínas IIb/IIIa.
9. El dispositivo de cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el cual dicha estructura comprende
adicionalmente un agente anti-inflamatorio.
10. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 9, en el
cual dicho agente anti-inflamatorio incluye un
agente no esteroidal.
11. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 10, en el
cual dicho agente no esteroidal incluye uno o más de los
salicilatos y/o derivados del ácido propiónico.
12. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 9, en el
cual dicho agente anti-inflamatorio incluye un
agente esteroidal.
13. El dispositivo de la reivindicación 12, en el
cual dicho agente esteroidal se selecciona de al menos uno de una
cortisona, dexametasona, betametasona y prednisona.
14. Un método de formación de un dispositivo
médico intravascular que comprende una estructura conformada y
dimensionada para introducción en un sistema vascular de un
paciente, incluyendo la estructura un material base biológicamente
inerte, caracterizado porque se forma sobre la estructura un
recubrimiento que comprende una mezcla de un material inerte, un
agente trombolítico y un material antitrombogénico.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US114261 | 1993-08-30 | ||
| US08/114,261 US5380299A (en) | 1993-08-30 | 1993-08-30 | Thrombolytic treated intravascular medical device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2206486T3 true ES2206486T3 (es) | 2004-05-16 |
Family
ID=22354225
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES95900402T Expired - Lifetime ES2206486T3 (es) | 1993-08-30 | 1994-08-29 | Dispositivo medico intravascular. |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5380299A (es) |
| EP (1) | EP0716616B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP3987571B2 (es) |
| KR (1) | KR100427514B1 (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE251471T1 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU704573B2 (es) |
| BR (1) | BR9407570A (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2169638C (es) |
| DE (1) | DE69433226T2 (es) |
| DK (1) | DK0716616T3 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2206486T3 (es) |
| SG (1) | SG46543A1 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO1995006487A2 (es) |
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-
1993
- 1993-08-30 US US08/114,261 patent/US5380299A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1994
- 1994-08-29 WO PCT/US1994/012128 patent/WO1995006487A2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-08-29 KR KR1019960700959A patent/KR100427514B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-29 BR BR9407570A patent/BR9407570A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-08-29 SG SG1996005761A patent/SG46543A1/en unknown
- 1994-08-29 CA CA002169638A patent/CA2169638C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-29 AT AT95900402T patent/ATE251471T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-29 EP EP95900402A patent/EP0716616B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-29 DK DK95900402T patent/DK0716616T3/da active
- 1994-08-29 DE DE69433226T patent/DE69433226T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-29 AU AU81236/94A patent/AU704573B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-08-29 JP JP50833295A patent/JP3987571B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-29 ES ES95900402T patent/ES2206486T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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|---|---|
| CA2169638A1 (en) | 1995-03-09 |
| AU704573B2 (en) | 1999-04-29 |
| EP0716616B1 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
| BR9407570A (pt) | 1996-12-31 |
| JP3987571B2 (ja) | 2007-10-10 |
| JPH09509335A (ja) | 1997-09-22 |
| AU8123694A (en) | 1995-03-22 |
| KR960703629A (ko) | 1996-08-31 |
| DE69433226D1 (de) | 2003-11-13 |
| CA2169638C (en) | 2009-10-06 |
| DE69433226T2 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
| WO1995006487A2 (en) | 1995-03-09 |
| WO1995006487A3 (en) | 1995-04-06 |
| SG46543A1 (en) | 1998-02-20 |
| KR100427514B1 (ko) | 2004-07-19 |
| ATE251471T1 (de) | 2003-10-15 |
| DK0716616T3 (da) | 2003-12-01 |
| US5380299A (en) | 1995-01-10 |
| EP0716616A1 (en) | 1996-06-19 |
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